 In this paper, we discuss the importance of early-stage assessments of medical technologies, focusing on the methods used for evaluations and their role in healthcare decision-making. We argue that cost-effectiveness alone may be insufficient when deciding whether or not to adopt a new technology and suggest that other factors such as patient preferences and the potential for synergy between different technologies should also be considered. We then go on to describe some of the innovative methods available for estimating costs and consequences without solid clinical data, which are often used in early assessments. Finally, we highlight the potential benefits of using these models in early dialogue with HTA bodies. This article was authored by Carlo Federici and Alexandra Torbica.