 Please go ahead, Mr. DiMatteo. Good afternoon and good morning and good evening, everyone. I'm Giovanni DiMatteo from the Italian Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, and I'm going to talk about my presentation with the title, Map Insolid Biodiversity Research, a network analysis approach. Okay, so biodiversity research is a very important research topic because it is showing strong correlations with multidisciplinary and multifunctional research. So it may be possible and increase of soil biodiversity research in the last year, and this could be recorded in scientific databases, such as Scopus Cell Savior, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and so on. So under such circumstances, science mapping or network analysis and mapping could be a useful tool to show the dynamic aspects of a particular research field because it may highlight its interconnection among them. So also in the past, this approach has been applied to several research fields like biodiversity, remote sensing, climate engineering, renewable energy, precision agriculture, and so on. So this study has two main specific objectives and the first one is to represent the soil biodiversity research field in term of the most commonly occurring research terms and how they are interrelated. So the second specific object is to represent this topic in term of co-citated papers that is in term of the impact of this research term in the scientific community. In general, the study rational is to perform a science mapping approach as an explanatory analysis is in soil biodiversity research to get its overall overview in terms of published research and the topic investigated. So regarding the methodology, I used two general keywords that is soil biodiversity and soil diversity keyword in the savior scopus database. And at the final of the searching criteria, I retrieved 813 papers in the times last 1983, 2020. So here I'm showing three nice example of the searching criteria which the two general keyword are present in the first case in the title in the abstract of a specific papers, in the second case in the abstract, in the third case in the keywords of the specific papers. So then a specific software named VosViewer that is visualization of similarities freely available in the VosViewer's website has been used to clustering research term and consequently producing two different types of maps, the Co-Currence term map and the Co-Cited term maps. The first, the Co-Currence term map was characterized by two different type of clusterization. So the first type is related to the term frequencies. The bigger is the circle of specific research term the higher is its term frequencies. The sub-count clusterization was considering the distance among the research term. And so when a term frequently occurs with each other is located in the same cluster. This is the overall overview of the first clusterization of the first map. The second map the analysis produced is the Co-Cited term map where the impact of a specific research term is showed. Here the analysis show a score range ranging from blue color means lower citation impact from red color means higher citation impact. So the analysis to avoid bias related to the age of a publication divided the average number of all citation of all publication appearing in the same year. This produced a publication normalizes score ranging from zero to two. So, however, for more methodological information on these analysis, please see the specific publication published in 2010 from Van Eyck and Baltimore in sci-anthometric journals. So this is the first results and the figure show the trend of annual published paper in soil biodiversity subject. The trend increased since 2012 and peaking in 2019 with the more one 100 papers. So these results highlights an increasing attention from the scientific community regarding this topic especially in the last 10 years. So this is the first map elaborated by the analysis and this map can be considered the overall structure of the research topic in soil biodiversity subject which four dedicated clusters are identified. Each cluster was characterized by a different color. And moreover, I found several intra interconnection among cluster and within a cluster. So the blue cluster group the research term related to soil biogenesis diversity. Red cluster was characterized by research in agricultural productivity. Fuchsia cluster was characterized by research in natural and sanitization. And so green yellow cluster can be considered on one cluster because green yellow cluster is a sub cluster of the green cluster mainly related to research of micro and macro phona. So these are the second the co-cited the co-cited term map showed several highly co-cited term research term in red and only distributed across the cluster and some significant examples in the right part of the side of the map are food security research term, emission, conservation agriculture, service in the bottom side of the map nitrogen fertilization, fertilizer, rotations, cycling and in-camp the research term such as the rest of the ecosystem biodiversity loss, spatial scale. So they are several research co-cited research term mean a highly impact of the research term in the scientific community. So concluding the analysis of the research term is a short three main conclusion. The first is that the number of paper, papers in soil by diversity research increased exponentially since 2012 among the English language literature. So they are represented by a four cluster in relation to soil pathogenesis diversity, agricultural productivity, nitrogen fertilization and micro and macro fauna research. So also the analysis side of the research term more general and in that in other case more specific specific in relation to the conservation agriculture, food security, soil microbial community, terrestrial ecosystems and global change and so on. So in the final, I should to know the some methodology improvements related to the arbitrary keywords choice of the primary search and also for the presence of synonyms and homonyms in the search criteria. In this case, the first, the presence of the the arbitrary keywords to possible papers. And the second date will be present in the same cluster on different class leading to a possible distortion of the maps. So also they are associated and will be reconnery. And so thank you for your attention. Okay, thank you. We lost you a bit like a time by time because the sound was cracking but I think it's okay because we were seeing the things also on the slide. So I was nice to thank you again. It was nice to see where we stand in soil by the rest of the research. I will asking presenters to look at the chat on my time to see if there are any questions like address them. I would like to go to the second presentation directly. I would like to invite Miss Camille Imbert from INRA, France. The title is a soil biodiversity survey coupled with the National Soil Quality Monitoring Network. Simbert, the floor is yours. Thank you very much. Can you hear me properly? Perfect. Okay, I share my screen. Okay, let's go. Hi, everybody. My name is Camille Imbert. I work at the INRAI InfoSol in Orléans, France. And today I would like to introduce you a new project that we have that is called the RMQS Biodiversity. And I would like to answer with you to a question. Is it possible to add a soil biodiversity survey to the French National Soil Quality Monitoring Network? So, as we already said and we saw, we know we see that there is a considerable gap of knowledge in soil biodiversity. We know a little, but we know not enough. In agricultural studies and particularly in agriculture, we need very often to focus on soil biodiversity. And we are faced to an observation. We don't know the species that are present in the area that we study. We don't know the distribution areas and we don't know their habitat. So we need large-scale soil biodiversity monitoring. In France, we have the French National Soil Quality Network that is called in French the RMQS. It is a pedagogical survey and it is composed of 2,240 sites. That has spread almost on all the French territory according to a grid of 16 kilometer per 16 kilometer. The site can be of different languages like agricultural areas, orchards, pastures, forests, grasslands, gardens also. And each site is a sample each 15 years. And so we start the first campaign in 2000. And right now we are in the second campaign, sampling campaign. So we can say that there is advantages to add a soil biodiversity monitoring to the RMQS because it is spread in the whole continental France and overseas territories like French Guyana, West Indies, Reunion and Maya talents. The teams on the field are already operational. And after when we will have the biodiversity data, we will be able to link them to the data from the RMQS. So data on soil physical chemical characteristics, on contaminants, on agriculture and soil management practices and also with the biodiversity data we've already have and like this to see the temporal evolution of biodiversity. So the question is, can we add a soil biodiversity monitoring to the RMQS? So to ask to this question that is at first a request from the French Biodiversity Agency, we gathered a group of experts on soil biodiversity from microorganisms to microfona and also on the soil functions. And with them, we wrote a survey to know which sample design use, which test taxa to follow and what are the costs of all this and the same experts answered to this survey. Like this we gather informations and we complete them by interviews and validate them with plenary meetings. So can we add a soil biodiversity monitoring to the RMQS? That means is a sampling frequency every 15 years is okay for a soil biodiversity monitoring. If so sampling seasonality, that means to sample all the year except when the soil is too wet or too dry the biodiversity is okay. So to sample the biodiversity and if the grid size of 16 kilometer per 16 kilometer is okay. According to the answers of the survey, we can say yes, we can do the RMQS biodiversity. That means to sample biodiversity every 16 kilometer every 15 years on the same site and anytime during the year when only the only constriction is when the soil is not too dry and not too wet. So we chose five protocols on the field to monitor both taxa and functions. The first one is a surface soil composite sample but actually is already done in the RMQS but allows to follow the microorganism like bacteria, fungi, protists and nematodes. Also the cell soil seed banks. So we have a measurement of the flora like this and also two cell functions, the enzymatic activity and the organic matter degradation. The second one is a sidradriical split corer of five centimeters diameter but allow to follow the belogrand mesophonate like springtails, mites, et cetera. There is another type of corer of 16 centimeter diameter so a little bigger but allow to follow, to assess the soil porosity due to as microphone actually is the air forms tunas. This corer is scanned to show this tunas. We have also the pitfall traps to assess the surface macro and mesophonate like carabines, spiders, but also springtails. And the last one is the hand salting of the soil block and the spread of a mustard solution to follow the belogrand microphona like air forms and the rest of the microphona may need to be. So when you look at the taxa that we will follow, we go from the microorganisms to the microphona, belogrand and above ground. So we can say it's almost a complete soil biodiversity monitoring according to the taxa. And we will follow also three functions, the enzymatic activity, the organic matter degradation and the soil porosity due to microphona. So the next step of this project is to test all this on the field. We have to succeed in limiting the disturbance of the biodiversity that is very sensitive, like for example, very sensitive to the trampoline and also to succeed in doing all the protocols from the RMCS and for the RMCS biodiversity the same day. So we think about temporal sequence and special arrangement of the protocols to limit the disturbances. And right now we are testing on the field and we are testing also the feasibility, how many coasts, how many people we have to add on the field to do this surveys. And like this, at the end, we will have a first proof of the RMCS biodiversity manual to just explain how to do all these protocols on the field. And a first and a proposition that we will give to the French biodiversity agency that will after decide if we do, by Perinii way the RMCS biodiversity on the field is a world of French territory. So thank you very much for your attention. Thank you Miss Simba, it was like perfectly 10 minutes. There's been a nice presentation clean and clear at GSB as GSB also we are coming with countries and trying to have them to establish the international soil information and soil monitoring system. And soil biodiversity has always been a question mark. What we are expecting from this symposium is answering some of those questions. It's a good start, I think that tomorrow we will be discussing more of this. So I would like to go to the presentation. I would like to invite Mr. David Russell from Sankin Berg Museum of Natural History, Gurley, Germany, and the study titled, EU Therefore Base, European's Biology Data Warehouse for Soil Protection. Please, floor is yours Mr. Russell. Thank you very much. Also for this opportunity today. Today I would like to report to you all in brief of course of the activities of a European consortium that is developing a data warehouse for soil biodiversity across Europe. Now the main goal is to establish a scientific databases that is needed for informing policy on maintaining and protecting soil biodiversity. It was mentioned on Monday and today by Alberto that a common argument is that we do not know enough about soil biodiversity. Now of course this is not true, but what is true is that our knowledge and especially the data is very scattered spread among individual studies. So to know more than general principles, the goal of this consortium is to collect and to integrate all of the available data and knowledge throughout Europe. Ooh, excuse me. I realize here, I had two things on my screen. You can see my presentation, yes? Yes. Okay, because it's showing me something different on my screen here. Okay, yes, and we don't really need to talk about the needs for policy, but in detail since we all know this, but just as a brief example, here are some of the European directives that call for protecting and monitoring and improving soil, soil quality, soil biodiversity, including the ecosystem services that they provide. Many of these directives call for monitoring and a few of them also explicitly state the need for databases. They're talking to many policy members or people will say they're almost all explicitly say we need for the local level, but at broad scales information on the baselines, thresholds of soil biodiversity, especially information about the drivers of their occurrence as well as their changes and losses. Now, all of these have to be derived from scientific data. And that is the goal of the European consortium, which is presently organized in a EU cost action in Horizon 2020 called EU DAFO base, currently more than 100 participants from over 30 countries. And the idea is to collate all of our data to be able to establish what do we know about soil biodiversity and ecological correlates as well as be able to use this information to assess the current state as well as its changes. This is using a data platform called a DAFO base, which was started in Germany with many German partners a few years ago. And all databases are structured according to their goals, specifically how the data in this databases to be reused. And so the goals of the consortium are to, of course, data management for research as well as monitoring programs to use this data to map current distributions or to model and predict probable or future distributions, but also to look at specific taxa, their ecological correlates, their niche space and to use all this for soil biodiversity assessments as well as predictions. We begin this, of course, always by looking at the observation data of soil biodiversity in the field. The idea is linking this with the spatial data of the sites of occurrence, we can then observe distribution patterns. Linking the observation data with say the environmental metadata of the habitats of occurrence, we can be looking at the niche space of specific and general taxa. Combining all three, then it is possible to look at the environmental and anthropotonic controls of soil biodiversity patterns in their distribution as well as to predict potential and future distributions. An explicit goal of the consortium is to include traits in the broadest sense to connect these with the species to be able to group the species observational data into functional groups. By including external data, then it is possible to look at the effects of soil biodiversity on ecosystem services. So the idea of this data warehouse is to combine all of these different aspects into one data warehouse and throughout all soil organism groups. Many databases are restricted to a specific soil organism groups. And the idea of EU DAFRO base and the DAFRO base in general is to combine all soil organism groups together. To do this is difficult in a classical data repository. For this we need a data warehouse that can integrate heterogeneous data that is collected at various sites from multiple sources at different acquisition dates. And then to structure all of these different data sets in a homogeneous manner so that together it can be queried and analyzed. And of course in the sustainable manner. The consortium is using, as I mentioned, the DAFRO base platform which since its initial conception was based upon the fair principles. It is open access, it is readily available by using international standards. It is not only internally interoperable, it is also interoperable with other databases. And most importantly, the data is structured so that it can be reused together. The cost action in this consortium itself is divided into different working groups which are organized all around the idea of connecting that which data providers could offer as well as what they need with the needs of data users. For instance, standardizing the nomenclatures of encabelliers they were using across Europe and the consensus is important. Harmonizing all of the data and the metadata that is coming from these diverse sources. Very important are quality control procedures. So all of this data that's being used is of the highest possible scientific quality. The main goal is to collect of course data throughout Europe, but not only from individual researchers and institutions, but also to link national databases into a common platform in a form of metadata base. And data policy is an important aspects in this regard because there's the need to balance, let's say the contradictory requirements between open access data, but also protecting the intellectual property rights of data providers. Now uploading data to data warehouses more difficult than just sending an Excel file to a data repository. So software tools are necessary to ease this measure. These are fairly well advanced already that are also can provide some initial quality control as well as integrate the data into the general database. I mentioned also traits, harmonizing and hierarchizing vocabulary, structuring it well. An important aspect is to link the different trait databases for soil biodiversity across Europe. And then in a common platform to link this to the species and then to the sites and the habitats. Of course the data users are an important aspect focusing here on policy at the national and European levels especially looking for what are their specific needs for assessment. And then based on these needs to identify which algorithms are necessary within the data warehouse to analyze and visualize the data and then ultimately in future steps to provide assessment tools through the data warehouse for these needs. Now this consortium was begun, oh, I forgot to say this began about a year and a half ago. So most of our time has been spent working during the pandemic, but it was mostly begun by soil invertebrate zoologists. And at the very beginning, we were approached by very many soil microbiologists who are interested in joining and uploading their data. This is more difficult because much microbial data is collected through molecular methods. So it is a challenge to connect sequences to OTUs and then to the taxa, which then can ultimately be connected to the sites and the habitats as in all other data. That is an overview of the consortium and the different working groups. Of course, not in any detail. The database is already available. Of course, data can be queried and the data tables can be downloaded. The consortium is fairly young, but there are already some internal procedures for querying and visualizing data. So first steps in the direction of analysis tools. Any database must, worth its salt, must be able to map data. Of course, the data points that are available, but these can be differentiated. For instance, here, according to species, two closely related militant species that are showing obvious phylogeographical, in other words, evolutionary distribution patterns. These mappings can be also differentiated according to habitats or to soil parameters, et cetera. Tables, as I mentioned, can be downloaded. As I mentioned at the very beginning, what's important are reference values. Here, just a quick and dirty analysis of Coulombola and the central German uplands where we can look at the average densities through in different habitat types in this specific area. Of course, these habitat types, these reference values are only as good as the database, which can also be looked at and analyzed. This will become better and better the more data we collect. Mr. Rasmussen, sort of interrupting you one more minute. Okay, I actually only have two or three more slides. Or looking at individual taxa, for instance, here, there are occurrence and habitat types. An example here of a woodland species or looking at occurrences or densities in different soil parameters. One of the rare examples of very narrow niche distribution or standard niche-based habitat plots. Here, two related species with niche overlap, but showing niche partitioning. Or here, based on going back to reference values, looking here at specific habitat conditions, using the database to predict what are the probable species of currents. I say these are just initial steps and this is what I can show you briefly. Visit us at the consortium if anyone is free to join or the second link here is the databases. Thank you very much. Thank you. It was such an important and interesting initiative. As I succeeded, there is some data already online. So I would like to go to the next speaker. The fourth presentation of the day. The title is the Italian Hill Network of Soil Biological Quality Assessed by Micro-Arthropods. Arthropods Community. Mr. Lorenzo Davino from Creio, Italy. Good afternoon or good morning. Good evening, depending on where you are. First of all, thanks to the organizer for this wonderful opportunity to be part of this global symposium. I'm Lorenzo Davino. I'm a researcher of Creio. That is the leading Italian researcher organization on every foot. I'm here to a shyly represent a working group of 59 research experts on microarthropod ecology that constitute the QBSR working group hosted by Italian Society of Soil Science. This talk will be interesting to describe our experience in biodiversity and network and to copy the pattern or if you are interested in microarthropod community to join us. I have no time to talk about, to describe the index, the QBSR index, but just some basic principle underlying. The core principle is the statement of the higher soil quality. The higher will be the number of microarthropod groups well adapted to soil life, to soil habitat. The soil quality here stands for good stability and high organic matter content, AI, biodiversity level. Obviously, QBSR is not comprehensive of the whole soil quality of the whole soil biodiversity. Anyway, the functional soil adaptation of microarthropods are the reduction or loss of pigmentation, appendage reduction like short or small antenna legs or furka, miniaturization, the streamlined body form and reduction of visual structure. You see of anoptalmia or microoptalmia and all biological forms are divided into three groups, epigeos form and neodaphic forms or erodaphic form. Some groups are typically epigeic like disanottera or dermaterococottera, or other are erodaphic like the blura, brutura, and so on. Some other like colemboleoptera are different soil adaptation level depending to the ecomorphological characteristics. As a result of this adaptation, erodaphic microarthropods are not able to move, to survive if there is soil degradation. If polluted or compacted or degraded soil, that is the principle. Our aim is to guarantee the correct QBS are used to allow comparison between data, to create synergy, to develop programs and projects, to get a data set. We have a database of publication and very important to develop a standardized protocol for sampling, for extraction and for identification and elaboration and to promote courses for beginners or tests for experts. And last but not least, to help users to solve troubleshooting during identification. We have a catalogue of 230 image, stereoscopic image with assigning the correct ecomorphological value. Nowadays we are 59 experts, mainly in Italy, from 50 region, mainly academic researcher, but not only, because we are, there is a lot of interest from a policymaker for monitoring and for private body for certifications such as biodiversity alliance, for example. We are organizing in a core team of four coordinators, the first for the author of this presentation, representative of the national body, just referred to. And moreover, the group is structured in eight subgroups, a coordinator and a deputy coordinator is defined for each subgroup. And every member can participate to one to three subgroups depending on his skills and his preference too. Without any found, we organize until now five workshops. The fourth one was on the World Soil Day, in the context of World Soil Day, and was followed by a public seminary to disseminate our results until now. One result is to a database with Android publication and more than 2,600 sites quoted in this publication and is including great literature also. The analysis of the extant publication shows a sharp increase in number and quality of publication in this 20 years. And a meta-analysis shows the average value resulted in orchards in grasslands and forests. The lower value occurred in urban parks and so involving human degradation. And the average value is about 100 in the threshold. And we performed a SWOT analysis and in conclusion, QBSR index is an easy to learn and cheap tool to describe soil quality and soil biodiversity. And it responds more quickly than direct measure of soil organic carbon to soil management change. This could be interesting, for example, in organic agriculture conversion. In conclusion, more and more and more frequently, we organized a public tender to have a logo. We received several tens of proposals and the winning logo represents a stylized or rebutted might. Obviously, it goes down into the soil and we turn up with seven contributions to this symposium to follow our might in another poster or presentation. And with that, I finished my presentation. I remember that we are interested to collaborate at the international level and to be a member. You can send a mail to this address and with your brief presentation of your skills in micro-artropods community. I would like to thank the professor, the past president that we had to start his adventure and a special thanks to Victorio Parisi, my professor 20 years ago. Thanks. Thank you, Dr. Alvino. Now you reached the end of the first part of the session three today. I see some questions in the chat and I would like to pass them to the presenters. I would like to start with you. And Serena is asking, amazing work, how implementable and affordable could be monitoring on a larger scale? For example, global. I mean, you're asking? No, I'm asking to Miss Imber. Okay. For the first presentation. I have to... Okay. Okay, can you tell me again the question, please? I don't find it in the chat. How implementable and affordable could be monitoring on a larger scale? Because you're working at a national scale, you're trying to put soil biodiversity in a national soil monitoring system. How upscalable the approach? It's a good question, but it's what we want to do, actually. We want to see if it is feasible. For the moment, the strategy that we use is to test on 30 sites, if it is feasible. 30 sites belonging to the RMQS, but are quite different in difficulty to sample from the most easy one that is in the pasture near a road like this. You can put your car just near the sampling area to a very difficult one that is in the mountain. You have to do a little work to go there. So that is our strategy to upscale. We start with just 30 sites and according to the results with these 30 sites that are very different, we will upscale to all the French territory. Another two questions that I see that they are important is to remove sensing and option for monitoring soil biodiversity. Jacinta is asking I don't know really, but what I can add to this, it's that we are also testing the environmental DNA in this test. It's not really the RMQS biodiversity, but it's in addition of the RMQS, it's not really the RMQS, it's the VSG, but it's in addition, in addition of the addition. So like this, we are testing this methodology and we will compare at the end the results with the classical taxonomy and we will be EDNA like the first tape in this type of sampling. Another small question if you could answer very quick. The grid size is 16 to 16 kilometers. It's coming from Adolf Malachi. We know that microorganisms can differ significantly within a few centimeters. In your monitoring, how do you feel the variation within the space? Yes, this is a complicated question. Actually, first we have to see the goal of this study is to map the microorganisms, for example. So we saw, yes, there is a big heterogeneity at a very fine scale. But actually, with the 16 to 16 kilometers, we are able to do a map at the country level. And if you want to keep more information, you can look at the address of the soil bacteria in France. But it's already done with data from the RMQS. And that's already tested this possibility. There are, I think, two or three questions. More about the budget and the cost, but you can answer these questions in chat. And I would like to, yeah. There's another question, three questions actually, or three questions. You may look at the chat and you will see those questions, those questions in the chat. Another question to David Russell, Russell, Rick is asking, do you do any special analysis using machine learning or geo statistics, or just pointer. Yeah, I mentioned this in the chat. The answer was not yet with the focus on yet. So the idea of what we can do implement right now are just basic descriptions of the data. But we are working in other projects to include more detailed analysis, including food web analysis, distribution modeling. And the question is, you know, exactly which algorithms which we which we would use of course this is all heavily GIS based, and will remain to be seen how much geo statistics we will use with this. Like I say this is on the agenda, but in the future first we collect the data, and then set up the structures to use the data, and then we start implementing such modeling. Thank you for the ideas and the question is important. I don't see any other questions. I want to go to the second part of this parallel session. I would like to invite Mr. Edward. I'm from Carvajo de Silvaneto. The floor is his from Soil Department Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro. From there's the title here is how the biological activity of oligo oligo keto I hope I put on as well. Shape soil aggregation and influence the soil functions. So thank you. I will be sharing with you my screen. Can you see. Yeah. Okay, then thank you. And hello and welcome to everyone to the session. I am a doerdo net. I'm a PhD student from the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. It's an honor to be here today with all you joined from around the world. And I do want to take a moment to wish everyone all the best for good health and calm spirit during these times. Well, I will be sharing with you today my research about how the biological activity of oligo keto. Soil aggregation and influence the soil functions. So the importance of soil organizers is recognizing many process and functions in soils. It relates the organic matter accumulation affects the biochemical weathering in promote soil rise and mixing and nutrient cycling. So I structure is also enhanced by activity of organisms. For example, the aggregates are in the root system of the plants increase soil aggregation, which responsible for the structural soil porosity, and also enhances the organism is activities. In the hierarchical aggregate model, the aggregates are sequentially the soil aggregates are sequentially forming micro aggregates are first formed free, then serving as building blocks for the formation of macro aggregates, the physical genetic information patchway of so aggregates. On the other hand, we have the organic information pathways that contributes how biological activity on soil directly promotes the aggregates formation by activity or two arms, macro fauna in general, and plant roots. So several studies clearly indicate that formation of biogenic formation pathway describes how biological activity contributes to formation of soil aggregates. But few studies in general investigate the virginity formation pathway, how it works, how process are involved in we know that virginity aggregation intensified soil structure and chemical improvement, and also was sensitive to changing land use. In this study him to investigate the effects of biological activity on the formation of so aggregates using incubated soil material, considering the influence of roots and the activity of macro fauna in this case or two arms. We have decided that biological activity contributes significantly to soil structure quiet and soil quality. And then the analysis of so aggregates types identification and quantification, according to the origin, maybe applying establishing a biological soil quality indicator. So how rich works. The experiment consisted of a 12 week laboratory science location with macro fauna, but it will get to and grass vegetation. Bracketed the kumbis soil samples that are collected from a surface layer of an insecticide. Here in the table one we have the physical and chemical characteristics of soil material. We have a dry ground and sieve over two millimeter sieve. The soil material was positioned inside plastic tubes. In the number of 36 or two arms. In addition to the if each cylinder and plus eight grams of bracketed the kumbis seeds after the incubation period the soil, the soil aggregates format where separated manually according to the morphological fractions, using a stereo microscope. In the separate aggregates we analyze the aggregate stability by indices. In addition to that, we also include in physical soil characteristics and also biological properties. We have to make we also use x-ray computed micro tomography to master distribution of power size. In the results. We have the percentage here of aggregates deformation aggregates and the biogenic formation soil. On average of 32% of soil aggregate mass. This show a relevant contribution of soil macro fauna lego ket and plant roots in the aggregate formation. Also, the biogenic aggregates show the highest values of stability. Whereas the physical genic aggregates were the last stable or two hours move soil particles ingesting them informing the biogenic aggregates. They are commonly term as ecosystem engineers and plant roots also moving soil particles. They come to close it contact to each other in all these different factors are responsible for binding together the small subunities and giving the higher stability of the biogenic aggregates as we observe in our results. The evaluation of using using x-ray computed micro tomography show it the higher proportion of macro poles in the biogenic than the physical genic aggregates. After passing through the earthworm gut, the soil ingested is a spell in the shape of pellets. The most aggregate biogenic aggregates are formed by joining this unit is the subunities and thus create extensive system of large pores, as we can observe it here in the x-ray micro tomography. And this explains the largest amount of micro poles observing the x-ray micro topography. And here we have the results of chemical attributes of soil aggregates. The biogenic aggregates also present the highest values of basic catchings, some of bases catch on exchange capacity basis saturation phosphorus and total organic carbon. The higher nutrient contents in the biogenic aggregates can be associated with their process of formation. Earthworms accelerate the composition of organic materials by increasing the availability of the available surface area of organic matter through comminution. When soil organic materials pass through the earthworm gut, they are ground up physically as well attacked chemically by digestive enzymes of earthworms and the microorganism inside the gut. After digestion, some organic compounds are released into the environment in the form of small organic compounds or may also mean mineral nutrients. And finally, we have the biological properties. The higher values of micro biomass carbon, nitrogen and microbial quotient found in the biogenic aggregates are associated to the composition of organic matter by earthworms in the effect of nutrient cycling. The soil structure created the habitat for a mirage of soil organisms, consequently driving the diversity and regulation the activity. Also, the organic matter complexity inside the micro micro aggregates becomes inaccessible to the micro organisms and thus physically more protected from losses. So, as conclusion of this work, biological activity and doubly contribute significantly to soil structure quality and soil functions where the biogenic aggregates are more stable, have higher nutrient and organic matter content and thus improving soil biological properties. And the morphological classification of soil aggregates can be a good indicator of soil quality, size, each encompassing biological, physical and chemical properties. It is a practical, repeatable and easily understand to maybe use to evaluate if soil conditions are changing according to the adoptions of sustainable soil management practices. Here I have my acknowledgments and thank you for your attention. Thank you, Mr. Silvanetto for the presentation. We can still receive questions on the chat. I will pass them to you in the end of the session. So, the second presentation of the second part has tied cultural ecosystem services of soil biota and possibilities of their use. I would like to invite Miss Yulga, Motiya Unite. I hope I have pronounced it well from Nature Research Center Lithuania. Yes, thank you very much. Do you hear me? I'm trying to share the, ah, yes, I think you can see my. Thank you very much. Yes, so good afternoon and whatever other time it is for everybody. I would like to present to you slightly different aspects of soil biodiversity. So to begin with, the idea of ecosystem services was originally coined to quantify the benefits that natural ecosystems generate for human society aiming to raise the public awareness for the value of biodiversity and conservation of ecosystems. Cultural ecosystems stand out among other services in the intentionability and their non-use values for most, but they are recognized as one of the strongest arguments for ecosystem conservation. Until recently, cultural ecosystem services provided by soils were understood in a rather big way, mostly as secondary derived from another services, which is indeed very strange having in mind that about 25% of earth biodiversity live in the soil. And besides, there are many hints about cultural importance of soil, including such iconic cultural symbol as a handful of dirt. So our team undertook to identify the cultural ecosystem services of soil biota and to highlight the importance of the low ground diversity for human culture and well-being. For the sheer amount of work, we limited only to the soils of European forests. So we selected 11 types of cultural ecosystem services and six groups of below ground biota and created a system of keywords and 13 European languages and conducted a literature research of knowledge, Google scholar, supplementing it with snowball search and expert suggestions. The latter three were especially important because it is well known fact that data on the benefits from biodiversity to the cultural ecosystem, to the cultural services are mainly found in grey literature. And what did you find? We found that soil core organisms contributed to all CS although their weight was different for individual CS and individual organism groups. Strongest impact was found for cultural diversity, which means language, folk tradition, other national heritage, etc. And the lowest was found for aesthetic values and even that was largely negative. And of the organism groups, the most important, the found to be fungi and the least important was found microorganisms and mesofound. This might seem very strange having in mind that microorganisms and mesofound are indeed probably the, well, maybe not the most important but very important in ecosystem functions and other ecosystem services. So why these cultural divisions? This is because of the fact that most of the CS are based on folk perception of nature. That is on salience of organisms, such as economical salience, meaning directly used organisms are recognized better. The morphological behavioral salience, that means that organisms with outstanding features also are recognized better. Ecological geographical salience, species that are more common and are present in the aerial in question are also better recognized. And not the least is size salience of different types, which means that larger species are culturally more important, meanwhile microorganisms are invisible and therefore non-existent. And in any case, our review has shown that soil biota is an important supplier of cultural ecosystem services. And this, and which is even more important, these services are less controversial than those based on landscape values because they automatically exclude any human creations. However, CS derived from soil biota are generally not well understood, both by researchers and general public. And this stems from different values and understanding by beneficiaries, because beneficiaries may understand cultural services depending on their social position, on their national tradition and similar social phenomenon. Another thing is temporal and spatial fluctuations of CS and their regionality. That means that CS based on organisms, their importance differ in time, they may strengthen or weaken. And they are not universal. They may, certain CS may be important in one region, but have no importance in another, so they are not universal. And the last thing, which especially pertains CS from soil, people generally do not associate PCS with soil, even when organism is directly comes from soil or is associated with soil. You have one more minute. Yes, I'm about. So, what should we do? We should use this knowledge to create new and expand existing educational materials, make them effective for all age levels, not only children, and promote and support citizen science in soil biodiversity recording or any other activities connected to soil biota. Some examples were very nicely shown here on this, in this conference. And there are some obstacles to overcome. That is, we should show how important and interesting micro world of the soil is. This includes general public. We should overcome aesthetic values because most of general public do not see soil organ as aesthetically pleasing and overcome regional differences, for example, such as mycophobe and mycophobe among different nations. So, this is it. I would like to thank my co-authors and cost action which enabled this research and to remind it was said on the first day of the conference that soil biodiversity is an unsung hero. This is not exactly true. It is just that the songs are forgotten or sung in different languages. We just need to remember them. Thank you. This was an interesting presentation. So the next presenter is Miss Serena Kauchi from United Nations University. She will be talking about soil biodiversity teams with left but faces pollution. Are we acting correctly in the agro ecosystems? Kauchi is Miss Kauchi here. Yeah, she's here. Can you hear me? Yes. Hello. Okay. Can you see my screen? Okay. So, I have everyone so I hope you can correctly see the screen going on. I hope so. Yes. Great. I would like to pick up from some of the talks which have been given in the previous session, especially from Mr. Di Matteo and from my colleagues from INRA and the cost action for EU DAFO based on soil biodiversity. I think that there were many aspects that you might see back in my presentation as well. So I do need to say anything about soil biodiversity and the relevance of soil biodiversity because many honorable speakers have been debating on it and giving way more interesting presentation than mine. But we all know that soil biodiversity is fundamental for our life and per se on ecosystems and its services here on the earth. Unfortunately, biodiversity loss has been a fact in previous years and way more in the modern days. And soil biodiversity suffer especially from human activities and human induced global changes. Some of those driving factor are located from human induced change like global warming, carbon dioxide, ultra precipitation or atmospheric nitrogen deposition but as well on the use that we do of our soil and this refers especially to land use chains where the declining terrestrial ecosystem has been defined as one of the biggest challenges of our days. So soil urbanization and increased growth population have intensified the agriculture intensification and such an extensive use of agrochemicals and also practice intensive practice have been degrading our soils. So how the input of I would like to focus especially on the input on how agriculture exact pressure on our soil biodiversity and this can be of different type one can be on the chemical can be mechanical can be also by inserting plastic pollutants or plastic residues like mulching from agricultural practices or greenhouse cultivation as well as treating the soils or irrigating soil will poorly treated wastewater for irrigation. So soil biodiversity at the same time can also be not negatively affected by agricultural practices but also can be pushed by good practice agriculture like intercropping like on farm composting. The use of microbial inoculants as a bio fertilizer or no till farming for ecosystem based agriculture so not all that is human base is defined as a negative effect in solid biodiversity. I would like to stress a bit in this talk on the understanding that we have on soil biodiversity and as said from our colleague from the previous talk. Biodiversity is not always understood in this holistic perception, but it's rather defined on to silos and it works more on, especially in research on identification of interaction within a certain biota group, and not always the interaction between different microbiotas has been highlight so that was a pleasure to see that our colleague from era as specified with as a national wide monitoring the RMQ s that there are action ongoing that aim at a more holistic understanding. In this talk I also would like to define our biodiversity research then is currently address I already spoiled that is rather on working on silence but I will give you some more detail afterwards. And also our representative is the holistic by the art by holistic biodiversity studies compared to the one focusing on individual group of biodiversity. As similarly as our colleague and the very first session today at you. We perform a network analysis but here I would like just to show you the results on increased publication from the late 1999 1990s up to nowadays has been increased for soil agriculture and pollution loss. As well as for the global biodiversity, the articles have been sensibly increasing, but not always this biodiversity has been understood as biodiversity global but rather to sectorial biodiversity. You can clearly see that most of the studies here on the left when we define by diversity loss in agriculture due to pollution here on the left hand side. Most of almost half of the studies were addressing only a certain phyla so either bacteria or fungi or earthworms. And the same is true then for biodiversity loss when we look at bio remediation strategies so the despite the theoretical complexity and the known complexity of soil is known if this is not represented into scientific research. And therefore we think that more studies to be it should be addressed over it. When we look at the distribution in terms of which are the pollutants that are affecting actually biodiversity loss you can see on the right hand side of your screen. Most of the relation of biodiversity loss has been given to pesticides and also do partially to climate change but also to farming intensive farming activities and studies has been mostly conducted here in Europe and the larger larger part also in Asia all the other area we still remain in terms of biodiversity loss not well known. When we look at how can what can we do to preserve or enhance our soil biodiversity as we see that biodiversity loss is a serious threat. We should look of course what we nicely have heard before to prevent agriculture soil loss and protect microbial biodiversity from the reduction in diversity and quantity but as well to preserve soil from degradation and coordination how we can do that of course. We need to do not only sustainable practices but we also apply for monitoring of soil biodiversity that should be supporting and coordinated also with soil organic matter levels and also at the national level and regulatory frame for pesticides use. And from our side from the academia of course we have to increase our know how and our efforts towards the more holistic understanding of interaction from different biota interaction. This is the long term right so when we want to look at what can we do I mean this section is like in biodiversity on action, how can we buffer biodiversity loss in agriculture soils. We had experimental evidence is together with colleagues here in Italy with the CCS out our star that soil loss can be mitigated by using symbiotic microorganism applied to soil. And this is the goal on the long term will be also to increase in microbial vitality at the resource field level and also on soil biodiversity. So this type of application or sustainable application in agriculture is called symbiotic agriculture, and it's an agricultural technique that is used for soil system functioning and agro system services. What is that is nothing else than cultivating in laboratory and reproducing cultural both soil micro microbial bacteria and also micro risa and actinomycetes into a bio conditioner that can be used and applied to soil when it comes to the seeding time. What is the benefit for that is that the soil can maintain microbial biodiversity and community dynamics. Can also our board micro organism with the ability to decrease and metabolize xenobiotic so preserve also soil and plants from pollution or at least reduce the impact, but can also enrich roots from nutrient stabilization and mobilization, and as well can buffer a biotic stress with four plants. Yep, there we go with so therefore the benefits are many. And I would say that this type of agriculture based or sustainable practice can have a father. Exploring can explore father. Its application at the moment has been applied to different type of crops but also it has shown a lot of positive impact on soil resilience and also in elevating fetus toxicity into plants as well as enabling control of plant pathogen into the soil for plants or towards plants. So I would say that this is a potential, a potential benefit for making into action soil biodiversity and with that, maybe I will like to conclude and leave maybe if you have any further question to this talk to reach me out through the chat and to all of you. Thank you. Thank you miss miss coachy. So, yeah, the last presentation of the day is use of biochar Lupinus. Brady lesopium as an alternative to improve the vegetation cover of high and the soils content contaminated by heavy metals. I would like to invite it's not an attack of tape type from National Agrarian University, Molina from Peru. Yes, good morning. Thank you for. Yes, I'm sorry. Thanks a lot for this opportunity to present my, my investigation. Well, I am Natalie taco I am work in laboratory of ecology and microbial and bio technology of Universidad Nacional Agraela Molina University. I am going to present the about the use of biochar Lupinus Brady lesopium as an alternative to improve the vegetation cover of high and then soils contaminated by heavy metals. Okay, we know that heavy metal contamination in soils is a global problem in my country in Peru. And these have two sources, first natural and the other is industry and not really because because I'm geodynamic process of the mountains. It causes mineralizes cities. And in the other hand, a industry. Because of a lot of and dropping and activities. And mainly a meaning it cause contaminated cities. It's a real problem in my country. So, so in this, in this problem, we need to alternative to start restoring cities, especially natural cities. So, so we have several biological remediation techniques, but one is a fight to remediation. I am in the laboratory, we are starting work with a fit fight to stabilization plants, because it is a process that reduce the mobility of the pollutant the pollutants in in the field. And so we have some tools. First, we know the Lupinus is a species with good characteristics for fit to stabilization of pollutants. Also we have a lot of species of these of Lupinus. In the other hand we have the rice husk biochar, because it is. It's reduced the metal availability and also it work like as a career of make micro organism. In addition to the soil, it can increase the population of rice Soviet and the Lupinus and Lupinus genus. And like a lot of fabasias and don't work doesn't work alone. It have it works with a symbiotic bacterias, specifically for Lupinus is brady resolution. So we have three factors. First, biochar. In this case, rice husk biochar, then Lupinus this surf also we have the brother Soviet to strain in this case we work with two strains of brother resolution. The first, what L six and the other for so the objective of the research was to observe what the effect of biochar. In the correlation of symbiotic strength of brother resolution and the interaction of both on the grow of Lupinus metabolism in substrate of heavy metals contaminated soils and in greenhouse conditions. We have seven treatments. Three of them have contain biochar. And we have a treatment only with agriculture soil without contamination soils in each treatment have we have three pots and in each pot three plants. And first, we have to collect soil, altered soils from the from the felt and transport them it to the greenhouse them we prepare the pots. In the treatments with biochar we replace the soil the contaminated the altered soils 15% of their volume with biochar. When we add the biochar and better is better a little of the pH is better right. Also, the condition or the characteristic of soils was in altered soils is was very bad when we can see pH acid also don't have it doesn't have organic material. And we work with Lupinus seeds in this case the cultivator Lupinus is Lupinus metabolism. Okay, we disinfected this seeds. Then we we prepared the inoculant of those two strains six and eight. Also, in the inoculation was at the snowing and 15 days later. This is the picture with the six day day later, the same the seeds, the germination of Lupinus metabolism. And the results was we separate in two groups first the plants with biochar and the other group without biochar in in each one we have the control the pots of inoculant of one kind of what the strength six in this case the strength eight and this pot is a does agriculture soil. Okay, and in this case, for example, this inoculant treatments is better in a real length. In contrast that control in this case is the same that in the inoculant have better results. But apparently, I don't have the difference in in this group and the other group, but when we examine it, the roots, we see some difference. For example, the treatments that have biochar had a more fresh root weight was better. Also, we can see a more nodules like that in this case the root in with biochar, biochar pots, for example, in other than the nodules was very small was very small. And there are more differences. And the other difference is that cover of of leaf is is better in treatments with biochar. And also in the concentration of metals in root and in the in the area was for example, it is important to see in treatments with strains and biochar more was more more more more concentration in root in consequently less concentration in the area brands. It's a is similar for metals lead, gram and iron. And finally, I to conclude the treatments with and without biochar and inoculated with brotherly soviens showed a significantly great grow of aerial and root parts of plants that their respective controls the threat meant that were inoculated and with biochar, although it significantly higher concentration of lead, chromium and iron in root plants and lower concentration of this metal in our plants. And then next, maybe now it's work recommended to test these experiments in health condition. Thank you to the fund is it because finance for financial this work and a Castaneda engineer for providing us the rice husk biochar. Thank you for your attention. Thank you, Mr. Co. So now it was the last presentation of this parallel session. I would like to open the floor questions remark now we have about like 15 minutes. I see a few questions in the chat. You can still ask in the chat you can raise your hand. In the button just under the actions raise hand and we can give you the floor that you can ask your question to the participants. So I see some questions. The first one is for Eduardo from Vanessa Vanessa is asking which species did you add to the mycos? We collect the soil material from the horizon of an insecticide. And after the collection the soil was dried and sieve and then we added the earthworms. The species offered to warm is Ponto Lexus Corretus. It's a very common species in here in Brazil. And in addition, we did the seeds of the grass and also a very common grass in Brazil, which is Brachiaria the kumbings. These are where the species that we added the soil material that we collected. Okay, there's another question for Eduardo is from Julio. Which methodology of stability of aggregates correlated better with the biogenic stability of of aggregates. And there are there are several rice sieving different solutions, etc. We use the which we utilize the the other method is a wet sieving procedure. Briefly, a nest of six sieves are placed in a holding and suspended in a container of water. So aggregators was placed in the top of sieve in of each in the next in the nest of Lord and the pointed where the soil samples are top. Scream, a motor of mechanical arrangement and flower that in razor the next of sieves in the amount of soil aggregates retaining in each sieve were determined by trying and waiting. The aggregate stability in indices will utilize is mean a way mean wage diameter and geometric mean diameter. Okay, I see any questions I see many compliments to the presenters. These are the perfect, perfect presentations. They were very useful and interesting. I see another question was already answered. I think it was to talk to coachy about the pesticide pollution. I see in the chat that was already already answered. The floor is open. You can raise your hand if you have any any other questions, or even remarks about the session or about the studies of plantations that you have heard today. I see a question from Marta Lucia. Maybe this question is for a planner session I would like to know that what initiatives are there to implement all this knowledge field work with small peasants. Do not involve pod companies. I think this question should be addressed to the planner tomorrow. Are there any questions. If anyone wants to intervene. I don't see any other questions, or hands. So, should I conclude the meeting. It's just a set of 10 minutes. So, we reached the end of the session. I would like to thank all the presenters and participants also. But we will meet again tomorrow with another session. Dr. Zoe Lindo, team leader will present the outcomes of the session tomorrow at the planner session. There will be a short presentation I think. And I would like to remind you that the post accounts is still on on the G so the website. I think it will close before the planner tomorrow, you can go on the G so the website. And you can go on the code poster contest page or contest is an excuse here that I want, I want you to see the presentation because there are more than five posters, really nice posters on the page. Another thing is the presentations and the recordings of the session will be available on the gp and use G so the website is right right after after this impose. And these are these are my last words. I would like to say stay safe and healthy see you tomorrow in the planner session. Thank you.