 I welcome you all once again to my channel Explore Education and today I am going to discuss an important topic in educational psychology that is Psychological Defense Mechanisms Mano Vagyanik Raksha Tantra and I am Dr. Rashmi Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Education, SS Khanna Girls' Study College, University of Allahabad and it is my email id. The lecture will be in bilingual mode that is beneficial for both Hindi as well as English medium students and it will be useful for various teaching examinations as it is a very important topic to ask or discuss in examinations and do subscribe my channel too. So let's start, Psychological Defense Mechanism, so what is Psychological Defense Mechanism? In psychoanalytic theory, we all know that we know the theory of Freud, Sigmund Freud as psychoanalysis, that is why its theory is called psychoanalytic. In psychoanalytic theory, a defense mechanism is an unconscious, the most important thing is that it is all in unconscious, unconscious psychological operation, that is, unconscious Psychological Defense Mechanism, that functions to protect a person, from an anxiety producing thoughts and feelings related to internal conflicts and outer stressors, that is, in the mind to protect a person, which works in a good manner in psychoanalysis, it is called a defense mechanism or a defense mechanism. Then first described by Sigmund Freud, that is, in Sigmund Freud, first of all, we were told about Psychological Defense Mechanisms, before that there was nothing about it in psychology. In his psychoanalytic theory, when he was telling his psychoanalytic theory, in the same way he told that what are defense mechanisms? Function to protect against an anxiety, the person works to save the person from worries. This concept was developed by him and his daughter, Anna Freud. Anna Freud also has a lot of work in psychoanalysis and defense mechanism, so he and his daughter have developed this concept together. According to Freudian theory, defense mechanisms involve a distortion of reality. In some way, so that we are better able to cope with the situation. What happens according to Freudian theory, in defense mechanism, what happens is that distortion of reality, that is, the reality, we distort it a little bit, that is, we individualize it, so that the situation, the stressful situation, the anxious situation, it is ingrained, it can be dealt with in a better way. So, the distortion of reality is an unconscious psychological operation. Then, defense mechanisms in psychoanalytic theory, any of a group of mental processes that enables the mind to reach compromised situations, to conflicts, that it is unable to resolve. I mean, the conflict that is making it difficult for us to resolve, but what do we do? We do some mental processes, so that we compromise the mind, the mind, the situation, cope up, better cope up, this is the crux of the defense mechanism. The term was first used in Sigmund Freud's paper, the Neuropsychosis of Defense. In 1844, oh my God, in 1844, I was talking about this, which we still read and understand, and then it makes us crazy, it makes us romantic, that how these things were understood then. How old is it? Then Sigmund Freud mentioned his paper, the Neuropsychosis of Defense, in defense mechanism. Yeah, okay, a lot of defense mechanisms, I have only told 12, you will get a lot more, but in this, I have tried to cover a maximum of types, so when the theoretical question is asked, it is also asked a lot in defense mechanism, apart from that, it is also asked a lot in the objective question, because it is very similar to each other, there is a very minute difference between each other, like especially repression and suppression and rationalization and intellectualization, you will read it now, it shows a lot of similarity to each other, and it is often used in different places, so I have tried to cover 12, it is a maximum, you can understand it, there are some more, I have left it, deliberately. So, how many types of defense mechanism are mentioned, this displacement, means, perception, projection, means, rationalization, means, reaction formation, regression, repression, sublimation, which is also getting the practice of making it up, but it will go up, denial, somewhere you have to refuse, unacceptable, intellectualization is very difficult, introspection is very difficult, compensation is very difficult, and suppression is very difficult, so for repression and suppression, there is only one word in Hindi, hmm, so let's start one by one, displacement, what type of defense mechanism is in displacement and what does a person do in displacement? What does he do? Diverting threatening impulses away from the source of the anxiety and toward a more acceptable source. or more acceptable, what is its example, means, from where you are worried, towards the direction of your diversion, which is less threatening for us, more acceptable, you can understand from the examples, how a student is a possible behavioral example, I have tried to explain everyone's behavioural example, then it will be better to understand that a student is an angry at her professor, often when there is a marking or an assessment, the children sometimes get angry, we get less number, we have a partiality, what happened, what happened, such things can be very similar examples, so a student who is angry at her professor for a low grade, lashes out at her roommate, who is a safer target for her, means, this is a student, she is a girl who seems to get less number, but she doesn't get angry at her professor, so what does she do, when she comes to her roommate, she is fighting with her, she is shouting at her, because she is her safer target, she will give her something, she has nothing to do with it, and in this way, she is trying to get angry, so when the anger comes out, the mind calms down, then the person becomes calm, the problem was created from there, and that is why I reacted this way, so it is a displacement, we are diverting our threatening impulses, why, because we couldn't shout at them, so anything can happen, like we are angry with the boss, so the boss is shouting at his children at home, something like that, so that the safer target, by which we become our catharsis, and we don't have any harm, so this is a type of defence mechanism according to fright, then projection, what does projection mean, in Hindi it means, prakshepan, so what does it mean, disguising threatening impulses by attributing them to others, it is a form of defence in which unwanted feelings are displaced onto another person, means, we are hiding, disguising threatening impulses, those impulses can threaten you, by attributing them to others, we are giving them the name of someone else, we are giving the name of someone else, it is a form of defence in which unwanted feelings are displaced onto another person, meaning, we are giving that hope to someone else, you can say, prakshepit, for example, you have a strong dislike for someone, but you might instead pose that she or he doesn't like you, means we don't like someone very much, means we don't like them very much, so what we will pose, we will pose that they don't like us, meaning, we are hiding our experiences, why in front of everyone, because they are not socially desirable attributes, we don't like them when we don't have any logic, that's why we don't like them, that's why we do this, so what is all this, all this is conflict, stress, how unconsciously we try to do something in our mind that we can better cope up and what is the crux of this, that we have a guilt feeling, meaning, how do we say in front of someone that we dislike them, that's what we dislike, so socially desirable, that's it, so displacement is done and projection is done, projection means prakshepit, meaning, you are prakshepiting your experiences on someone else, then rationalization, rationalization means, rational will come, generating self-justifying behaviour for negative behaviours, meaning, what we are saying is, we will change the negative behaviour in such a way that we can satisfy ourselves and justify ourselves that we are not doing wrong, it is a substitution of a safe and reasonable explanation for the cause of behaviour, meaning what we are doing is, we are justifying our negative behaviour that it is safe and our tarqik behaviour is a tarqik behaviour, that's why we did this, self-respect, individuals maintain self-respect and avoid guilt over something they have done wrong what happens in this, the individual, the student, the subject what he says, that he can avoid guilt self-respect is maintained that he did not do wrong we try to rationalize his wrong behaviour for example, a student who is rejected from her dream college can explain that she is happy to be attending a school that is less competitive and more welcoming meaning, a child is coming he is going to be admitted so what he will do, he will not be sad he will try to explain to himself that it is okay, it is good that he got admitted in this school this competition is also here and I am feeling very good so in this way meaning, we justify our behaviour by including rationality and after the divorce, a man make convince himself that his ex-wife was not up to his standards and that this split is a blessing in disguise meaning, if someone got divorced then he will not be sad thinking that he did wrong he will think that it is okay that he was ex-wife so it is good meaning, whatever is wrong or our behaviour is wrong we try to explain it by rationalizing that is why it is called rationalization or yukti how we justify it then reaction formation reaction formation means in this, a person unconsciously replaces an unwanted or an anxiety provoking impulse with its opposite often expressed in a exaggerated or showy way meaning, unconsciously unconsciously what a person does meaning, it should not be an unwanted or an anxiety provoking meaning, it can be a cause of concern what we do is we show it through its opposite behaviour and it is also very exaggerated how? it is this fixation in consciousness of an idea effect or desire that is opposite to a feared unconscious impulse meaning, what we have done we have fixed it in consciousness, that idea that feeling, that desire we show it to the world like, a person who is angry with a colleague actually ends up being particularly courteous and friendly towards him or an alcoholic extolls the virtues of abstinence meaning, a person who is angry with his colleague then what we will show publicly that we behave very well with him we are very friendly with him but in money, we think of the opposite why? because publicly our image is not bad so this is all about our mind how do we deal with the state of our heart which is the state of the mind how do we deal with it all this is written in the book of fried in such a way that there are many more that I have not included that the mental and scientific protection is inside what is the protection in nature? we fight against the external enemies what is the mind fighting here? how is it fighting? how do we say that we do not like we either say that we do not like we either say that we do not like and in reaction formation what we say is that we try to behave very friendly with him from the outside or a mother who does not want unwanted child what she will do with him because she is very friendly with him very friendly with him means, you can say she will try to show that he is a bad mother or there are many examples but he drinks himself but when he sits in public he will say that he will not drink that he will not drink so this is the way we are showing reaction formation we are showing it something else is going on in the mind regression regression means repression means repression and suppression so what regression is saying it is a difference mechanism whereby that the ego reverts to an earlier stage of development usually in response to stressful situation it functions as a form of retreat, enabling a person to psychologically go back in time to appear when the person feels safer means this is the type of protection Anna Fryad proposed this which tells us that if we have a little problem in our life then we try to go on those stages of development where we were a loving caring atmosphere we were not scolding like kids often say it was good that we were small then we did not have to scold we grew up we started scolding we started going back or psychological stages of development we went to the next stage but we felt a stressful situation so we started reacting like a kid we were very scared we treat, enabling a person to psychologically go back in time we go back in time where we felt we are safe like an example of this while regression can happen at any point in childhood, but toddlers and preschoolers often do this like the first day a child is dropped off at pre-school they may cry and cling to her parent's leg even though she has not exhibited this kind of behaviour in months means if the first day she is dropped off then she starts crying even though she has not behaved since she felt it was good that she did not have to go to school she did not have to leave the house so this is the regression regression means going back we go back to the stage where we did not have to face this stressful situation then repression when there is a separation in the last then it is a minute it is a defense mechanism whereby unpleasur provoking mental processes such as morally dis-agreable impulses and painful memories are actively prevented from entering conscious awareness this is the type of protection in which unpleasur provoking mental processes are mental which we are getting morally dis-agreable impulses that is not good or we are suffering from these impulses so what we do is actively prevented from entering conscious awareness means we actively stop it from creating that it is not in our mind it is not in our conscious awareness it is not in our consciousness it is repression it is a central concept in classical psychoanalysis the psychoanalysis we read it has a central concept friared initially uses these terms repression and defense synonymously but then later treats repression as a distinct mechanism of defense when friared started working on this on defense mechanism he used repression and defense synonymously where defense was written but later on while studying he said that repression is a distinct form of defense we often stop we do not have to think about it so this is the principle in which we read repression this is repression what is repression? unlike repression which is an unconscious attempt to prevent memories and thoughts from entering consciousness repression is the conscious effort to avoid certain thoughts, feelings and behaviors or to keep them out of consciousness this distinction was first introduced by Anna friared it is the voluntary form of repression proposed by Sigmund friared in 1892 we stop our painful memories from entering consciousness but in repression this work is unconsciously we are not deliberately doing it but in suppression this work is consciously meaning we are thinking whether to think or not whereas in repression it is unconsciously that we have to stop it this is the difference between the two that is why I am telling this here repression is done now what can be the behavioral example of repression in case of hysterical amnesia in which the victim has performed or witnessed some disturbing act and then completely forgotten the act itself and the circumstances surrounding it a child who faced abuse by a parent later has no memory of the events but has trouble forming relationships meaning that the victim has some disturbing act he has done some mischief but he is completely forgotten he completely forgets what is the cause but when we try to forget the past consciously it is separation then sublimation what is called as Uddhati it is channeling unacceptable sexual and aggressive desires into acceptable activities meaning it is not called Udhya means the unacceptable desires we channel them into acceptable activities through sublimation people are able to transform unwanted impulses into something that is less harmful and often even helpful what does a person do is he tries to transform the wrong thoughts into something that is less harmful or beneficial like a person participates in sports to sublimate aggressive desires a person creates music and art to sublimate sexual desires sexual drives that some aggression is very angry we do not play so that energy channel out then denial we do not accept that this is wrong this is wrong it is probably one of the best known defence mechanisms used often to describe situations in which people seem unable to face reality or admit an obvious truth like a loved one's death something like that we are not ready to accept that denial is an outright refusal to admit or recognise that something has occurred or something is happening or something is happening a person does it for example after hurting someone's feelings you might refuse to think about it or try to find a way to blame them or for example you might say I would not have said that if she had not been acting that way by denying your actions you shift the blame to the person who has been hurt we have done something wrong so what we do is we pose the same thing that is why we are doing wrong in every situation in every defence mechanism we try to tell our act when we know sometimes it is consciously sometimes unconsciously sometimes it is deliberately sometimes it is non deliberately but it is just that we have to be away from our guilt because as long as there is guilt our mind will not remain calm so we try to get out of our guilt we do it while getting our intellectualisation intellectualisation uses abstract thinking why are we saying this in Hindi? we are saying it with intellect so what do we do in this? we use abstract thinking to detach oneself from feelings while rationalisation uses excuses and alternative reasons to cover up facts and motives both are different we use abstract thinking in intellectualisation so that we can detach ourselves from the painful memory while in rationalisation we use excuses alternative reasons in intellectualisation individual involves in grossing oneself so deeply in the reasoning aspect of the situation that one can completely disregard the emotional aspect what happens in intellectualisation the person gets so involved in reasoning, abstract thinking that he tries to forget the emotional aspect for example if a person is lost in many curves in the data sheet in excel sheet we have calculated how much we have to pay how much interest we have to pay we have made it so mechanical that we have detached ourselves from the emotional aspect this is possible what is introjection? introjection is sometimes called identification introjection is sometimes called identification it is also known as Tadatmi it has a different meaning in Hindi involves taking into your own personality characteristics to someone else because doing so solves some emotional difficulty what do we do? we try to accept someone else's personality we feel that stress is getting away from our life with identification a highly valued external object is regarded as separate from the client and the external object is blurred whereas in identification we are like that for example a child is being bullied at school what happens to a child unconsciously begins acting like the bully to avoid being further picked on so he tries to do it at this point it is just introjection but if the child then begins to identify with the bully acting like them in all respects thinking I am just like him we rule the school dressing the bully etc. then identification has occurred and if he acts exactly like that then it will be identification and if he unconsciously begins acting like them then it will be introjection, means one step ahead identification from introjection then compensation means we try to excel in some other area it refers to the client's attempt to make up for what they consider to be their flaws or shortcomings or for dissatisfaction in one domain of their lives means if we have any shortcoming or any shortcoming in any part of our life we try to compensate compensation can manifest itself in a few different ways overcompensation occurs when people overarking in one area to make up for shortcomings in another aspect of life for example a young man feels that he is a poor athlete he feels that he is not a good athlete so what he will do? and never gets picked for teams during his physical education class and the teacher never picks him up so he overcompensates by becoming deeply engaged in other school activities such as the drama club school news paper so he will try to excel in some other area that if he is not picked up in another place that's how it is suppression is done I think I have covered all ok suppression is the same unlike repression, we are unconsciously stopping painful memory from coming into our conscious awareness whereas this is happening in suppression like if you are grieving over the death of a relationship, you may consciously decide to suppress thinking about the situation to get on with your life something like this is happening in our life so we will suppress it we will ask for life we don't have to think about it and we have to move forward in life ok so I have covered maximum defense mechanisms with you and there is very little difference in rationalization, intellectualization repression suppression regression repression so if you understand this you will be able to answer many questions ok so thank you and don't forget to like and subscribe my channel to find this channel in telegram scan to join explore education and join my telegram group to get learning material and ask your query and provide me feedback too ok done from me sir