 Yes. Good evening. So my name is Arun. I'm the geography optional faculty here. Very recently I joined here. So regarding my profile, I have an experience of around 10 years and UPSC coaching and before this I was working as a faculty at the Central University of Kerala in Kasugot and before that I was working as a faculty UPC faculty at the Central University of Tamil Nadu. Then before that I was in Kerala State Civil Service Academy as a faculty of geography for optional as well as GS papers. So how are you all? Good. How is the weather? How is the weather in Chennai? Are you all from Chennai or are you all from other parts of the state or are you all from Chennai? No? Okay. How is the hostel life and all? Yeah? Getting adjusted, right? Okay, fine. All right. So before going into a detailed discussion about the topic, the subject, what do you know about this geography? What do you know about this? Be free to interact. I'm planning to set an interactive session so you can ask any doubts in between. You should ask and you should respond. What do you know about this geography? Study of earth. All right. And what about geology then? Interior of earth. So you're saying like geography won't be discussing anything about interior of earth. Is it so? Yeah? Be comfortable. Be very relaxable. Okay. So what is the objective of this session? I'll give you a brief outline about the subject of what it is and what are the pros and what are the cons against the subject. Everything will be discussed within a time span of one and a half hours. So anything you can ask, any doubts regarding the subject as an optional paper you can ask. Okay? All right. So geography optional. Before going into that, how to choose an optional paper? You have been sitting in the GS paper class for the last one month, I guess, right? Right? So right now you will be in a confused state. Which optional paper should I have to select? Have you decided it? No? Almost you are in a confusion, right? Should I select geography? Should I select history? Or should I select public administration, PSIA, agriculture, economics, every optional paper is other. So which one should I select? So there are certain criteria you have to. For online students, I have joined in Zoom as a co-host. My name is Arun. So if you have any doubts regarding this discussion, you can ask. Okay? All right. So there are certain criteria that you have to consider while choosing an option. So what is the first one? It is your interest itself. Because it is not me or it is not any faculty who is going to sit for the next one or two years with the subject. It is you, the aspirant is going to sit with the subject. So at a minimum of you have to spend two years, one year for the preparation and the one year for the entire exam process from problems, mains, interview, that all these things will take at least a minimum of two years. So you have to sit with the subject at least a minimum of two years. So you have to make an idea like is it an interesting subject for me? How do you know that? How do you know that? Shouldn't get bored by reading. Okay, all right. How can you test within a span of one or two weeks? How can you do that? What is the, what is the method? It should have to make you curious. All right. Then we can, we can read a few books regarding that subject. All right, all right. Then what else? Which old books? Yeah, that is the best thing. You can read your NCITs. If I'm talking about geography, you should go and read NCITs at least from a 6 to 12 standards. Just go through the books. So there are certain chapters like that talks about the physical aspects of the world, geomorphology, landforms will be the climate, all these studies regarding climate will be the, then there is oceanography, then there is a physical aspects of India, human aspects of India, all these things are. It almost covers the, almost the syllabus of our syllabus and a nutshell. So if you can read that once before choosing an option, that will be a better idea. That will give you a better idea. A clarity will be there. You got me? Clear? Fine. So go and read your NCIT and decide. If you have an interest or not, test that. All right. Apart from the most important thing, what is that? Availability of study materials. Availability of study materials are available throughout India. For every subject, there is material. Online with materials are there and all these books are available. Availability of study materials is an important thing. Overlap with the GS papers. What is that? How many papers are there in GS? You know that, right? Yeah. So what is the overlap of an optional paper over the GS paper? That you have to understand first. So if there are options like literature options are there, then science options are there. Humanities options like history, geography, anthropology, sociology, PSIR, public administration. N number of options are there. So if you go through the syllabus, you will get a clear idea how much of this optional paper have an overlap with the GS paper. We have GS paper 1, 2, 3, and GS paper 4 is there. Then we have an essay paper also. So you have to test how much of the syllabus is containing in that part also. So what is that? That is a smart way. Anyway, I am choosing this option. I am sitting with this option for the next two years. And if I get an advantage by using this optional paper for GS, that is the smart way of analyzing it. You got it, right? Can you doubt? No, fine. And guidance, guidance will be there. No issues regarding that. So these are the criterias that you have to consider while choosing an optional paper. So give the most important priority to yourself. That is your interest. All right, then overlap with the GS paper. Clear? Fine. So let us talk about the subject geography. Here we start. All right. So while choosing an optional paper, what UPSC expects from you? You should know that. What do UPSC expect? UPSC is not expecting you to write a synopsis for Ph.D. UPSC is not expecting you to do Ph.D. in a particular subject. Then what do UPSC expect? UPSC has an expectation from a candidate. That is, under graduation and below course graduation. That is the level of understanding a particular subject you have. You have to be in. You got it? So what do you mean by that? Above, under graduation and below, post-graduation. What is that? You need to have a better clarity about every aspect which is mentioned in the syllabus. I repeat, you need to have a better clarity about every aspect which is given in the syllabus. And you need to have an analytical ability regarding that. Under graduation or degrees, just like reading something and writing and reproducing it and getting mark. But if you are going for a post-graduation, you will be in a state to analyze certain things. So that's what UPSC is expecting from you. But it is below PG level. Got it? Fine. So what is the demand of the subject? You need to have a thorough understanding about the subject and especially in geography that is conceptual clarity is required. Don't worry that I will take care of it. What is the specialty of this option? We will discuss about it. What is the specialty of geography? Why geography? There is a static part and there is a dynamic part is also there. All right? If you know this concept very clearly, you can write it. All right? Then anything else? Anything else? Your idea? I am asking your idea. Major part is there is no current affairs. I will tell you this. Yeah. All right. All right. For courting this answer. Right. I got it. I got it. So what is the level of preparation that we did? Was science meets humanities? That is the subject. What is geography or why geography is? Geography is a synthesis of science and humanities. Were science meets humanities? What do you mean by that? Science meets humanities. What is that? Able to interact? What is that? Able to interact with what? No, that. No, that. Were science meets humanities means within the syllabus of geography, there is a part of science and there is a part of humanities also. So it is not a pure science, but it is not a pure arts. So it is a mix of both science and humanities. So which all candidates can choose geography as an option? That is what I am objecting here. All right. Got it. Right? So any candidate who has a background from science like chemistry, physics, biology, any zoology, botany, any science graduate, any arts background student like economics, history, public administration who have learned in their schools, sorry, in the universities or colleges, then engineering, medicine, any background is applicable here because there is a synthesis or this is a meeting place of science and humanities. Science means it is not a pure science. It is application science. So let's think about that. What is application? Conceptual clarity is the demand here. What is conceptual clarity? Conceptual clarity. There are a lot of things other than the syllabus. There is nothing to mug up like any other subjects. We don't need to mug up the statistics, previous year's statistics and all. We don't need to mug up that. We need to have a clear clarity about, clear understanding about every aspect which is given in the syllabus. So there are two papers, right? Paper one and paper two and paper one talks about the world aspect, especially physical aspects and human aspects. So there are certain theories in geomorphology. There are theories in climatology, human geography. All these theories are very simple. You need to understand the crux of the theory. So that is what the conceptual clarity demands. So if I am talking about the formation of Himalaya, you might have learned something regarding Himalaya in your school days. Can you recollect it? Can you recollect it? It's a barrier for India. All right. What type of a barrier are you talking about? Cultural, all right. Climate conditions, all right then. It's a natural defense barrier, right? Also, right. Then what else about Himalaya? Himalaya, tradition? Preservation of tradition, right? As a cultural barrier, all right. Then anything else? It's a folded mountain. Yes, please. It's a source of various rivers. Himalayan rivers are known for various rivers like Ganga, Brahmaputra, Indus and the tributaries and all. What are you talking about? It's a folded mountain. What is that? Did you learn about the height of Everest? Kanjanjanga? Makalu? Dhaulagiri? Mount K2? No. You might have by hearted it during your matriculation, right? What do you forget? In UPSC, we don't need that. No need to mug up these facts. If you're talking or discussing about Himalaya, we need to know what is Himalaya. Himalaya is a mountain range. Rockies, just like Rockies or Andes, Himalaya, Alps is also a mountain range. And in geography, what is the approach of learning Himalaya? Studying about Himalaya. Himalaya is a fold mountain, right? And what is a fold mountain? Before going into what is a fold mountain, what is a fold? Yeah? What is it? Bending in plates. What is that? When two plates converge or collide, there is a possibility of a formation of a fold, just like we are folding two papers, like this. So I'll show you a video. So when we are going to discuss about Himalaya, we'll be starting the lesson with some animations and all. So this is how it starts. Every story behind the formation of Himalaya started from here. We were a part of the Southern Hemisphere, joined with Africa, Australia, Antarctica. And our subcontinent started moving towards North. And it collided with the part of Eurasia, located in Northern Hemisphere, and created an important fold mountain in Asia. This is how it created. You might have learned about Pangea and the Lhasa and all. And this is how it started drifting towards North. And this is how it collided. And we need to know certain theories regarding or behind this formation of Himalayan mountain range, Alps mountain range, Atlas mountain range, for all these things there are certain basic theories to understand. All right. So have you heard about plate tectonic theory? What is that? What is that? Movement of plates. And what is a fold? How a fold is possible? Yeah? All right. So we'll be discussing these things with the help of some animations and all. So I'll show you one more thing regarding this formation or the fold. All right. There is another app we need to install. So let's go over this. All right. So what is the overlap of the subject? So if you go through the syllabus, you can see that there is an overlap of around roughly a 350 to 370 marks within GS paper 1, GS paper 3, and SA paper. So GS paper mainly or the entire part of geography is there in GS paper 1. And there are parts of disaster management, agriculture, economic geography part is there in the paper 3. Then there is some questions are asked in SA paper also. Very recently, if you observe the previous year SA paper questions, you can see one or two questions from geography, either from climateology part or anything regarding disaster management like this. SA questions can be expected. Questions overlap with environment, ecology, Indian economy, planning, society, disaster management from all these areas, there is an overlap. So roughly we can say that it is around 350 to 370 marks of overlap within the GS paper and SA. All right. And what is the advantage of this option? Yes, that is an important factor. So you can create a unique way of answer writing here. What is the advantage of this option? It is just like if you're writing an SA or if you're writing an answer in any other art subject, we need to write everything right. Like this, we need to write. And if you're writing an answer in geography, it is quite easy. Quite easy in the sense you can include diagrams, you can include maps, you can include any pie chart, any chart or table you can include to make your answer more impressive. All right. That is an advantage. And that doesn't demand you have to be a person who has a good quality, a good advantage in drawing. That is not required. You need to draw the diagrams or flow charts or tables or maps. You need to roughly have to present them. So that makes the presentation more impressive. All right. After this, I'll show you an answer. And above the paper 2, you can see that there is a 20 mark question in paper 2. In paper of India, India paper, you can see that there is a 20 mark question asking 10 locations in India. You need to mark that location in the map of India and we need to write something regarding that. What is the specialty of that location? That you have to write. So that is an area of we can easily score a 20 mark. That's an area. No need to mark up load of facts. No need to mark up. You need to have a familiarity with this location. And the UBC will be asking some locations for the last one or two years current of phase. One or one and a half current of phase will be this locations are from one and one and a half current of phase. So they may ask something like that. So we need to write about this. So anyway that we'll cover in the current of phase, current of phase part and all. So that is an area of you can score much in this area. And about the syllabus, most of you will be having what confusion like is the syllabus is most vast? Is it vast? Yes? All right. Do I need to mark up a lot of facts? I already answered for that question, right? Then is it tough or easy? Is it tough or easy? No? Do I need a good drawing skill? No? You know the answer, right? How long will it take to finish the syllabus? All these questions will be there, right? So I'll take this question here about the tough and easy way. There is no subject is easy. No subject is tough. Every subject has its tougher areas. Every subject has its easier areas that we need to find. So only thing you need to understand and learn it properly in a smart way. So cracking the option is like a smart way. It's a smart way. All right. So there is nothing like this subject is very tough. The subject is very easy. No subject is like that. You need to have a thorough understanding about the syllabus, the subject. A bow, under-graduation and below post-graduation level. All right. That is a demand. So there is no tough or easy subject in UAPSE. Is the syllabus vast? Let's discuss about the syllabus. Is it vast? We know that there are two areas. For every option there is a paper one and a paper two. The paper one is world geography. Here in geography, paper one is world geography. And paper two is geography of India or Indian geography. What is that world geography talks about? World geography talks about everything that is around us. That talks about the mountains. That talks about the plateaus. That talks about the planes. That talks about the oceans around us. That talks about the ocean currents. That talks about the tropical cyclone. That talks about planetary winds like what do you mean? Trade winds, wasterlies. So all these aspects will be dealt under world geography. The distribution of climatic zones in the world. Jet streams. All these aspects are there in world geography. And apart from that physical aspect, there is one more aspect that is a human aspect. How the world population is distributed in the world. And how the settlement is distributed in the planet. All these are the area of human geography in paper one. And what about the paper two? What about paper two? It is just an application of what all things we have learned in paper one on India. It's an application paper. So already we have learned about mountains. And here in paper India, we will be studying about Himalaya. The formation of Himalaya. Aravalli. Western Ghats. Eastern Ghats. Just like the mountains. We have learned about plains in paper one. We will be learning about Indo-Gangetic Brahmaputra plains and their specialities and all. And in world geography, we will be learning about rivers. The tributaries. The major landforms created by these rivers. And in paper two, we will be learning about major rivers of India. And what are their specialities? In paper one, you will be learning about agriculture. World agriculture. World distribution of industries. World distribution of resources. And here in paper two, we will be discussing about every, every those aspects we will be discussing about India. So it is just a paper two as an application level thing. So in this area, there is a lot of areas with overlap with paper GS papers. Got it, Kriya? Right. So then world geography. That is, I am talking about paper one. World geography discuss about two major aspects. One is physical geography. Second one is human geography. What is physical geography? Physical features which can, which can be seen throughout the world. What are those physical features? There are mountains. All right. Plateaus are there. Water bodies are there. Volcanoes are there. Cyclones are there. So in physical geography, we will be dealing with geomorphology, climatology, oceanography, environment and biogeography. These are the areas of physical geography. So physical geography talks about geomorphology, which means landforms. Here we will be discussing about the formation of mountains, that is, fold mountain, block mountains, volcanic mountains, residual mountains, etc. Then we will be dealing about the formations of different landforms created by different agents of erosion. Weathering will be discussed. Different types of rocks will be discussed. How earthquakes are forming in only in certain parts of India or only in certain parts of the world? We will not be experiencing earthquakes in certain parts, but we experience heavy earthquakes in Himalayan part. All right. What is the reason? Movement of plates. But here also movement of plates is taking place, right? Yes. Plate boundaries are the sensitive zones. Plate boundaries are sensitive zones of earthquakes and volcanoes. So that we will be dealing in that part. All right. Then in geomorphology, after geomorphology, next area of physical geography is climatology. What is that? Climatology. Climatology talks about weather, different phenomena in the atmosphere, like temperature, temperature distribution, then what else? Incoming solar radiation, atmosphere distribution, wind, planetary winds, cyclones, jet streams, air mass, all these things are there. Very recently, El Nino, La Nina, El Nino Motoki, La Nina Motoki, Madan Julino solution, all these are some of the concepts that are rising, very important nowadays. So all these parts are there in climatology. All right. Am I confusing? No? Can you follow me? Right. What about oceanography then? It's simply it talks about oceans. How many oceans are there? Seven. Five? Is it five or seven? What is the relevance of seven in geography? Number seven, it is continents. And number of oceans is five. What are the five oceans? Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, Antarctic Ocean or Southern Ocean. All right. So this part of the physical geography talks about oceans. Different bottom topography of Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, all these things will be discussed. Ocean currents, ocean resources, etc. will be dealt under oceanography. Environment and biogeography. And what is the area of environment and biogeography? Basically, it talks about different types of soil. Biogeography parts talks about different types of soil, their distribution, vegetation, degradation, conservation measures at national and international levels. Environment talks about environment and ecology, all these aspects which are there in our GS paper three. So environment and biogeography part is that. So geomorphology, climatology, oceanography and environment and biogeography is a part of physical geography of paper one. Is that clear? All right. Then what about human geography then? It talks about demography. It talks about the various type of settlements we have, we are having. Then human geography, basically it is a study of man-environment relations. We studied everything about the environment. We studied everything about the world geography in paper one, paper one physical aspect. And after completing that, we'll be learning about how we human being interact with that, how we human being interact with the mountains, how we human being interact with the oceans, how we human being interact with the climates. That's what the area of study in human geography and how we human being adapt with certain conditions, different conditions. All right. Fine. So there is a saying like study of changing, what is a human geography is a study of changing the relationship between the undressing man and unstable earth. So that is one of the definition for human geography. What is that? Study of changing the relationship between the undressing man and unstable earth. Earth is not stable. Earth is always sometimes we can expect earthquake. Sometimes we can expect volcanic eruptions. Sometimes we can expect formation of a mountain like Himalaya. So earth is not stable. And what about we human being? We are not resting. We are not resting. Fine. So in the past the human being were controlled by the natural forces. In those days, nature was a deciding factor. Nature decide where the human being has to settle. What the human being have to have. So nature decides the human being obeyed. And in the evolution, after the development of advancement in science and technology and every aspects, we human being started controlling the nature. So can you sense that there is a slower change in that relation. In the initial phase, nature or environment decided what human beings has to do. Alright. Then nowadays after the advancement in science and technology, we human beings are trying to control the nature or environment. So there is a change in the relationship. And this is the crux of human geography. You got it right? When human being started to explore possibilities of nature, he started agriculture. That was the revolution. Agriculture was the revolution. So in the evolution, there was a agriculture. So that we will study in agriculture geography. And he started to have settlements. When he started agriculture, he wanted to protect that crops. So he started to settle very close to that agriculture field. There starts our human and settlement geography. Different types of settlements are the, we started that. Rural settlements was urban settlements. We will be discussing about this. Classification of settlement based on their shape. Classification of settlement based on their size. So all these are the aspects of settlement geography. Chennai has a different morphology when we compare it with Coimbatore. Coimbatore has a different morphology when we compare it with Bangalore. So we will be studying everything about these shape and size of these city centers or urban centers in this area. All right. The next part is economic geography. I am talking about the syllabus of human geography. But economic geography, there is a resource, agriculture, trade and transport, all these are the areas. And urban geography is there. And after that there is regional planning is there. This is another part of the syllabus. Regional planning. What is that regional planning? What is the relevance of regional planning? Why do we need regional planning? It is very simple. Every region is different. We have a snow cladded mountains in the northern part of India. That is the Himalaya. We have a dried up desert in the northwestern state of Rajasthan that is Thara desert and northern part of Gujarat also. We have a wide stretch of plain in the south of Himalaya that is Indo-Gangetic Brahmaputra plain. And south of that we have a mineral-rich plateau region. And we have a long stretch of coast which is starting from Gujarat and ending up to West Bengal. We have two tropical islands. One is Andhra Manikoba and another one is Lakshadeep. So for all these regions the climate is different. The topography is different. The availability of water is different. The density of population is different. So can we apply the same formula for all these regions as a planning? No? So different areas require different type of planning. There comes the relevance of regional planning. So after studying all these things you will get a clear idea what are resources are there in India which part of India, which part of the world and which type of planning we have to implement for the development of this region. The plan we are setting for Rajasthan is different from the plan we are setting for northeastern states. The plan we are setting for Tamil Nadu is different from the plan we are setting for Himachal Pradesh. So there we have to discuss about the resource distribution, topography, population density, all these things we will consider while planning it. So that all these things will be coming under regional planning and we have a chronology of planning in India that started from planning commission. Do you remember that? Planning commission? Yeah, five year plans was there and now there is Niti Ayok. And next part is regarding demography. What is demography? It's studies about the population. So population the recent reports published by Government of India that is the census will discuss about India population after using census data and we will be using world population prospects for world population distribution. So we have to know about the population, growth, density, age structure, sex ratio, dependency ratio and health indicators, all these are there in the population aspect. All right. Next part of human geography is perspectives in human. Perspectives, what is that? If it is history or if it is sociology or anthropology, economics for every subject, this part will be there. It talks about the evolution of the subject. Perspectives. Perspectives talks about evolution. Contribution of various scholars which scholars give this much of what are the scholars who contributed for physical geography? What are the scholars who are contributed for human geography? All these are the these perspectives. So if you are talking about geography, from a pure humanity subject in 1950s and 1960s, this particular subject witnessed quantitative revolution more scientific techniques played to the subject. So from a human geography aspect, it slowly started growing into a science subject and in 1976-70s there was another branch started prodding up that is a geography. So I am giving you a brief idea about the syllabus. So I will come again. So what are the syllabus? What is syllabus area? If you are talking about the syllabus geography, there are two papers. One is paper one and paper two. Paper one talks about world geography and world geography talks about physical geography as well as human geography. And paper two talks about Indian geography that is all the things that we have learned in paper one will be applied to India. So paper one, in world geography we have two aspects. One is a physical and second is human aspect. And a physical aspect, we have to learn geomorphology that talks about various landforms and their formations and some theories regarding that. And in paper two will be in physical geography next area is climatology that talks about atmosphere, various phenomena regarding atmosphere, temperature, winds tropical cyclone etc will be there. And next area is oceanography that talks about topography of oceans, ocean resources, ocean currents, everything will be there. And next is environment geography and biogeography that talks about the environment ecology and biogeography aspects, different aspects of soil, distribution of soil, distribution of vegetation their deterioration and conservative measures national level and international level will be discussed in this area. So this is the physical aspect of world geography and then we discuss about human aspect of the paper one that is the world geography. Human aspect have two broad areas that is the demography and settlements. And next area is the evolution of the subjects evolution of the subject is covered under perspectives in human geography this talks about the overall evolution of the subject and the scholars who contributed what all things these are the areas. Clear enough? Any doubts? Is it clear? Any confusions? No. So what is the smart way of learning the syllabus? We will be taking we will be starting the classes by 5th of August it is a weekend batch and we will be starting with 5th of August and what we need around five and a half months is a requirement. So mid of January I can cover the entire syllabus. So we will be starting with August August, September, October, November December and mid of January which means 5 and a half month approximately approximately 5 and a half month and what is the way of smart way of learning it? So there is a technique like we can fill up some of the syllabus which are given in paper one with some of the syllabus which are given in paper two. I will show you that. So I will be starting the lessons from world geography that is from geomorphology I will be starting the classes from geomorphology and there will be discussion about theories in geomorphology from models and theories part of the syllabus. So we will be discussing about various type of landforms we will be discussing about interior of earth, plate ectonism, volcanoes, earthquakes rocks, various landforms created by different agents along with that we will be discussing about various theories which are there in the syllabus. And next area is climatology and we will cover the theories regarding climatology at the same time itself. Then oceanography and theories regarding that. Biography, there we will discuss about world distribution of soil vegetation, soil degradation everything will be discussed and in the same thing will be discussed for paper two also. So this is an integrated approach. We are clubbing paper one some aspect of the syllabus one with paper two that is biogeography part we will discuss all these things for the world then we will discuss the same thing for India specific. So we will get a connection world and India what is the status of India what is the status throughout the world easy connectivity. Then what is that? environmental geography and here we will be discussing about India contemporary issues related to environment. Economic geography that I can say like while we are discussing about world agriculture there are certain theories regarding agriculture that we will club here. So when we are learning something in paper one that is about world agriculture we will learn about the theories regarding agriculture here. Then we will discuss about Indian agriculture. So we will club that three areas. Next industries we need to know about the distribution of resources we need to know about the distribution of world distribution of industries in world geography first and there are certain theories regarding that that we will cover along with that then there is Indian distribution of resources and Indian distribution of industries will be clubbed together. So you will be having a clear cut idea regarding this what is happening in the world what are the theories regarding that what is happening in India alright fine. Then regional planning theories regarding that and regional planning in India this is regional planning in the world this is the theories regarding that and this is regional planning in India alright we are clubbing all these things and transportation and communication in the world here is regarding that transportation and communication status in India so this is how I am planning to club the syllabus so what is the advantages here we can study geography by taking each and every paper separately I can finish the same syllabus for first for paper one that is I will be teaching you like geomorphology climatology oceanography all these human aspects will be teaching first and after that after completing paper one I can come and teach you paper two separately I can teach that but that is not a smarter way so wherever we have a possibility of clubbing the syllabus we can do that alright clear and what is our action plan for the completion of the syllabus for the completion of the syllabus that comprising of paper one paper two world aspects and Indian aspects of physical and human geography parts what is action plan we need to have a clear cut action plan right so what I am planning us we will start our sessions from 5th of August 5th of August that is a Saturday so in the initial classes like from August to January that that foundation we can I can call it as a foundation session I can call it as a foundation session like we will start with from August 5th and that course will be continuing till mid of January okay clear alright so here in this aspect I will be I will be covering 96 to 98 person the syllabus 96 to 98 person the syllabus of paper one and paper two will be covered in this foundation sessions alright so here my objective is to make you understand every aspect which is there in paper one and paper two I need to build up a strong foundation for you so that is what the importance of this session foundation which I will be starting from the scratches I know you are from various background you are from some of you engineering some of you are from science or any other art subjects so I know one thing like you are not familiar with the syllabus not familiar with the subjects you know nothing about this I will start from that scratch so slowly I am planning to build that foundation and I need to make it very strong alright so foundation I need to make it very strong you will get a clear idea about the concepts that taught in this classes assignments assignments will be given assignment is not like assignments that you are getting from the school assignment will be given in a weekly manner I will give assignments questions so you have to write it and come to the next class alright so if I am teaching you the theory of play tectonics today I will be giving you some of the questions application level questions regarding play tectonics in the same days so in the coming class or in the any weekdays you can come to me and you can show your answer so that is what the assignment so assignment was in that way so you can see that gradually your writing skill is going to improve gradually it will improve alright understand memorize an application of the concept of that you already learnt that is what the objective of the assignment so we might have discussed about the play tectonics we might have discussed about volcanoes and distribution of earthquakes in the class room and after that class I will be giving you assignments regarding the questions regarding these aspects and you are going to your home or hostel and you are sitting and writing that while writing only you know what all those things are recorded in your brain you are sitting in the class you are taking notes but while answering something and answering some main questions then only you will get an idea how much of things have stored inside alright so there will be some missing links by seeing an answer I can say that by seeing an answer that is written by you I can see that yeah this part is missing so I will help you to add that that is what the advantage you got it clear you are sitting in the class you are listening my words and we are discussing about play tectonism distribution of volcanoes, distribution of earthquakes after that I will give some questions and you are going to write about the questions you are going to write the answer for that questions and you are coming and meeting me so I will give you some of the clarifications and doubts that is there in the answer got it after the foundation goes that I am planning to add a value added session from November to January so foundation course will be running from August to January August, September October and this is November so by the time you will get an idea about what is geomorphology what is climatology, what is oceanography what all things are there in the syllabus so all these things will be clear by sitting in that foundation class itself and in the month of November we will be starting that advanced that is a value added session in value added session exam oriented these are exam oriented sessions in the foundation batch I will be teaching you the basic concepts everything which is there in the syllabus will be taught every doubt of yours will be cleared previously a question paper will be discussed I will be giving you assignments in the foundation and after that when we reach November or January you will be in a state to answer some more tougher questions so there comes the importance of value addition exam oriented value added notes will be provided for the important topics level 2 type of questions and assignments will be given that means a lever higher than the previous one a lever higher than the foundation help to understand the questions so here in UPSC we need to understand the question first and then only you have to write it is not like you might have what heard it like it is not a university exam university answer writing pattern is different and UPSC answer writing pattern is different the same thing so we need to understand what is asked exactly so all these things will be there in the value addition session that will be starting as a part of the same course from November to January so weekly one or two classes will be there for value addition foundation will run from August to January along with that value added classes will also be running from November onwards don't worry I won't start it in the August itself you won't be in a state to write these answers in August we will start it later fine and what is what is the idea beyond that so by mid of January you will be in a state to answer any questions that is coming or popping from geography so by taking this five and half months you will be in a state to answer any questions alright I can show you that then after prelims focus area after prelims you will be coming back and rapid and we have a focus area like a rapid revision of the entire syllabus will be revised one on one interaction after the model test will be given make it optional ready for the exam so that is what my ashram so it's all about the syllabus it's all about the strategy that we are going to apply foundation and value addition part also so this is the idea about the syllabus and strategies any doubts here please okay alright alright what's your background computer science engineering okay have you read NCRTs and sociology NCRTs no no so we have to read it first just go through the books so you will get the idea about that so here in geography you can write your answer with some techniques you can use some techniques to impress the evaluator the technique is like you can use you can draw maps and all okay all aspects in the sense if you are not interested in the subject please don't take it yes syllabus is all together syllabus is this one what I have explained to you syllabus is this one okay you do certain things like you read the NCRT and go better yeah no no no I am not laughing like that you need to discuss with Rajitha I am right sociology, sociology, optional teacher fine how it's regarded geography books that we will discuss in the next session class timing will be morning seaside classes are in the weekends okay you can switch the seaside batch optional class as of now there is no weekdays class only weekend class and if you are running out of time we will arrange classes 4 hour 4 hour Saturday Sunday 4 hour 4 hour will be there if it is not enough arrange one working day also we will work accordingly no issues regarding the competition please good evening sir sir sir I am not major in geography sir science background also I mean be English literature but I interested in geography I can't handle optional I think geography is very vast can I come again what is your doubt sir what is my doubt geography and GS paper is very similar or is it the same both of them can compete and study my doubt I am interested in geography basically I am interested in geography but I am not interested in geography I studied geography from 10th I am not interested in geography that is what I am asking GS paper is ok or if it is too small can I come again and study it if you want to advantage this like having 350 to 370 marks roughly approximately there is an overlap overlap will come in GS paper 1 and some of the questions that are previously asked from SA paper also can be overlap so there is an overlap if you are taking geography there is an overlap in paper 1, paper 3 and SA then the things that you are discussing that we are learning in GS papers GS paper 1 as a part of GS studies in optional paper we need to study some of the theoretical aspect also in GS paper 1 we will be learning about or we will be learning about any mountain building like we will study like plate collision is taking place and that is as a result of that there is a full mountain is forming like and in optional paper we need to know what are the other theories other than plate tectonics there are theories like geosynchronal theories also there so we need to cover that theory also in our optional paper so there is a bit more to know about the subject and not like the GS paper GS paper yes sir if you have interest you should take that I would suggest alright is there any doubt online students is there any other doubts apart from this fine fine fine so shall we have a discussion open discussion how are you done with my one hour lecture is the time fine so let's have a discussion about let's have a discussion about an important topic from I'll take you I'll take the topic one more doubt I'll clarify that Uday Kumar S please hello sir I can hear you basically I'm a law graduate okay so I'm planning to do a geographical option so will it be useful for me sir any student can take geography geography is not a what it's not a pure science subject you are from anyway you are from low graduate yeah right so there are 13 science aspect is there like physical geography like in climatology astrography and geomorphology there are certain science aspects but they are not pure science they are just application of certain things that are in the physics and all that a humanities background student can easily understand okay so if you can understand if you can learn some things some basic things about the movement of winds the forces that are causing the movements or deflection of winds some things are the some small things are there what I can say climatology that is aligned with science and that won't be a problem for a humanities or a law graduate I'm not from a science background I'm from a humanities background okay sir okay sir what you can do is you can go through the ncrt books there are things are given in the ncrt just read it and if it is interesting you can choose it okay sir is there any connection between paper one and paper two yeah yeah yeah paper one and paper two some of the areas we can club together okay some of the areas like agriculture there is a paper one in agriculture that talks about world agriculture and there are certain theories regarding agriculture and after that there is Indian agriculture so we'll club these three okay and after that there is the industrial part of the world is there and theories regarding industries is there and after that there is India industries so certain areas are there that we can club apart from these okay okay actually I would have my curiosity I'm asking mostly all in the rank one there is no option of geography sir mostly from sociology or PIRS only one candidate ira single madam in 2017 batch she was geography option okay by taking geography option I'm asking that first rank will be the regarding scoring I'm asking scoring is there scoring aspect will vary in each and every year this year's scoring will be anthropology or sociology next year public administrative will come next year geography will come so scoring is different that we cannot predict which subject will score next year so that is unpredictable we cannot do anything about that but if you look into the number of students that is writing optional around 3500 students are opted geography in 2021 and this is around 7.5 approximately okay sir okay so that's all we can say that thank you sir okay all right one more doubt Uday Kumaris sir I asked okay fine fine good evening sir good evening how does this assignment submission and correction works for online attendees online students wait wait wait fine fine so you need to scan the answer that you are writing and you need to mail it mail us okay and after that we'll give the phone call reviews hello can you hear me can you hear me yes sir yes sir yes sir okay okay Muhammad Shai buddin Muhammad Shai buddin doubts please sir how about map reading optional geography sir that map reading we'll cover in map reading class Ruchir Kumar sir said that in optional geography we have to look deep into the continents regarding map reading yeah yeah yeah we'll be looking into the distribution of resources distribution of distribution of apart from distribution of resources there are certain like reverse tributaries all these things are there that we'll cover that's not a tough area okay sir any other doubts hello yes please sir then medium of instruction will be in English the class medium of instruction will be in English okay the class is weekend or weekend weekend weekend class okay put some morning 9 to 5 9 to 1 1 4 9 to 1 is there any possibilities of joining between of the classes especially especially I want to the value addition of the classes starting from November to January the basics and others I can cover I can cover myself myself but I won't is there any possibility to join especially that value addition that you are taking from November to January have you have you already done the optional paper any more yes sir like I have been I haven't done I am just competing the syllabus almost I have completed around 65% of the syllabus from my say like from my understanding I have completed it okay but what I need the most is those dance writing in the exam point of view the perspective how to approach the exam any of my new details regarding any possibilities I got it I got it you can join it you can join it you can call the enquiry and you can join it no issues okay thank you sir okay okay so let's have a discussion about an important topic in climateology that is temperature distribution can you tell me what are the factors which can influence the distribution of temperature because the temperature of Kodekinal is different from the temperature of Chennai Kodekinal Darjeeling is different from the temperature of Delhi and that is different from Rajasthan the temperature in Siberia that is that we experience in Siberia is different from the temperature that we experience in Sri Lanka African dessert is having a temperature of around 45 to 50 degree Celsius Dras or Kargil regions are extremely cold so there are regions in the world which are having different types of temperature so tell me what are the factors which can influence the distribution of temperature I will take that that is altitude then latitudes distance from the ocean distribution of land and water we can say that distribution of land and water then what else only three factors that can influence the temperature distribution equator wins revolution of earth revolution of earth so this is how we will enter into a topic that is what I am showing we will have an open discussion in the beginning then I will be summarizing I will be scrutinizing this important points and some of the points will be the repetition of other one so I will strike it down then we will have an open discussion so altitude latitudes distance from the ocean equator wins revolution of the earth and what else apart from this ocean currents ocean currents ocean currents then tropics I will come back to you you have to explain all this pollution and related steps pollution then population density settlement distribution urbanization we can say it like urbanization urbanization here in Chennai we experience a temperature of around 40-45 degrees Celsius this won't be the temperature of your native place and what are the factors that is contributing mountains that we can attribute with altitude landforms what do you mean by that landforms plane area or plateau area then radiation in the sense what is that incoming solar radiation incoming solar radiation alright insulation greenhouse gas then factors influencing temperature only this much heat zones what is that heat zones will that influence the distribution of temperature or is it the distribution of temperature based on that we divided the planet right so that is not a factor which can influence based on the distribution of temperature we have divided the planet alright then what is apart from this vegetation fine this is not a rocket science you can have everyone knows about this just open up rainfall or snowfall we can see precipitation right then humidity exactly what a vapor content then, can a volcanic eruption influence a distribution of temperature can volcanic eruption influence a distribution of temperature how it can influence natural disaster are you talking about volcanoes okay no I am asking how volcano can influence natural disasters okay fine I will write it natural disasters factors influencing temperature can the clouds influence the distribution Clouds yes or no yes how online students if you have any doubt you can message all right once again I will come back option classes will be in English is it a weekend match yeah it is a weekend batch will will be having the classes from 9 to 1 Saturday and Sunday how does assignment correction was for online attendees all right I will give the assignment and you have to write it and you need to send it through mail and I'll evaluate it and I'll give you the reviews about this about your answer over the phone book sources that we'll discuss in the next session book sources and everything will be covered in the next try meridional win system albedo yeah albedo can influence the distribution of temperature who said that Shakti Prakash albedo fine fine fine what is that atmospheric condition atmospheric local weather conditions right we can say that local weather conditions all right then anything else oh all right soil okay soil so the first okay we'll stop here the open discussion and we'll discuss important latitude was an important factor that determine the distribution of temperature that is an important factor then altitude is there then next factor that you mentioned is rainfall is there distance from the land is there distance on the sea is there then humidity is there cloud cover and what is ocean currents ocean currents is there winds are there air mass is there volcanoes are there then anything else anything else albedo is there vegetations is there vegetation greenhouse gases there pollution is there urbanization is there use it some tropics tropics tropics is a zone tropics is a zone we divided the entire globe based on the distribution of temperature one is a tropics temperate region and polar region that is a classification of based on the distribution of temperature it's not an influencing factor as such what else what else what else land forms land forms okay land forms anything else apart from this terrestrial radiation alright terrestrial anything online students any other influencing factors of temperature apart from these terrestrial radiation soil soil how can soil influence what do you mean by soil evaporation can influence evaporation can influence deforestation can influence Perumal said deforestation then what else turn right alright so will this is about latitude first how this latitude is going to influence the distribution of temperature atmospheric pressure jay Kumar said atmospheric pressure alright so online students we are going for an open discussion about this each and every aspects one has a latitude tell me how latitude is going to influence the distribution of temperature how latitude is going to influence the distribution of temperature what is it before that I draw an oval shape around that is a this is equator this is our tropic of cancer tropic of Capricorn zero degree equator this is our Arctic Circle this is our Antarctic Circle this is our polar region alright so this are the latitudes important latitudes what are latitudes what are latitudes latitudes are imaginary horizontal lines which are parallel to equator all the latitudes are circles except 2 what are the two exceptions here both the regions Arctic North North North 90 degree North and 90 degree South are the two dots they are not circles all the other latitudes are circles which are parallel to equator alright and how these latitudes are going to determine the temperature of that region yeah these latitudes determine the amount of insulation one region has to receive so they the regions around equator the regions around equator from equator to tropic of cancer tropic of Capricorn these regions are locator these regions are regions that receives almost vertical solar radiation throughout the year so Sun will always be having a tendency to migrate between tropic of cancer and tropic of Capricorn in between it will be kept on migrating like this so throughout the year there is a presence of sunlight and that's amount of that amount of high incoming solar radiation which is coming from the Sun will make this region which is located between tropic of cancer and tropic of Capricorn which are located in the lower latitudes records high temperature as we are moving away from equator or tropics towards the polar region like this you can see that here the amount of incoming solar radiation reaching into into this high latitudes are lesser than the low latitudes again if you are moving towards North Pole or South Pole either towards Arctic or Antarctica region those regions are receiving a minimum amount of solar radiation for a namesake I can see it is because of the solar rating has to solar radiation has to pass a longer distance and solar radiation has to has to enter the atmosphere here and this will be the destination so this much of scattering a reflection absorption all these things will be there in between so the amount of radiation that is reaching in the polar regions are very less compared to the equator so here this is how the latitude is determining the temperature latitude determine the angle and intensity of solar radiation that is striking in that particular area that insulation will determine the amount of temperature has to be experienced there is that clear lower latitude maximum solar radiation will give get high temperature will be prevailing and as we are moving towards the high latitudinal regions the amount of insulation or amount of solar radiation will keep on decreasing as a result of that the temperature will decrease is that clear so this is how latitude influence the distribution of temperature then next thing is altitude what is that altitude any doubts online students any doubts online students regarding latitude how latitude influence the temperature any doubts no fine so how altitude is going to influence what is the altitude distance from the mean sea level that is you can see that if it is the mean the sea level we are in the coastal area I'll keep it as a coastal area then we have a mountain we are standing here one is one person is standing in the mountain and this is this height is the altitude height from mean sea level height from mean sea level how much how much meters how much centimeters how much kilometers height that is that talks about the height or altitude is that clear is that clear Indo-Gangetic plane or we can say that Coimbatore is staying and a low altitude whereas Ooty or Kodekenal or Darjeeling or Himalayan part is located in a high altitude which means all these are all these hill stations or mountains are this much height or away from the mean sea level you might have experience low temperature when you are in the hill stations when you are in Ooty or Kodekenal or when you are in Himalayan any Himalayan states the temperature will be very low but if you are in Coimbatore or if you are in Chennai or if you are in any other plane region the temperature will be comparatively higher and tell me how this altitude or height factors the distribution of temperature this much of difference how it factors what all mean this altitude was that person yeah how it is going to affect how it is going to affect only students how it is going to affect how the altitudinal factor influence the distribution of temperature earth radiation is more than solar radiation ok and pressure alright atmospheric pressure is it because of atmospheric pressure is it because of atmospheric pressure or anything else apart from this more radiation happening in land surface we have land surface here also here also we have land so you are saying like surface area surface area make that difference surface area is it so surface area how altitude influence these are not the right answers that is what I am waiting for exactly that is related to the density of the air what the density of the air is high what the density of the air is high here or here ground level yeah if you are talking about the density of air density of air like this so suppose this is the globe we have we have a mountain here we have a low-lying plane area here and one person is standing here one person is standing here all these locations are a part of the troposphere you know what is troposphere you know what is troposphere troposphere is a layer of atmosphere earth's atmosphere or I can say it is the lowest layer of atmosphere where we are living the height of troposphere is almost from 0 to 18 kilometers in the tropics and 0 to 6 to 8 kilometers in the polar region we are a part of the troposphere troposphere is the weather layer or whether the life-supporting layer of the atmosphere but one thing is there how this earth atmosphere is being heated what is the source of energy here it is the solar radiation solar radiation will strike the planet like this it will strike the mountain it will strike the plane it will strike the oceanic area but this troposphere has an important feature this troposphere is not capable to absorb this incoming solar radiation and get heated by itself because the sunlight which is coming to earth incoming solar radiation is in a short wavelength format the particles which are there the gases which are present in the troposphere is not able to absorb or block this incoming solar radiation and get heated by themselves. Since it is a short wavelength format it is very easy for this incoming solar radiation to crawl and reach the surface they'll directly or they'll high intense solar radiation will directly hit the surface first after that what happens surface will get heated the surface will get heated and this heat energy will be radiated back to the space by the surface that we can call it as terrestrial radiation, terrestrial radiation know we can call it as earth radiation clear right alright so when this earth radiation is starting from the surface when this earth radiation is started from the surface it is notice it is going back to space not as a short wavelength format it is going back as it long wave terrestrial radiation so there is a difference in the wavelength when it is coming from the sun it is coming as a short wavelength format when it is going back it is going as a long wavelength format alright. So, when this long wavelength format radiation is escaping trying to escape from the surface, there are certain gases which are present in the troposphere. Generally we can call it as gases like greenhouse gases. These greenhouse gases are just like the blankets. During winter days we have an what we have a habit of using a blanket right. What for we are using that blanket? To yes yes to preserve the body energy that is a temperature body temperature to preserve the body temperature that's why that is the function of the blanket blanket itself will not give temperature. If you wrap the blanket blanket with preserve the body temperature that is a function of blanket. So, here on the planet for the troposphere this greenhouse gases just like a blanket. So, this greenhouse gas you can see that greenhouse gas concentration can be seen that greenhouse gas like carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, water vapor, methane all these gases are heavy gases dense gases. So, this dense gases will always be having a tendency to stay there on the surface itself because it is heavy it will not be able to climb the mountain. So, wherever we have a depression all these greenhouse gas will have a tendency to stay there. This is what the behavior of greenhouse gas. So, you can see most of the water vapor, most of the carbon dioxide, most of the what we can say methane all these things are there in the low altitudes. If you are if you are moving towards a high altitude there you can see that the distribution of greenhouse gases like this it is very trace only this much of greenhouse gas can be seen in the hill stations all right. So, keep in mind the blanket which is created by greenhouse gases very thick in the low altitudinal regions and it is very thin in the high altitudinal mountainous regions. And now suppose during winter season you are keeping a very nice or a very thin blanket all right. In the next day you are wearing a very thick blanket will there be any difference? If it is a thin blanket your body temperature will escape easily all right. If it is a thick blanket your body temperature will get preserved inside is that clear? In a similar way when the earth radiation or terrestrial radiation is trying to escape from the planet if you have a thicker blanket that entire radiation or a majority part of that radiation will be preserved or blocked by the screen house gas. From this mountainous tops when the insulation or terrestrial radiation is trying to escape the thickness of the blanket is very minimal just like we are using a thin blanket during a severe winter season. Got it? So, since this blanket is very thin the radiation which is starting from here can easily escape this area. So, the terrestrial radiation will not will not be get blocked in the mountainous region as it is blocking in the low lying areas. So, it is determined by the density of atmosphere all right. So, maximum greenhouse gas oh my god maximum greenhouse gas maximum terrestrial radiation will get blocked and high temperature will be prevailing in low altitudes. Minimum greenhouse gas, minimum trapping of solar terrestrial radiation and low temperature will be prevailing yeah. So, this is how altitude influence a temperature distribution. This is how UTI or Kodekinal records a lower temperature than the nearby Coimbatore. Got it clear? So, this is how this one influence a temperature distribution. Any doubts? All right. Shakti, Shakti Prakash what you said is right. Solar radiation is high frequency waves yeah fine fine fine. Terrestrial it is a long wave gets trapped by green house gas exactly exactly what that is that is what the right answer right. Anything else apart and I will take one more thing. Do you know what is how volcanoes is going to affect the temperature distribution? Have you studied about volcano in GS paper? GS paper all right. So, tell me how volcano is going to influence the distribution of temperature. So, when a volcano erupt when a volcano erupt high amount of lava and magma sorry lava and ash water vapor everything will be spread out all right. So, that is what a volcano and how this volcano can influence the global temperature? How this volcano can influence the global temperature? Shakti, Shakti Prakash shoot shoot your answer. How this volcano can influence? Exactly. It forms a blanket over a particular region ok I have created it. Then how it is going to affect? Exactly there is solar radiation will not be able to penetrate right. So, what happens then? Exactly what is that what we call it as what is what is it what is it what is the term associated with this? It is called as the volcanic winder. A volcano can erupt a huge amount of magma, huge amount of lava, huge amount of high temperature, steam will be generated by a volcano. But if you are talking about a global scenario global temperature this volcano can lower the global temperature. So, this temperature from the magma or lava which is coming out from a volcano can raise the local temperature a bit. But it will affect the global temperature in reverse manner. How it will affect? It is a basic thing like just after a volcanic eruption you can see that enormous amount of materials will be ejected by a volcano that includes sulfurous content. Sulfur dioxide will be there. So, sulfur dioxide have a tendency to rise up in the troposphere. After the eruption sulfur dioxide will move on to stratosphere the next atmospheric layer. That that is the second atmospheric layer after troposphere. So, after the volcanic eruption the stratos from a volcanic mount sulfur dioxide will have a tendency to get ejected out and it will enter into the second atmospheric layer of earth that is stratosphere. So, the sulfur dioxide will interact with the water vapor content of troposphere and it will create acid rain. It will create acid rain and that is what that is not the discussion here that we will discuss later. So, this sulfur dioxide will get mixed up with the water vapor content and it will create an sulfuric acid aerosol in stratosphere. So, stratosphere is a region with no air convection or no air movement. So, once the sulfur dioxide is reached in the border region it will interact with the water vapor which is there and it will create a sulfuric acid aerosol in the lower stratosphere. The air is more static. So, once it is created it can stay there for three or four years continuously it will be the it is preserved there won't be any change. So, once the sulfur dioxide is reached it reacts with the water vapor it will create a sulfuric acid aerosol in the lower stratosphere and the sulfuric acid aerosol will having a greater reflective capacity. What is reflection? Reflection is like just like a mirror we are keeping a mirror when the sunlight hits it will go back. Reflection is like that. So, the sulfuric acid aerosols have the same quality whenever this installation is trying to enter the atmosphere atmosphere the sulfuric acid aerosol will act like a reflector and it will send the energy back to space without allowing it to penetrate towards the troposphere and surface. So, much of the radiation will be escaped or get reflected back without entering earth's atmosphere or earth's troposphere. So, in effect what we can say that input energy or input solar radiation is getting lowered after this effect. Sulfuric volcanic sulfur dioxide interact with water vapor sulfuric acid aerosols is being created it is a good reflector of solar radiation and sunlight will go back and as a result of that input solar energy is less in the ground. If the insulation that is the only source of heating the earth's atmosphere if the insulation is lower will heat up the atmosphere the temperature will be low right. So, as a result of this the low lying areas throughout the globe wherever this phenomenon is happening the temperature will shoot down and here in Chennai can you expect Chennai with snowfall can I switch Chennai in snowfall no, but there was an episode in 1815 during the colonial period during 1815 there was a volcanic eruption in Indonesia that has erupted a lot of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere that has pumped a lot of sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere that has created the same phenomenon and this Madras Chennai region was under frozen land snow was falling. Input solar radiation was not coming here very light amount of insulation was reaching only light amount of insulation was reaching so the temperature went on into minus degrees so the surface water bodies everything started to freeze so Chennai had had an episode like that you can you can just browse after this class and you can see the photos of that that time so Chennai had an episode like that so this phenomenon is called as volcanic winder so this is how volcanic influence the distribution of temperature all right any doubts any doubts my online students Chennai may experience maritime effect yeah maritime effect was there but that amount of sulfur dioxide was greater and that has blocked the solar radiation Shakti Prakash yeah acid rain was there also but most of the sulfur dioxide went on to stratosphere if it is in stratosphere that won't result so just before that just after the volcanic eruption acid rain is possible doubt yes please doubt yeah please please malafla sulfuric acid is not a problem on the mountain to keep them in the high temperature in some way not a low temperature in some way up a keel and the temperature is not a superma once for please once for this sir volcanic eruption are not malafla for the sake of it as it is a constant as one of them on the keel of a high temperature malamalot temperature we could be viewed on a couple of malas and radiators Okay, okay, I got it I got it sir to to separate location these are two separate conditions. So separate condition in the sense in the in the beginning we discussed about altitude. Altitude influence the temperature this is a basic feature throughout the globe we can you can experience this wherever height is height is more or altitude is high then greenhouse gas will be lesser there and that greenhouse gas affect the lesser greenhouse gas and here more greenhouse gas will be there that the distribution of temperature vertically. This is a basic idea and the idea that we discussed just now that is about a volcanic eruption that is an what we can say that it is not a regular phenomenon exceptional phenomenon these are exceptional phenomenon. So during exceptional phenomenon is like volcanic eruption all the other influencing factors will be controlled by this or dominated by this volcano. So in climatology or in oceanography we can say that there are lot of factors which can influence a particular phenomenon and which factor dominate that that factor will be controlling that particular phenomenon. If in the case of temperature though there is a altitude difference in the temperature when greenhouse gas or this volcanic eruption took place that volcanic sulphuric acid aerosols controlled that insulation that input energy was not coming down. So there are certain influencing factors are there at at sometimes one factor will dominate all the other factors. So we need to study which factor dominates and based on that only the result will come you got it. Doubt is clear? Doubt is clear? Yes sir. One more? No. Fine. So anything apart from this so we will stop this discussion here. So I just I just wanted to have an open discussion after the introductory session that is what I did about the temperature and this is the pattern that I am going to teach most of the part of the syllabus. There are certain parts that you cannot contribute something anything like contribution given by scholars and all these evolution part you won't be able to contribute. There are certain aspects that are related to science basic science that you have learned in school that we will have an open discussion like this like the part of geomorphology, climatology, oceanography everything will be having an open discussion and environment part also and Indian paper also will be having open discussions in most of the topics and other topics I will teach as Maya. All right. So if you have any doubts apart from all these that you have asked already asked you can reach me this is my mobile number 82892828 and my name is Arun. So once again I am just summarizing our optional session will be starting by 5th of August and it will be there up to mid of January and in the month of November from August onwards we will be starting the foundation and till mid of January foundation will be there and in the month of November we will be starting that value added enrichment part of the sessions and weekly one or two sessions will be there which is more exam oriented and which is where we will be discussing most of the advanced things will be done in that value added things. All right. This is a picture. All right. So all the best. Okay.