 We're going to continue with our discussion on the beta-lactam antibiotics with this one we're going to talk about cephalosporin. So you can see that all of these antibiotics at the top of the screen, they're related because they have that same nucleus, the beta-lactam ring. Now a couple things make cephalosporin very advantageous. Number one, you see the cephalosporin beta-lactam ring there is attached to a six carbon ring instead of a five carbon ring. Making the right side of that structure bulkier, it actually makes it harder for the beta-lactamases, the enzymes that some bacteria produce to chop up this antibiotic, makes it harder for them to get at it, which means that this is going to be a more effective drug against some of your drug-resistant strains. The other advantage to cephalosporin, you should see that there's an R group on either side, which means that you can build off of this nucleus in more ways. There's more potential options when you're building new semi-synthetic cephalosporins, and that's why you're going to see a whole lot more options here. It's as effective at killing gram positives as penicillin, and all the semi-synthetic penicillins is. It actually has a broader effect against gram negative bacteria, so there's a lot of reasons to like this type of antibiotic. Just real quick history, they found it in the 50s from cephalosporin, acrimonium I believe is the fungus where they first isolated it, and that would be, let's go to the next page here, because that would be cephalosporin C, the actual natural cephalosporin. One major difference between cephalosporin and other antibiotics is you'll see that they're actually put into groups by generation. There's a lot of different options here, and they group them by these generations. Hopefully, as you can see as you travel down the page here, that the early generation cephalosporins were more narrow spectrum, and they become broader and broader spectrum. I would say the fourth generation cephalosporins are going to be the broadest spectrum of the first groups. I want to specifically highlight the fifth generation cephalosporins though, because these have been developed specifically to combat MRSA. MRSA is your methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus, and I've talked about this in other videos, but I want to be clear that MRSA is a superbug, which means it's resistant to multiple drugs, not just methicillin. If MRSA was only resistant to methicillin, we wouldn't care, because we don't even use methicillin in clinical practice anymore, it just doesn't work. So MRSA is resistant to multiple drugs, while these new fifth generation cephalosporins are one of the options that we still have. Examples of cephalosporins would be Anseph and Keflex would be the first two to come to mind. Just remember that they're grouped by generations, and the higher the generation, generally the more broad spectrum the antibiotics are, and then definitely remember that the fifth generation cephalosporins are the ones that can still combat MRSA. Alright, I hope this video helps, have a wonderful day, be blessed.