 So far, we only talked about the course content, what we are going to do through the whole course. And there's a lot of things as you saw in the list of the things. So they all make sense, right? They are all energy, environment, society, politics, food, water, they're all connected to each other. So we have to understand all of those things. So we'll start with the concept of energy first. And in that, we will look at the economic and political picture. There are other angles to look at energy, and we will look at those also later. But in this particular section, we're going to talk about basically economics and the political picture. The first slide, you must have seen this picture in 2012. There was a storm in July, August. In all of Pakistan, in all of Pakistan, in all the districts, because of that, thousands of people died. So what is the reason for this? This is global warming. What is global warming? The carbon dioxide. We will talk a lot about global warming as I mentioned last time. But we will talk it at the end right now just to understand that global warming means the temperature of the earth is rising. Because of that, all the glaciers fall. The carbon dioxide is so much in the atmosphere that there is a lot of energy in the entire atmosphere. In July of 2022, I was here. Now, I used to see his radar every day that the monsoons that went on, one went on, the other went on, the third went on, the fourth went on. I have never seen so many monsoons in my life together. The reason for that is energy. Where did the energy come from? Carbon dioxide? Where did the carbon dioxide come from? Now, you will see in a minute that the energy that we use, the energy that we use, non-renewable, the western energy that we use, it is so much that the carbon dioxide that comes out of there, it doesn't stay at their house. I talk to my brother that the Americans take oil and spend it. They say, okay, you spend as much as you want, but the carbon dioxide that will generate will stay at their house. That doesn't happen. It goes up. When it goes up, it goes into the whole world. So this global warming, its name is global warming. It doesn't mean that it is US warming or Europe warming, global warming. There is such a warming in the whole world. Because of that, there is a glacier melting. You saw the result of that. And all the monsoon rains have come because of its energy. So this is a person, I don't know how many people remember this. His name is Richard Smalley. He car a Nobel Prize in 1996. He was a Nobel Prize winner. So after getting the Nobel Prize, he said that I should do some work. Till now, he was working for Science. He was a chemist at Rice University in Houston, in USA. So his work was that he was everywhere. He was everywhere. He used to ask everyone, what is your problem? And he made a list of problems. The list was that when everyone compiles it, if I ask you too, what is your problem, the result will be the same. So many big people invested millions of dollars to find out about the world. Every common man can tell that this is a matter of food, clothes and house. So let's see what is in his list and whether it matches with your list or not. So he wrote an article, Future Global Energy Prosperity. He said, these are the top 10 global concerns. What are these? The biggest population, you can imagine, living here in Pakistan, this country is in your neighborhood, India is its population, China is its population. So there is so much population, because of that, social services, energy, need, and so on, it becomes a little complicated. But it is not that, as someone said, we have everything according to the needs of every person. But according to the greed of every person, we don't have anything. So that is what everyone is spending. We have 8 billion people, right? 8 billion was the result of one month. How much can it be? How many people can it be in the world? They say 10 billion. What will happen after 10 billion? So population is an issue. So I will not give everything one by one, but you see democracy, education, how big is education? Without it, the study cannot go on. If it doesn't go on, how will the economy go? Disease, diseases. You know that there are only 100,000 children in Pakistan, children, just normal kids, because of the disease of the stomach. Now, I don't know what things we keep saying, but this is a fundamental issue. Disease is a big problem. Terrorism war is an old story, it is about that time. So poverty, environment, food, water, you know, and this is the biggest thing, energy. So have you seen this? These are not different things. These are all connected to each other. If you look at energy, it has a relationship with water. If you look at water, it has a relationship with food. If you look at food and water and energy, it has a relationship with the environment. We will have to establish that relationship in this course. What is that? Now we have fossil fuel. It is a small time in which there is fossil fuel. It came and it will end like this. Like I gave the example of Dubai and Qatar, and there are many places like this. I have been to Azerbaijan, there was so much oil, now it is not at all, there is very little oil. So all their economy is dependent. Now they were like this that they did not develop any economy. Dubai people, Qatar people, at least another transportation, now they have developed another parallel economy. But what will happen in other places? So this is a small blip, where the fossil fuel will end. What happened earlier, what will happen later? Now let's see how much Pakistan's mix is. What are the things that are used in this? The average of any country in the world is the same. It is a little ahead and behind. Now this is about everything in America. Petroleum is 36%, natural gas is also about 32%. And look at everyone and look at the renewable. If you remove hydroelectric in renewable, then nothing is left at all. It becomes 12% by getting hydroelectric. And 5% is hydroelectric, that means the renewable is only 6%. So if you look at it and see that we only have 6% energy left, then you will see what the future can be of this generation. This is China. Now look at how much China uses coal. And the major reason for pollution is coal. Now they also have some needs. The population is so much that the coal we have, they use it. Now they can't sit with it, that it is better in the land. But there are some other ways. I will not go into that detail, how it can be corrected. But we will see it. Now the consumption of the United States is very high, of everything. We will see it in the next section. But if you look at the consumption of coal, it is completely different from 2005. It is changing and reducing. So this is being done consciously. Not that the pandemic has happened, it has become less. No, very consciously, they are removing everything from coal and putting it in gas. The electricity that used to be made was made of 9% coal. Now it is made of only 50% coal, and the rest is made of gas. All non-renewable fossil fuels make gas the best. This means that it is not good at all, it is relatively good. When you burn gas, you still get carbon dioxide. But this is a very positive thing. But the amount of fuel they consume in the United States and in Europe just offsets all of this good thing that is happening because of the decrease in the coal consumption.