 We move on to education in rich, rich versus poor countries. We talk about the poor countries and we see that systems of education have been in existence for, let's say, years for the centuries. So, every community is passing on to the coming generations and it is part of their survival as well as the continuity of the community. So, the young people are either given knowledge or passed on to them. What knowledge is there to do the farming, do the fishing, do the hunting, preparation of the food, maybe building a house and whatever the necessary skills are. These are their part and parcel of the ongoing process. And all of these processes have been informal. And in this, they are given guidance. They can listen to what is being told to them. They can experience what is being told. They can watch how the elders are performing the different roles and then they can practice that as well. So, this has been going on traditionally. With the coming of colonial powers and interactions with the larger global community, new skills were needed, even required in formal schools. So, what is happening here is that the colonialists have come and this colonization in the 19th century or 20th century has increased a lot. And the raw materials from the colonies moved towards the colonial states. So, what is happening here is that not only they were looking in the resources, they were also trying to spread the religion as well. So, missionaries started a lot of work here. They set up schools here. And the idea was to spread the Christianity. So, this is not being told to the local public at the top. It is being told that they are talking about your education. But hidden things are seen here. So, the system is basically the system of the western society. And the colonial power dominates it. So, in poor countries, poverty and hunger take priority over literacy. So, they are talking about their bread and clothes rather than going for getting education. So, the priorities are their survival, their bread. They do not have this priority that they want literacy. So, most children receive literacy training and education ranges from technical, vocational and agricultural skills to systems patterned after global north countries. Because they become colonies, that is why the same pattern is being followed here. So, some students from more elite backgrounds receive advanced education. And this is a foundation for inequality. And these elites are not only in their country, but also outside of education. So, whether to teach in the native or colonial language, and what curricula will benefit children in their villages, and in the global system, are the continuing questions. Whether to teach in the native language or in some other language. We see that the elite schools are the same, the foreign language, the English language, and the other language will not be spoken. In fact, the Urdu language will not be spoken, not to talk about the local native languages. So, these are part of the things. Some international organizations and funding agencies such as the World Bank have agendas to help shape education for comparative positions in the world economy. Now, when they are giving help for education, giving aid, giving money, then they will definitely try to develop their education to make that it is a means to the development of the, not only the local economy, but the world economy. So, let's say by chance scale or by force scale, these poor countries, they have to adopt these models. So, the problem then comes that do the local people have, common people have the priority of education or priority for earning the bread and livelihood. So, it comes very simple that education may be free, but can this poor person afford to send the child to school rather than to earn the income. So, his opportunity cost for getting education is much higher than what he is going to, let's say, get if the child does not go to school rather than goes to work. So, reaching the secondary school or college may be luxury for the people in the poor countries. So, sons and daughters of the urban elite have disproportionate share of places. Now, in this, as I said earlier, the peripheries are less developed and the centers are developed, urban might be considered as centers of development, rural areas might be considered as peripheries. So, education is free, but can they afford to send the child to let us say schools. So, depending on where they live and whether the children have opportunity, money for school supplies and sometimes even uniform and transportation. Education is free, but can the opportunity cost afford to send the child to school rather than to let us say work. And then, we do not have to pay the fees, but transportation is not available there. It is far away, it is about transportation, it is about the uniform of the school. Then, let's say, it is about the books, that is not so free in the poor countries. So, college and university education are available to small number of qualified students. Some attend one of the comprehensive universities and others are technical or professional schools and programs. So, for training, it is about educational guidance. So, it is about skill development. On the other hand, college or university education is very limited. So, if few students attend universities abroad, but when they come back, they come back to the same country, they get disappointed, that along with their qualification, they do not get a job, then they are dissatisfied. And many times, if they stay there for 5-6 years, then they have the cultural conflict as well. So, they reject their own country's traditional values, cultural uniqueness. In one way or another, when they come back from abroad, they are not only over-educated, but also they do not like to follow the local traditions, local cultural patterns. So, that is the kind of, let's say, education in the poor countries. They are elite, they can be highly educated, they can be highly educated. Those who are poor, they have more problems with their livelihoods, rather than sending the children to school, even if education is compulsory.