 Politics of violence in Pakistan. In this session, we are going to discuss the politics of violence with special reference to Pakistan because politics of violence has been endemic in Pakistan. But the scale, scope and geographical distribution of the problem has not been systematically studied that in the case of Pakistan, there have been incidents in which violence was involved. But it has never happened that this issue should be studied in depth, especially through academic circles so that its root causes can be understood. On the policy side, museum makers lack credible quantitative data with which to weigh the relative costs of political motivated violence against the many other challenges facing Pakistan. Now, if it is understood that the topic of politics of violence in Pakistan is a specific context where politics is involved and in the context of politics, when violence was involved, what was the outcome of it? Such a data for which the museum makers search for it, search for it, so that there is such a future planning that such incidents, such incidents will not happen again. But on that, no academic circles have been researched and no such data is available based on which proper findings can be drawn. So, issues are there to assess the role of violence in Pakistan's politics and economic development. So, no one can deny the presence of the issues. So, there are some core policy relevant issues, like the link between electoral politics and violence. Now, the core policy issues, we must first understand that one is that violence which is related to political issues, especially during electoral politics. During elections, how many killings, how many incidents of violence should be seen? Because there is a class system in Pakistan. Many entities and identities also exist. So, during the electoral campaign, when elections are about to take place, we see a lot of incidents of violence. Then violence affects economic growth and development. Then there is an issue where there are fights, strikes, and all these things. Then public opinion responds to militant violence. In Pakistan, there was a time when militant violence was also written in one form. One was when there was violence on political issues and on social issues, but then when violence has come from militant groups in Pakistan, it is very relevant and important to understand this as an important issue. Then political organizations choose different strategies like normal political contestation violence and then at different times and different places. Some political organizations sometimes opt for the attitudes of violence and such events. For example, against state machinery, creating such a situation where state machinery is involved, people are selling, people are charging, there are many other tactics to maintain the situation of law and order, but sometimes some organizations, they deliberately use this style of violence where states have to be involved. Then there are four key patterns in Pakistan's pattern of violence, specifically when we have to understand and when we have to relate politics of violence. So there was a phase when many people were saying that due to the madrissas in Pakistan, a generation was created who promoted these activities. Then the Soviet involvement in Afghanistan and then after 2001 US involvement in Afghanistan, it actually promoted the politics of violence in Pakistan. Then there are some national anti-state campaigns in some areas of Pakistan specifically. After the Lal Masjid incident, a generation has been created who are involved. Then in the society of Pakistan overall, because of a response and reaction, politics of violence was born. We have a response and reaction against social injustices, against economic issues and sometimes against state authorities. So there are many factors and many patterns that we can understand in the context of politics of violence in Pakistan.