 Good day ladies and gentlemen. I am here to present my paper on industrial, sorry infrastructural industrial development in Africa. Kind of luckily for me, nearly all the speakers that I've listened to kind of attended to most of the issues that I was supposed to mention. Again, my background is engineering and I'm a student of technology management. So I will be looking at secondary data that I've already been discussed extensively by most others and then I'm also interested in technology and industrial policies. So I will be kind of looking at what I've worked elsewhere and see what can propose same for Africa for her industrial development. I have very few slides. We'll be taking those through between seven to eight slides. I think I'll be able to run them within the stipulated time. We'll look at a brief introduction which has already been attended to exclude, I mean extensively by various speakers like I said and then we'll be looking at the role of infrastructure and industrial development and infrastructure investment in Africa policy considerations and then I'll conclude. Of course these are well-known facts that Africa is green at a very fast pace, around about five percent. But as impressive as that growth, it broad-based economic development has remained elusive, which is a fact we're all conversant with. And lack of industrial development seems to be the major problem of broad-based economic development of the continent and somehow inadequate infrastructure has been fingered as a culprit to us Africa's industrialization. The challenges are enormous as we know and therefore require strategic policy options which we'll be looking at. Like I said because so many of us have discussed the key issues, I wouldn't want to bother us with literature on what constitutes infrastructure and what is investment but we'll be looking at some of the issues that I mentioned. Infrastructure needs for industrial development will include energy, robust transport infrastructure that would mean Africa will begin to think of a transnational route infrastructure, rail lines as well as airports, seaports and waterways. In addition to the above three constraints, also another one is technological infrastructure that we need to also look at, specifically ICT, broadband internet backbone across the subregion although that's improving. And then the issue of absorptive capacity is also a problem. How large is the constraint? Of course it's been stated that investment needs of African countries in infrastructure exceed by far the amounts being invested currently by the various governments across the continent. In Africa we need a total of over 250 billion US dollars for how to address our infrastructure challenges. Again, like as it was mentioned by the previous speaker, good access it is really a problem that 5% compared to 50 in other parts of the developing world. Transport costs are high by hope to like 100 times compared to other regions, similar regions, only 30% of the population has access to electricity compared to 70 to 90 in other parts of the developing world. Again, internet penetration will seem to also have the least among other related regions in the world. Now, having looked at the problems and then the issues that are challenging industrial development in Africa, the kind of policy considerations or things, ideas and matters we'll need to look at proposal Africa women industrial clustering. I'm glad to say that the idea was also mentioned by the lead speaker of the conference. Africa need to develop industrial clusters. Luckily for us, like an example is in Nigeria, current industrial policies premised on clustering, industrial clustering. They will seem to be trying to develop industrial clusters so as to encourage industrial development in the country. A close example to industrial clustering is a special economic zones. South Africa is also trying to adopt the establishment of special industrial economic zones rather to address re-industrialization drive. Another one could be industrial upgrading. African countries need to encourage private sector and industries into starting small. I think simple components and then from there perhaps can take up to more complex stages of manufacturing. One example could be in tooling. We can start to think of making basic tools in African countries. Then when it comes to financing the private public private partnership initiative has been a kind of adopted broadly in the continent with the attendant benefits. A good number of countries have attracted foreign transnational to set up industries. Then there is also the direct foreign investment options as well as official development options open to African countries to attract funds into the African continent and above all it will require African countries providing favorable investment climates. Of course you understand that from the work competitiveness index African countries are kind of at the bottom of the data when it comes to investment climates. Here I didn't conclude in like I said Africa is growing at a fast pace but economic development is not broad-based enough. Infrastructure in other places the major constraints to industrial development in the continent as identified by very many speakers along the line and then industrial development in Africa should emphasize investment in infrastructure as it is seen as the problem of our industrialization process and above all we need to look at the right policy mixes that will take us to worse industrialization as against the de-industrialization that is happening in the continent. Thank you for your attention.