 Hi, and welcome back to this video course, Biological Psychology, video 2.4, Navigating the Brain. In this video we're going to take a look at the terms that we use to describe where in the brain things are. And a very important thing to keep in mind is that the terminology to navigate the brain has been devised with a dog-like architecture of a body, meaning that a dog looks straight ahead. So a dog essentially has a head that points like this in the direction of the rest of the body. Human body is curved compared to that of the dog, right? So our neck is curved forward, as you can see here in this picture. And because the terminology that we use is based on a dog-like body, you have to take into account the four humans that our neck bends forward, and this can be a little bit awkward, as we will see, but you will get used to it. So here we have the first two terms that I'd like to introduce, which are very simple anterior and posterior. So anterior simply means the front of the brain. So this is the front on the left, and the posterior part, the back of the brain, so the front is here, and the back is here. Posterior means the back of the brain. If you are not familiar with these kinds of brainy pictures, so this walnut kind of texture, that is our cortex, our cerebrum. This kind of stripy part is the cerebellum. It's kind of a subcortical structure that is hidden here at the back of the brain. And then here we have the brain stem, which is the part of the brain that connects to the spinal cord. Then we have a few other terms that we use. Dorsal means towards the back. And because of this curvature of our neck, this term can mean different things depending on which part of the body you're talking about, which part of the brain you're talking about. So in the case of the most parts of the brain, to the back means up. But for the brain stem and the spinal cord, to the back actually means in that direction. So really literally towards the back. So it goes like this, dorsal, dorsal, dorsal, dorsal, dorsal. Ventral means towards the belly. So it means the opposite thing, and again you have to take into account this curvature of the brain. So normally dorsal means like this. But then for other parts, ventral, ventral, ventral, ventral, ventral, that's what it means. So towards the belly. Then we have the terms lateral and medial. And lateral means towards the sides, so in that direction. Whereas medial means towards the center. So if we're talking about a medial brain structure, it's kind of like in the center of your brain, whereas a lateral brain structure is always towards the sides. Okay, now with that, let's move on to video 2.5, in which we're going to take a look at the different parts of the nervous system.