 So for those of you that don't know, my name is Blame Brackie with the SDACD and the locally led project which is a CCG with NRCS and the SDACD. And this is the first webinar of four that we're doing so we'll have three more of these, the following three Tuesdays of March. But this is the first one we're having which is the resource concerns in South Dakota. And Jessica Mahalski with NRCS is going to present for us today. So with that, again, if you have questions, use the Q&A down at the bottom. And if it's something that we can answer right in the moment on a particular slide or resource concern. We will try to get right to them. But without further ado, I'll let Jessica take over and get this thing going. Okay, thank you so much Blame. As Blame said I'm Jessica Mahalski I'm the state resource conservationist for South Dakota NRCS. I've been in my role for just over a year now. And as a part to that I have held other positions with South Dakota NRCS including conservation technician, district conservationist in a couple locations. And most recently I was the conservation stewardship program manager for about eight and a half years prior to coming into my role as the state resource conservationist. My role as the SRC for sure is really to provide the technical oversight for the NRCS staff in South Dakota. On my staff is the state agronomist, state biologist, state rangeland management specialist. We are responsible for making sure that our technical standards are up to date that we provide technical training to our field staff and so on and so forth. So with that Blame had asked me to cover resource concerns and overview of resource concerns. And, you know, obviously research concerns are the foundation for our work at NRCS and our assistance to producers. But it, you know, this is, this is a topic that is pretty overwhelming and so I hope that you will just utilize this as a, like I said, an introduction, an introduction and, you know, try not to get too wrapped up in the fact that there's, there's so many resource concerns, but really think about which ones you've seen out on the landscape, what are common in South Dakota and what can be done to address those resource concerns. So with that, we at NRCS used to just look at what we called SWAPA. And that was resource concerns based on soil, water, air, plants and animals. More recently, we've added two more categories to resource concerns. And that is energy and the human component. There are 18 resource concern categories that fall within the SWAPA E plus H. There are 50 resource concerns, and there are 90 resource concern components. So as you can see there's, I mean this training of our employees or our partners to identify resource concerns doesn't definitely doesn't happen overnight. It's a lot of time out in the field, a lot of viewing the landscape and seeing these different resource concerns to really get a handle on how many, you know, on how to identify them. So just a screenshot of the one of the spreadsheets that we utilize to determine or to see the list of resource concern categories, resource concerns resource concern components that I just have soil and part of water pulled up here. We kind of see how this lays out. This is the overall SWAPA category. Then we have the resource concern category, the individual resource concerns, and the components within those resource concerns. Some resource concerns, a lot of our resource concerns just have one component as you can see here, but others have multiple components, like if we look at nutrients transported to surface water down here. We have both nitrogen and phosphorus surface loss, which are two components within these this resource concern. But for the purposes of today's discussion I am going to keep it at the resource concern level. I'm not going to get down really to the component level. Because, again, this is just an introduction and I want to make sure that that I provide a good overview to all of you. So we'll take a break after each SWAPA category to see if there's any questions in the chat and Lane or Katie can can communicate those to me if there are. So the first we're going to look at is soil. And the category we're going to look at is wind and water erosion. So I want to make this a little bit interactive. I can't see the chat, but I want people to be thinking about these research concerns. And so what I want you to be typing in the chat is I want you to think about these resource concerns and think about solutions. So is there, you know, either a conservation practice or some other solution to these resource concerns and type those in the chat so Blaine and Katie kind of look at those as we go along. But the first thing I'm going to talk about is sheet and real erosion I'm sure we've all seen this on the landscape it's the detachment and transport of soil particles, either by rain, melting snow irrigation. What causes this bear unprotected soil, soil disturbing activities, long slopes, those are all causes to sheet and really erosion. So what are some, what are some solutions. Hopefully you guys are typing some solutions in the chat. So there's a lot of solutions for sheet and really erosion reduction and tillage or switching to a no till system you utilizing a crop rotation with higher residue crops so instead of, you know, continuous soybeans for example do we are re utilizing corn are we putting a small grain with more residue into into the rotation those types of things. We can do some cover crops we can do contour farming or our buffer strips those types of things. Those are all solutions to sheet and really erosion. The next is windy erosion. Unfortunately, we're still seeing this out on the landscape, you know, this this wasn't taken from the dirty 30s this is a recent photo I think from Blaine. We're still seeing this out on the landscape and and what is it it's the detachment and transport of soil particles by wind. Again, what, what are some causes of when erosion increased tillage bear soil, less residue decreased infiltration from poor soil structure. So that's a great response to windy erosion. I, you know, many of you know that that one of the greatest solution for windy erosion is, is planting of windbreaks. Again, residue and tillage management cover crops, again crop rotations with high residues all those things help with windy erosion. Okay. So this is a concentrated erosion category ephemeral gully erosion. It's soil erosion that results in small gullies as you can see here in the photo. It's again caused by bear unprotected soil soil disturbing activities. What are some solutions to this. Good solutions out there. A lot, you know, a lot of them have to do with reduction in tillage crop rotations, grassed waterways planting permanent cover. All those things are are great solutions for ephemeral gully erosion. Classic gully erosion. Classic gullies are at the difference between ephemeral gully and classic gully is really when you look at classic gully. That's something you can't drive your equipment through. You're not going to, you're not going to take your tractor through this, this gully, this classic gully. Again, many causes to this bear unprotected soil poor soil structure. Reduced infiltration so you've got increased runoff of water and reduced infiltration, a large storm events can sometimes call sometimes cause these classic gully erosions. So what are some solutions. Again, reduction in tillage, residue management or leaving more cover on the soil, grass. A lot of times when it gets to this point we're going to be installing a grass waterway. So we're going to, you know, work with the producer to, to survey this in survey this land design a grass waterway that will meet the needs of this of this producer. Again, concentrated erosion category bank erosion see a lot of this out on the landscape erosion from poor land management practices or just, just the simple fact of waves, wave action, storm events rain, you know all of those types of things cause bank erosion. So what can we do. We can put in, you know, here again, we have a lot of plantings riparian area plantings that we put in so whether we are putting in trees along this bank or whether we're actually going through the work to rebuild this this shoreline to protect it to put in in stream structures or to, to, you know, put vegetation in along these banks. Those are all solutions to to bank erosion. Okay, so we, we are first category really talked a lot about soil erosion now we're going to jump into soil quality. And subsidence you a lot we get a lot of questions, as far as what subsidence is, and it's just the loss of volume and depth of organic soils due to oxidation caused by above normal microbial activity, but we don't have this research in South Dakota, because it is only applicable when soils are histosols. And since we don't have any histosols in South Dakota. This is not a research concern that we consider here. But I want to make sure that I cover that because you will see it in lists and information on resource concerns. This is something we definitely have here in South Dakota, and compaction is just is generally management induced, and it, it reduces plant productivity. It reduces the, the ability of water to infiltrate into the soil, and it causes a reduction in aeration of the soil. So what are some causes of compaction well definitely heavy machinery. Traffic on wet soils, working, whether you're tilling or grazing wet soils those all those things can cause compaction also poor aggregation and low organic matter can cause compaction. So what are some solutions I hope again I hope you're typing in the chat what are some solutions to compaction. So reducing traffic or tillage operations. One of the new practices that my staff has been working on is called controlled traffic, where you actually try and limit the difference across the field to certain widths and certain areas so you're not actually driving equipment over the whole field it's just a, you know, making sure we, we consider traffic patterns and planning for those. And that's one thing that that we're working on is to get a spreadsheet put together to help producers that might be interested in doing that control traffic practice. So organic matter depletion. This, this picture here shows the difference between it's the same soils, and it's taken about 100 yards apart shows the same same soils with different management so the one on the left is native prairie, and the right has been hayland for approximately 50 years you can definitely see that on the right that the organ matter is really been depleted over the years. What are some causes soil disturbance low crop biomass so if you think about, you know, if we're, we're hanging an area for many many years we're just removing residue over and over again and what are we putting back on that soil, you know probably not much residue so you know that really can cause a reduction in soil organic matter. What are some solutions to increasing or building organic matter. Utilizing cover crops is definitely one that we've really seen take off here in the last several years, diversifying our crop rotation, going to a no till system. So applying nutrient management or applying nutrients in a, in a recommended rate and time prescribed grazing all those types of things can help us increase organic matter. Concentration assaults or other chemicals. This is a, you know, this is a resource concern we deal a lot with. Many kind of projects going on in the James River Valley that that are focused on this resource concern. And it, it, you know, a lot of it is caused by decreased infiltration in the soils inadequate drainage to leech the salt from the soil. And the salts actually are migrating from shallow groundwater up to the surface. What are some solutions. Well, definitely if it comes to irrigation, the proper use of irrigation water, salt tolerant crops, removing excess water from recharge areas. So these areas down to perennial vegetation that that can, you know, remedy this situation is, is one of the best ways to, to provide a solution for this resource concern. All right, soil organism habitat loss or degradation. So this is something that that we've really been focused on lately in South Dakota, the, the soil health and the soil structure. We've really, you know, done a lot with this and trying to encourage producers to think about this on their operations. So what are some causes again soil disturbance, conventional tillage, burning or harvesting or removing soil residue. This can all have a huge impact on soil quality. What are some solutions again diverse crop rotations, cover crops, no till systems, nutrient management on the grassland side of things prescribed grazing so leaving more, more residue on our grazing lands can definitely help improve soil organism habitat. All right aggregate instability. I'm sure many of you have seen the slate test and you know to determine kind of what that aggregate stability is on a given a pet of soil. And so you can see on the left hand side of the screen obviously this this soil has really good aggregate stability, and on the right hand side it's it's really unstable, as far as the aggregates are concerned. And what are some causes soil disturbance, removing crop residue, what are some solutions cover crops no tilling, nutrient management prescribed grazing irrigation water management all those types of things can help to improve aggregate stability of soils. Okay, with that I'm going to take a break before I head into the water swap a category and see if there's any questions in the chat blame Katie. So we had a few back in the erosion just some of the solutions, and you kind of mentioned most of them do not work the soil only use no till with wind erosion. Seed or leave grass along the fence line use no till keep cover crops on the ground. No till again, and then one question on the, I guess statement or question on the big classic gully was would be creating a wide grassed waterway that would be absolutely. Yep. And then we had one possible solution like a tree belt for erosion. Yep. Absolutely. Great. Any questions. None. So far maybe they're wildly typing away. Okay. All right, well we can, we can pause after water, after the water category and see if there's any more so. So water, water resource concern obviously very, very important, not only, you know, within state but on a national and global scale. You know I don't have as many pictures for the water resource concerns because I think you know many of you are obviously familiar, you know, with with these resource concerns and probably have seen them out on the landscape more ponding and flood flooding. You know, dealt with it, you know, obviously deal like deal with this in cycles usually a couple years ago obviously was a major issue in much of the state. This year it might not be as much of an issue so. But it basically is just, you know, areas that that pond and flood that maybe normally wouldn't. The causes decreased infiltration, just the fact that you have a flood prone area, you know, is is a cause but what are some solutions. Drainage management structures for water control so we do have a lot of individuals throughout the throughout the state installing drainage. But I think one thing that sometimes we, we forget is that we can really do a lot of structures to control that that water so instead of just installing tile for example, and and letting it run, we can actually install structures that allow us to to kind of basically shut that off and on so when we need the water to keep the water on the land and when you know there's excess water to to let that water out of those tile systems. And I think that's that's one thing that we need to continue to educate producers on if they're going to install drainage is that that really is a great solution to help with water management. So we have seasonal high water tables, just, you know, groundwater that's that causes saturated conditions. Again, we can, we can manage that with with surface or subsurface drainage practices, we can implement wetland restorative and enhancing practice practices. So those are those are solutions to seasonal high water table. Seeps. Seeps are indicated by little to no established vegetation due to access water wet areas, restrictive soil layers. They're caused by high water tables, just natural soil conditions, cause seeps. And some of the solutions are to restore enhance wetlands drainage management tree plantings windbreaks that that use water and can it can help with with seeps as well. Drifted snow I didn't think I needed a picture of drifted snow because we've all seen that. But, you know, what are some causes, obviously, you know, blowing snow will encounter a barrier and, and, you know, drift in those locations. Those solutions obviously one of our favorite solutions is living snow fences so it's it's a tree planting designed to act as as a snow fence to protect other structures to protect roads those types of things. Conservation tillage can help also drifted snow obviously having, you know, very tall stubble will catch a lot of snow as well. Naturally available moisture. This is just natural precipitation and it's not optimally managed to support the desired land use grazes or land use goals excuse me. So some of the causes, again, traditional tillage over grazing of areas. Some of the solutions can be using reduced tillage no till those types of things increasing soil organic matter to enable more infiltration surface water depletion water is collected from precipitation and and runs off. Causes are, we're using surface water at a rate greater than the surface water body can replenish itself. Some of the causes are that we were actually draining surface water, and this negatively impacts wildlife habitat a lot of times. We can then implement conservation practices that develop and replenish the surface water resources. We can convert from lower to higher efficiency irrigation systems those types of things can all help with surface water depletion and the same same kind of cause causes and solutions for groundwater depletion so we're actually, you know this is something that's that's kind of a hot topic. So really in our neighbor to the south in Nebraska is is groundwater depletion or utilizing the aquifers for irrigation faster than their their recharging. So what you know what are some solutions to groundwater depletion. Again, we can utilize higher efficiency systems for for irrigation systems. Things really make a difference when it comes to depleting our groundwater. And then what falls in line with with this also is the inefficient irrigation water use, which is another resource concern that we consider. It's just irrigation water isn't isn't being utilized it's not being stored or delivered scheduled or applied efficiently. You know some of the causes is still having open earth and irrigation ditches irrigation water is sometimes allowed to run off the fields over irrigation causes issues. So what are some of the solutions. I'm sure many of you have seen where irrigation systems have converted from, you know shooting the water up in the air to a drop system and that's, that's made a huge difference in efficiency of irrigation irrigation water use. Okay, this is one you know obviously that we that we see quite often, or at least hear about quite often is nutrients transported to surface water and groundwater. Both of these are impacting, you know, algae blooms they're impacting hypoxia zones in the Gulf of Mexico. This is something I think that we're going to need to consider to, you know, consider and work together to improve. Over the coming years and we've done a lot in this way you know we have a lot of producers with comprehensive nutrient management plans to help address nutrient application. So what are some causes obviously over using fertilizer or over applying manure is probably one of the major causes to this resource concern. And what can we do, you know we can we can work with producers to have comprehensive nutrient management plans to plant cover crops that utilize excess nutrients to make sure that we plan our crop rotations appropriately to utilize excess nutrients. And also, you know, thinking about organic applications and manure applications to impacting water quality. Again, if we don't properly collect or handle or store manure or compost, you know that obviously can contribute to field. So, you know, to reduce excess and decreased water quality. And then along with that sediment transported to surface water. It's not just nutrients that are impacting surface water, but also, you know, just the, just the sediment or the soil that we lose that goes to surface water. Decreased infiltration all of that impacts nutrients and sediment being transported to surface water. So what can we do. Again, improved residue management crop rotations with high biomass crops. Planting cover crops putting in grassed waterways putting in terraces all those things can make a difference. Windbreaks again indefinitely impact sediment being transported to surface water. All right, and now we jump into the category of field pesticide loss. You know, not only do we need to be concerned about our nutrients and our, and our sediment that's being lost we also need to think about what pesticides might lose. So what are some causes, you know, utilizing Lord, you know, not as high technology for spray, you know, something that doesn't, you know that that allows there to be drift with spraying those types of things can all play a part in field pesticide loss or pesticides transported to either surface water or ground water. So what are some solutions, you know, some of the big solutions actually, you know, are on the technology side. There's, there's drift reducing nozzles, there is the ability to shut off certain certain spray so that we don't have overlap with certain nozzles excuse me that we don't have overlap. We can put in buffers vegetative buffers along surface waters to, to prevent any pesticides getting into those surface waters. Okay, and I did discuss the, you know, I you can see here that, well hey we already saw nutrients transported to surface and ground water. We did under the, under the category of field sediment nutrient and pathogen loss, but we also have a category storage and handling of pollutants. So the difference between, you know, the really the resource concerns are the same but the difference of the categories is that one is the field application of nutrients, and this is the actual storage and handling of those nutrients. So, in this case, if we're looking at, for example, a manure, manure storage or, or fertilizer storage, we really need to think about what, what problems that could happen, and how those could affect our surface and ground water quality. And then, you know, another thing is, is petroleum and other pollutants that that we store on farm and thinking about how those could impact water quality. Some of the causes are just, you know, not having the right storage or unprotected surface water sources. All those could, you know, could contribute to this resource concern. So some of the solutions are making sure that you have the proper storage and handling facilities making sure that petroleum and chemical containment systems are up to snuff those types of things. And then also thinking about, you know, planting maybe some buffers or having some application setbacks can be potential solutions for this resource concern. And then also that that as well can impact ground water, not just surface water. So again, making sure that those storage storage and handling facilities are what they need to be and that they can protect ground water, that there's no leaks or anything like that. Okay, salts, salt losses to water, salts can be transported to either surface water or ground water. They, you know, these can, these can naturally occur in soils, but they can also be caused by inadequate drainage or application of saline water to land. So some of the solutions, again, proper use of irrigation, you know, making sure that we're utilizing that irrigation water appropriate, or planting salt tolerant crops. You know, that can really help with, with this resource concern. Okay, I'm going to stop there again and see if there's any questions on the water resource concerns. We have zero questions on the water. Did we have any solutions? Or did I go, you know, I feel like I'm going through this kind of fast, but I only have an hour or so. Hopefully it's not too fast. No, I think, I think you're doing great. I think, yeah, you're answering a lot of questions, kind of as they come up. Okay, good. All right. And this is, so I'll go into the air category and this is one where I'm not going to spend a whole lot of time on at all. Generally speaking, in South Dakota, we don't spend a lot of time on air quality resource concerns. We don't have regulations in place. Now, that being said, who knows what's coming, what's coming down the pipe. I mean, obviously this, this could be something where we need to pay more attention in the future where we need to focus more of our energy and more of our focus, as far as conservation practices. I just want to touch base on, you know, some of the resource concerns that are in, you know, that affect air quality. Obviously, we have isolated incidents of air quality issues. And I'm sure you're all aware of that and have seen, you know, seen that the first one that the emissions of particulate matter and precursors. This could be dust smoke, chemical and fertilizer use, animal activities, any of that. Some of the solutions. Again, windbreaks are great for air quality emissions. You know, there's, there's the ability to treat roads there. You know, there's, there's people that they'll like to treat their, their gravel roads and those types of things to reduce dust and then also just, you know, residue management again. You know, if we've got that residue and we're not telling the soil that we're not having dust issues. Emissions of greenhouse gases. The causes nitrogen application again conventional conventional tillage methane production from animal operations, all of those can contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. And again, you know, our, what we do out on the landscape reducing our tillage proper manure management all those types of things can help remedy this resource concern. So ozone precursors. Some of the causes are just combustion or engines, animal operations pesticide applications, some of the solutions. You know, our integrated pest management to smoke management, all those types of things can feed in feed and manure management, all of those help improve the emissions of ozone precursors and objectionable order. I'm sure this is one we've all experienced, drive by a feed lot or a confined another confined animal feeding area and you definitely can, can pick up on this resource concern so, you know, what, what can we do about odor I think you know the biggest thing that we've seen is, is, if you, you're putting in an animal feeding operation is, is, you know, plants, plants and trees around it. You know, a lot of times people say that we smell with our eyes more than we do our nose and I think that definitely can be true. So I think that's one of the, the biggest things that we can do and, and also just making sure to properly apply nutrients can make a difference as far as odor resource concern is emissions of airborne reactive nitrogen causes nitrogen and application again combustion or engines at animal operations. One of the biggest solutions is to apply nitrogen appropriately at the right place the right time the right amount. Feed management, manure management can all help to reduce the emissions of airborne reactive nitrogen. I think I'm just going to keep rolling here Blaine moving on to plants. One thing that that we've all seen plant pest pressure. This is probably one of our most visual. Besides our soil resource concerns this is probably one of our most visual resource concerns. And this is something not many people miss you drive by a pasture and it's full of thistles and you. Yeah, you don't, you don't generally miss that. What are some of the causes. Well over grazing, you know, typically plays a large part in in plant pest pressure. Or, you know, just not not applying pesticides or doing some other kind of management to control the weeds. What are some solutions, obviously using a prescribed grazing system. Using pest management, whether that's, you know, spraying or utilizing livestock to to graze the invasive species, whatever. So, just making sure that you're using local source identified seed native species so you're not actually bringing weed seeds back into the environment or when you're planting planting land back to perennial vegetation, degraded plant condition here's a great, great photo to show the difference between a degraded plant condition, not degraded plant condition. You know, what are some of the causes. Again, over grazing plants, you know, having plants planted that aren't adapted to the site. You know all those types of things can really make a difference. So what do we do for a solution. Again, a prescribed grazing plan in this in this scenario. You know, if we're talking about this resource concern on on cropland we're talking about considering a crop rotation or deep rooted crops that will that will are suitable to the to the site. I'm sure that we, you know, maybe this, maybe we need to do prescribed burn on this site to to help encourage the native plant species to come back all of those types of things can be possible solutions to the degraded plant condition. Structure and composition, you might be looking at this photo and going well that that doesn't look like a resource concern to me. This is a picture basically of smooth grown grass. So, you know, obviously that's, that's an invasive species and not saying that that it can't be managed appropriate appropriately and utilized in a grazing system, but it also isn't the it isn't the the species that we should see on this ecological site. So maybe some some different things here we can do, as far as solutions are concerned again maybe a prescribed burn, maybe planning or grazing management in the spring to, to, you know, to kind of knock out the smooth grown grass and, and then pull this pull the animals off and maybe see if there's some native species that would come back into this into this system. Those are some potential solutions to degraded plant condition. So, category of fire management wildfire hazard from biomass accumulation and yeah I've got a picture here of biomass accumulation in forest but obviously this can also happen on our grazing land or in our cropland is there can be, you know, too much that can cause issues with too much biomass and if there is a, there is a fire, obviously there's, there's plenty of fuel here to let that, let that fire go. So what do we do well in a forest situation we can thin access trees and brush we can remove the vegetation on the forest floor. We can create and implement a wildfire plan. All those types of things. We can also you know in a grassland scenario maybe we want to do a prescribed burn. So that we're burning it on our, you know, when we want to do it and, and when we can control it versus something that would get out of hand. So that's the category. Just a few resource concerns that that we look at for for animals. Yes. Just one quick question. Sure, on the brome seeding. When would be the best time to do prescribed grazing to possibly decrease the brome but increase the native warm season grasses. Generally, well, what we've seen is that if you do that really early in the spring like as soon as that room grasses starting to green up, and you you graze that pretty hard for about a month or so. And then about you know that the warm season species really kind of take off about the middle of June. So if you graze that really hard, you know, maybe from May one to June one or June 15 and then pull animals off of there. A lot of times you'll really see that native components start to come back. Perfect. Awesome. Thank you. Yep, you bet. Okay, and our animal category feeding forage balance this is something that we have a lot of discussions with producers on. It's really something you can see, although if you know if there's not much plant residue left after grazing you you obviously kind of know that there's there's a feeding forage imbalance there. But really we we like to do grass clippings we like to measure grass residue, those types of things and then we also utilize a lot of information when it comes to our soils and our grass production to determine you know the number of plants that would generally be, you know, should be grazed on a particular pasture or groups of pastures or whatever. So there's a lot of different tools that we can utilize at NRCS and partner staff I know have have have to help a producer determine if, if they have a feeding forage balance is correct or whether they need to adjust animal numbers, change grazing dates those types of things. The inadequate livestock water quantity quality and distribution again this is maybe something that isn't real visual as far as a resource concern. So if you start looking at a producer's operation and where they have watering facilities, or what type of, you know, what they have for watering, maybe if they have dugouts, you know, maybe the quality is an issue. There's a tank that's a mile or a half mile away from, from, you know, the center of the, or the other end of the pasture, you know, maybe there's a distribution issue. So definitely resource concern that that we consider a lot in our grazing systems. Unfortunately, we, we know too well what this can, what this can do and the devastating effects that, that this resource concern can have on our producers in South Dakota. You know, on the top picture their cows are kind of left, left in the elements and in the bottom picture. So we're pretty happy where they're at. So obviously one of the best things to do is to, you know, put it put up windbreaks or shelter belts. We also obviously have, you know, it doesn't have to be a living, you know, tree planting that we do but we also have plenty of materials that can be used to build windbreaks as well. So terrestrial habitat. So this is basically, you know, land habitat for, for our terrestrial species. Again, not something maybe you can always visualize or see out on the landscape, but when you start looking at, you know, if there's existing wetlands or that wetland cover has been destroyed or they producers worked it up. So that, that can decrease wildlife habitat or maybe it's very fragmented habitat. So you've got, you know, a lot of cropland and it's just cropland. And there's no intermixing of grasslands or anything like that. That can definitely play a role in this. So what, what can we do, we can add shelter features, whether it's, you know, planting trees. You can leave portions of your crop fields unharvested. Obviously, we have a lot of producers that are doing that that leave those food plot areas for food and habitat for wildlife. You can add herbaceous buffers. So planting of grass, trees, shrubs, all those types of things can help improve this resource concern. So aquatic habitat, you know, this isn't something that that we probably plan a lot for but you know, we want to make sure that we have good habitat for our, our aquatic species as well. So, you know, whether we're solution would be to restore enhanced wetlands. Maybe, again, planting some trees or shrub buffers along water bodies, all of that can be a solution for this resource concern. Elevated water temperature. Again, not one we really consider much in South Dakota because we don't have too much problems with it. But if it's, you know, if you've got surface water that's that has direct sunlight constantly, you know, this could be an issue. So we can install, again, trees along these areas or, or other herbaceous buffers. All right. Again, the two kind of resource concern categories that have been added recently are one of those is energy. So we've started looking at inefficient energy use and energy efficiency of equipment and facilities and also field operations. So, you know, some of the causes are, you know, inefficient pumps, heat losses from buildings, those types of things unnecessary trips across the field or applications of commercial fertilizer all of that can contribute to energy efficiency. So what are some of the solutions. We can replace low efficiency systems with higher efficiency systems high efficiency pumps. We can use LED lighting, those types of things. We can also implement implement past management system or converting to minimum or no till that can all impact energy efficiency. And then the last resource concern that that we're considering is the human considerations, you know, that is really, you know, one of the biggest things that we need to consider when we're planning with producers. And a couple of those that we're looking at are threat the threat of conversion so, you know, a lot of times when we're reenrolling CRP. You know, we might not have another resource concern out there but we're thinking about the producer converting that grassland back to crop land and what, what impact that could have on the resource, or, or just that there's a loss of the functions or values of, of the land. We need to consider pressures from, you know, development. That's a lot that we're looking at that and a lot of areas, especially around the Sioux Falls area in the Rapid City area. We need to make sure that we're listening to our clients and thinking about, you know, what's important to them. Thinking about the management system that they want to, that they want to implement and what those actions could mean to not only the resource concerns that we talked about in all the other categories, but the human consideration as well. So with that, I went over 45 minutes pretty easily. But, and I know I went through that fast. Again, I hope it provided a good introduction to all the resource concerns that we consider and should be considering. And with that, I will open it up to any last minute questions, comments or anything. We did have one question here. Can we get a copy of this presentation. Jessica. Absolutely, yes. It'd be good to review because like I said I went I went through everything pretty fast. I do have a lot of information in the notes section so hopefully that would help you as well. And then, I don't know if you want me to just send this to you Blaine but there's also NRCS has put together resource concern fact sheets. On all of these resource concerns, they are a very, very, very useful tool. And I would encourage you to print off the, the common ones that you're that you will be considering or are considering and, and, you know, have those handy as well. And I'll also make a note to that we have some of the photos that you used were part of a photo project that we did last summer. And we're just getting that finished up but I do have 120 or so photos that we have that are all of resource concerns with with really detailed descriptions that I will also send out to everyone that was part of this today. So hopefully that helps some to perfect. Yes. Any other questions before we wrap it up, and I will send out this this recording also to everybody. Once I figure out how that works and where we're at save, but we'll get it out to everybody. Yes, Tammy the photos Tammy just wondering photos can be posted on a website they will be up on will be on NRCS is flicker. And you will be able to you can basically use them as you see fit so if you want to post them on a website if you want to print them off, you want to use them in any brochures or postcards or whatever. If you want to use them they're just kind of whatever you think you can use them. But if there's no further questions. I guess thank you everybody for joining us. Thanks Jessica. That was a presentation was great. I think resource concerns is pretty. It can be pretty complex. And, you know, another thing I'd like to say is if any of you, you know, want additional training on, you know, on resource concerns or anything like that. Please, please feel free, you know, free to reach out to me I know I've had a lot of been able to have a lot of good discussions with conservation district employees over the past couple weeks and really want to just continue to strengthen our partnership between South Dakota NRCS and all all of our partners that help us do do the great conservation planning work that we do. You know, want to make sure that you are all getting any training or any materials that that will help you as well so just make sure that you reach out to me and thank you. I found my position is kind of busy, but but I'll always take the time to get back to somebody so. Perfect. Well thank you again, Jessica. You bet. If you have any further questions you can get email Jessica email me. And we'll help find an answer, but if that's all the questions. That's it for this week. We have we'll have another one. The three following Tuesdays of March. I think next week we're doing print materials and social media. If you guys are interested in that, join us next week at the same time, and I'll resend the links. So you can make it to those, but I guess otherwise I think we are good to go. So thanks again Jessica and thanks for having me I appreciate it. Take care. Thanks everybody.