 Namaste and welcome back to the video course on Watershed Management. Today, in module number 10, lecture number 40, the last lecture, we will discuss about water reclamation and reuse. So, some of the topics covered today include reclaimed water, reclamation processes, reuse of water, then summary of the course. So, keywords for today's lecture include water reclamation and water reuse. So, as we were discussing in the last two lectures, water conservation, water recycling and water reuse is very important aspects as far as water saving is concerned or wherever water scarcity is there, the way which we can go ahead is conserve the water, use very effective way the water or most efficient use of water and then recycle or reclaim the used water and further reuse. So, that should be the way we can say go ahead with the available limited resources so that we can have the best utilization of the water. So, when we look into the reclaimed water, so reclaimed water or recycled water as we were discussing in the last lecture. So, it is former waste water so treated to remove solids and certain imburities and used in sustainable landscaping irrigation or to recharge round water aquifers. So, as we were discussing in the last lecture, we can use this reclaimed water, recycled water say mainly for non-portable purposes say such as say irrigation purpose or the industrial purposes or some domestic purposes like say flushing toilets like that or say some of the type of portable use, but through maybe by recharging to the aquifer systems as ground water recharge or we can say send this purified water reclaimed water to the surface water sources which we can further utilize. So, we can mainly use the reclaimed water for non-portable purposes, but sometimes if the water scarcity is there, we can further use the reclaimed water for say portable purposes also through ground water recharge and other ways. So, that way when we look into the reclaimed water, the main purpose is sustainability and water conservation rather than discharging the treated water to surface waters such as rivers and oceans. So, as we know that the wastewater treatment without treating many locations as we were discussing some of the lectures also earlier, say water quality is a problem, say water pollution is a major problem. So, especially industrial or the municipal municipalities when they send the wastewater without appropriate treatment to the surface water sources like lakes, rivers or to the sea, then the existing say natural water will get further polluted and this wastewater disposal is a major issue. So, that way when we look into water reclamation or the water recycling and then reuse we can see that say we are trying to conserve the water and then further as far as water resources can say it become more sustainable and then say we can see that the amount of wastewater say if we are reclaimed the wastewater through recycling, then the amount of wastewater to be treated or to be sent to the surface water source like rivers, lakes or the sea become reduced. So, that way we are getting environmental benefits also so that way it is economical also. So, when we look into reclaimed water we can see that end product of wastewater reclamation meets water quality requirements for biodegradable materials, suspended matter and pathogens. So, that say the users such as agriculture and industrial users we can meet with respect to the reclaimed water. So, when we look into the reclaimed water we have to see that as we were discussing the last lecture also we have to see what is the use, what is the intended purpose or the use using that reclaimed water and then what is the source of that the wastewater coming from say whether it is coming from domestic sources or industrial sources, how much treatment to be given. So, we have to work out say what kind of treatment to be given and what type of reuse will be possible. So, accordingly we have to see the type of use type of reuse as far as the wastewater is concerned. So, now when we look into the reclaimed water say for maximum water use or reclamation or recovery. So, we have to say select appropriate strategies so strategies such as water pinch analysis. So, water pinch analysis and analysis which is done in many countries so it is actually systematic technique for reducing the water consumption and wastewater generation through integration of water using activities or processes. So, this water pinch analysis is scientific method say so that we can identify how much water is to be reclaimed or how much water is coming as wastewater and then how we can say go for systematic technique of reducing the waste the water consumption and the wastewater generation. So, this kind of analysis like water pinch analysis helps a user to target the minimum freshwater usage and the wastewater target. So, water pinch analysis is important as far as when we look into water conservation and then wastewater generation, wastewater treatment with respect to all these things. So, that way this kinds of analysis helps in designing the network that achieves the target. So, the target is the efficient usage of available water so then we want to use the less water as far as the consumption is concerned so that wastewater generator will be also less and then that way we can conserve the water and then we can choose appropriate methodology for reclining or recycling or reuse. So, as far as the cost of reclaimed water say when it exceeds that of portable water so in many regions of the world. So, we can see that say most of this wastewater when we have to give appropriate treatments that will suit say to the standard of portable water then we have to go through say not only primary or secondary but tertiary treatment and then say nano filtration or the reverse osmosis that kinds of processes as we discussed in the last lecture we have to give and then the cost of the reclaimed water go up. So, that way we can see that in many locations so the cost of reclaimed water may exceeds the available natural portable water. So, that way we can see that when we use the reclaimed water for non-portable uses say if we can use this reclaimed water for non-portable uses like industrial or domestic purposes or agriculture purposes we can save the portable water for drinking and so that when say the water we have to use for other purposes the portable water which we are using that can be reduced by using the reclaimed water. So, that way we can save the water and then usage of water reclamation decreases the pollution sent to the sensitive environment. So, as we were discussing so when we are reclining or recycling the wastewater so actually the amount of wastewater to be treated and to say before the before disposing to the to these surface water sources like rivers or the ocean. So, that way the amount is reduced and then when we are reclining the water so that way also we can say benefit so that way we can see that when the usage of water reclamation decreases usage of that decreases the pollution the polluted water sent to the environment. So, that way say it is as far as the wastewater reclamation is concerned say when we are using that way we are saving plus the amount of wastewater we are reducing so that we also we can say. But say if portable water is available as a cheap source then we can see that while going through this kinds of reclamation or recycling the cost may exceed, but anyway when we look into ingested processes or urban areas or cities we can see that this recycling is a good option or reuse of the reclaimed water is a good option as we were discussing in the last lecture. So, when we try to reuse the reclaimed water number of consents are there about say whether it is whether we are going for non-portable purpose or portable purpose so we have to see all these consents. So, let us look into what are the important consents when we look into reclaimed water and its reuse. So, reclaimed water is highly engineered for safety and reliability so that the quality of reclaimed water is more predictable than many existing surface and ground water sources. So, we say the water recycling or water reclamation process so it is a systematic process through which say we have to send the waste water through various stages and then we can see that same we can predict what will be the quality of the reclaimed water which we have to reuse for various purposes so that way this reclaimed water is a highly engineered water. So, that may be sometimes more pure than the natural water available from the existing surface sources or ground water sources. So that way we can see that when reclaimed water is safe when appropriately used so as I mentioned we have to see the intended use of the reuse of the waste water and then we have to give appropriate treatment accordingly. So, reclaimed water say planned for use in recharging aquifers or augmenting surface water receives adequate and reliable treatment before mixing with the natural water and undergoing natural restoration processes. So, especially if we are planning to use this reclaimed water say for portable purposes or recharging to the aquifer systems or to the when we are discharging to the natural source of water like rivers or lakes we should be very careful and then we have to see that it meets the required standards and then reliable treatment is given before mixing this reclaimed water. And then some of this water eventually becomes part of drinking water supplies. So, we can see that say especially say let us assume that there is a long river and then number of cities are there say different parts of the river. So, then we can see that most of the time what happens say the cities on the upstream sides say they take the water from the river and then use it and then after treatment they put back the effluence to the river again and then the downstream sides again cities will be there and then they are they are again drawing this water for their purposes. So, that way we can see that the water say in many of the water supplies of many cities especially on the river sides we can see that they are using the reusing the water. So, the water used by one city will be again reused by another city on the downstream side. So, that way when we look into reclaimed water it is often distributed say or it is we have to take care when we look into these kinds of say the effluence what is coming to the natural systems. And then say in a township or in an area when we are trying to reuse the reclaimed water it is often instead of mixing this say if you are directly going to utilize the reclaimed water it is always better to have a dual piping system pipe in network. So, that the intended purpose of this reclaimed water say for example, if it is for irrigation or if it is for say flushing systems. So, like that it is always better to send this reclaimed water to a dual piping is a especially if you are directly going to utilize the reclaimed water. So, that this the reclaimed water pipes completely separate from the portable water pipes. So, the user should not get confused with the portable water pipes and the reclaimed water pipes. So, that we should have a dual piping systems network and then the consumer should know which is the reclaimed water and which is the portable water. So, like that. So, then say now let us look into what are the reclamation processes. So, in the last lecture also we were discussing about the water recycling. So, we were discussing various processes we have discussed in detail about these processes. So, anyway we will have quickly go through say some of the important processes where the water reclamation or water recycling which we have discussed in the last lecture also. So, as I may as we discussed in the last lecture. So, first one is say once we collect the wet based water. So, we have to give some criminal treatment like we can send this collected water through bar screen so that the solids can be removed. Then the next stage is primary treatment like we can have settling tanks. So, that the readily settleable and flotable solids are removed from the wastewater and then sometimes we can use some type of biological treatment. So, using microorganisms, bacterias which digest the sludge and reduce the nutrient content in the wastewater and then say we can have the secondary kind of treatment like settling tanks and trickling filter and all those things what we were discussing in the last lecture. So, here in the secondary treatment microorganisms to settle to the bottom, other small particles suspended in the water are picked up leaving the behind the clear wastewater. So, many of the agriculture purposes we can use the reclaimed water from the secondary treatment we can directly go for reuse and also some of the industrial process directly we can utilize after the secondary treatment. And then if you want more purified form of the water say reclaimed water then we have to go for the various tertiary treatment which we discussed in the last lecture like deep wet the single media gravity sand filters and then we will see water from secondary basins and filter out the remaining solids and then we can sense the reclaimed water through say like filters like ultra filters and filtration nano filtration or say reverse osmosis. So, that the most purified form of the reclaimed water is obtained. So, like that whatever they are depending upon the intended use say after secondary treatment or tertiary treatment we can directly reuse the reclaimed water. And then especially if you are going for a say potable or other kinds of uses then disinfection is also required like we can mix the water after the tertiary treatment with chlorine contact tanks within the chlorine contact and then that way we can disinfect also the reclaimed water. So, that way we can directly say reuse the water say even sometimes potable purposes if the sufficient potable water is not available in the considered area. So, now let us look into the say with respect to we are discussing about the reclaimed water its processes and now let us look into the concepts of reuse of water. We were discussing the recycling and then reuse. So, where we can reuse the particular type of water and then how we can reuse. So, the concept of reuse of water. So, as we are discussing reuse is most applicable where large volumes of water are reused and waste are not to waste water is not to contaminated. So, say the water coming from especially say like cooling processes. So, the water is not much say contaminated so that way we can directly reuse it or say if the waste the contamination in the water is say much less say through after say washing or some of the processes then reuse is most applicable. And then location of treatment plan and possible transport of renovated water. So, these are some of the important consideration when we look into the concept of reuse of water. So, we have to see that say we collect all the waste water and then give appropriate treatments and then we have to see that say it is sent to or transported the renovated water to appropriate locations for reuse. So, now other concerns like the treatment processes. So, as we are discussing earlier so what kind of what type of intended use. So, accordingly we will be giving say primary, secondary or tertiary type of treatment or the modern treatment. So, but we have to see that the economics also. So, the benefit cost analysis we have to do and then we have to see that benefit to say the whatever we are spending it is beneficial. So, efficient and economical when flow is steady so especially treatment processes. So, if the say we have to see that the sufficient waste water is keep on coming as a source of waste water when we are sending this waste water for treatment through the treatment plant for reuse purposes. So, that then a steady flow should takes place. But we can see that especially say wherever we go for this kinds of water reclamation or waste water recycling so most of the urban areas is the flow will be regular. So, when say especially for domestic sector is concerned we can see that more water is used in the morning hours and in the evening hours. So, in between or in the night time we can see that they will not be in regular supply. So, that kind of problems are there and then now say as far as waste water reclamation is concerned then we have to give appropriate treatment or processing before making it reusable. So, this issue we have already discussed in the last lecture. Then water reuse is concerned so we have to see the use of treated waste water for beneficial use. So, say for example, say after secondary treatment say for the waste water say good amount of nutrients will be present within the secondary treated water waste water. So, that will be maybe more beneficial for agricultural or irrigation since the plants get say nutrients from this water source. So, like that we have to see the beneficial use as far as the water reuse or the waste water reuse is concerned. Now, say as far as the reuse is concerned we can have a either direct waste water reuse or indirect reuse. So, direct waste water reuse requires pipes or other conveyance facilities for delivering the reclaimed water. So, most of the time we need the dual same system where the reclaimed water another piping system through which we can send this reclaimed water. So, that is for direct waste water reuse so that may be for irrigation or agriculture or flushing or may be some of the industrial processes. Now, second one is the indirect use. So, indirect use say here we are discharging the effluent to receiving water for assimilation and withdrawals downstream. So, indirect use means say for example, say as I mentioned earlier say if say if 2 or 3 cities are there different location on the sides of a river then we can see that upstream city so that what will be withdrawing the water and then after the reuse say after treatment the waste water as effluent will be coming back to the river and then through natural processes this what will become again reusable for the next city. So, like that indirect use takes place. And also say if you are recharging the treated water to the aquifer systems so then again that what will be pumping back for the direct say other use so that way we can say that there is indirect use. Then say industries like pulp and paper industries say water use is predominantly practiced so through various processes from one process to another processes the effluent coming from they give some kinds of treatments and then again they reuse for the other process. So, like that say especially pulp industries textile industry, paper industries say this reuse is very common and then as far as domestic reuse is concerned so best recycle opportunity but amount of water recycled faults short of the total amount of water reused. So, domestic reuse is concerned wherever water stress or water scarcity is there we can keep on reuse but of course there will be some shortage since the consumption or other purposes say some water will be lost in between. So, say we have to see the best recycled opportunity as far as domestic reuse is concerned and then a warm and dry areas say the reuse is suitable for domestic reuse where there is a large difference between supplied water and waste water due to losses. So, especially warm and dry areas we can see that evaporation and other losses will be much more so that when the water sufficient natural water is not available, potable water is not available we have to look into the reuse concept. So, when we look into reuse say the concept of reuse is concerned say we can as we were discussing in the last two lectures say as far as the water recycling say we can either say use the rain water, the storm drainage water or the grey water which is not much polluted and then the sewage water. So, these four categories of water is available for reuse. So, actually the first two categories say less risk and then preferred option say like rain water use or the storm water use and then grey water sewage water is say high risk and least preferred option especially for domestic purposes and then especially rain water and storm water the reuse the advantage is that it is low energy requirement. So, no need of much treatment we can directly utilize but as far as the sewage water or the grey water is concerned we have to go for high energy type requirement and then we have to go for various kinds of treatment. So, that way we have to see what type of reuse we are looking for and from what source we are looking for the reuse. Then as far as reuse of water is concerned say with respect to quality of water same and the time sequence same. So, for example, polluted water we can directly use for drinking then say through after some appropriate water treatment and then as far as the municipal and industrial use is concerned directly the wastewater will be coming and then that wastewater we can treat appropriately and then water reclamation or recycling is possible and then further reuse is possible. And then say after this wastewater treatment the treated effluent and then we can reclaim the water and then repurify and further utilize. So, this is the quality changes of during municipal use of water and concept of wastewater reclamation and reuse as given by Moghe in 2006. So, when we look into water reclamation and reuse, so water treatment for drinking water same we have to meet appropriate standards. So, as we are discussing say the pH range legacy 0.5 to 8 or the TDS requirements or the BOD or COD all these kinds of requirements we have to see especially if we are trying to use the reclaimed water for drinking purposes we have to go for strict measures for quality control. Then say especially if you want to reuse the municipal and industrial water, so that is much degraded water. So, the quality issues are there and we have to go for appropriate waste treatment. So, the treatment is carried out to the points required by the regulatory agencies. So, what kind of treatment to be given is a especially for drinking or other purpose we have to see as per the norms of the regulatory agencies for protection of other beneficial uses. So, here in this figure say when we look into this say the dashed line in the figure represents increased quality for reuse and the concept of reclamation and reuse will come after the waste water reaches the natural unpolluted water. So, if the reclaimed water if you are putting to natural unpolluted water then how the effect all these aspects we have to study appropriately. Then only we can send this effluent to the natural water sources from which if you are directly say using the water for various purposes we have to see the standard circuit as far as the reclaimed water that will be mixing with the other source of water. So, that way we have to see the repurified water I mean the water reclaimed and then again purified. So, this the water generated by further advanced waste water reclamation technologies say like carbonate sorption, advanced oxidation and reverse osmosis. So, as we are discussing the last lecture say many of these advanced treatments the water become much more purified form and generate much higher quality than the conventional drinking water what we are directly taking from the reverse lakes and other sources. So, a character waste water entering in renovated plant is important and especially industrial waste water is concerned we have to see which way the treatment to be given and what kind of reuse we are looking for. Say example for example ordinary salt brines and then this undeserved for the renovated to be demineralized say if the use is not the water should not have much mineralized this thing say if the water say if you are going to reclaimed from the salt brines and then say if you have to remove all the salt condense from the reclaimed water then it will be much more expensive and then so that way we have to see the course of the reclaimed water. So, when we look into reuse of water then various schemes we can see that same reuse from the various sources. So, as we are discussing the source we have to see like rainwater drainage system, sewer systems etc. Then the particular schemes we have to adopt depends upon the intended reuse as we discussed earlier and the reuse of waste water is concerned say when we are looking to the reuse of waste water we have to see the source of waste water whether it is coming from the domestic source, industrial source whether it is say the whether it is highly contaminated or whether it is only say only some tedious source so small kinds of type of pollutions are there. So, we have to do appropriate survey of the the sewer system for finding waste water availability for reuse. So, when we look into the reclamation water waste water reclamation and reuse so say in a particular area we have to study the system we have to study the quality of the waste water coming. So, we have to collect the samples from the various sewer systems and then say we have to identify the parameters within that waste water. So, before going for appropriate treatments that is to be given for the waste water. So, highly contaminated waste water with metals or containing high total concentration of dissolved solids generally these are unacceptable for most of the uses especially domestic or industrial purpose are concerned. Then deliberately use of treated waste water in planned way is important say as we are discussing some of the case studies like in the the astrochemical fertilizers Mumbai in Chambur plant say they are they are they are deliberately using the treated waste water for their industry processes. So, so that way they know the quality of the waste water and then accordingly they have put a system of treatment as far as the reuse scheme is concerned. So, that way when we look into the reuse schemes water use schemes we have to study the sewage water the at various locations like main sewer then the main sewer may be the waste water may be coming from the domestic sources or industry sources after treatment. Then say sometime we can directly say if not much polluted we can directly put into the waste water treatment plants. So, then we have to after the treatment we have to send that water for reuse and then from the treatment plant say the the sludge is returned back to the main sewer which will be again further mixed with other highly highly polluted waste water say like which is not suitable for reuse and then all this mixture will be sent to further say sewage treatment and then the treated effluent will be sent to the natural sources like rivers, lakes or oceans. So, that way when we look into the water reuse schemes we have to study the the various aspects like the the quality of the waste water from where we are taking the waste water and what kind of treatment to be given and then what will be the intended reuse. So, like that we have to plan the reuse schemes. So, when we look into reuse schemes say we can see as I mentioned it can be unplanned reuse schemes or the planned reuse schemes. So, unplanned reuse schemes as I mentioned earlier cities draw water supplies from rivers that receive waste water upstream and then water from these rivers are reused treated and piped into the water supply a number of times before the last downstream user say last city withdraw the water. So, that way so, especially on the banks of the rivers same long rivers we can see that a number of cities will be there on both sides. So, that way we can see that these are all unplanned. So, the cities are developing and then they need water and then that way say we cannot plan say in advance. So, this is called unplanned scheme reuse schemes. So, then planned scheme is say especially for industries concerns or particular localities concerns same we can identify the quality of the waste water and then we can go for appropriate treatments and then beneficially reuse the recycled water. So, that way the water reuse may be formed say then accordingly whether it is unplanned or planned we have to see the intended use especially the planned use may be for agriculture purposes or industrial or domestic purposes. So, especially for agriculture purposes are concerned for agriculture reuse say we may have to go for preliminary primary and secondary treatments as we discussed in the last lecture. Then industrial or domestic purpose are concerned we may have to go for tertiary treatment also and then to remove the more tertiary pollutants especially the dissolved and refractory substances and microorganisms depending on the the the intended use as far as the reuse is concerned. So, that way when we look into the reuse schemes whether it can be unplanned reuse scheme or the planned reuse scheme. So, accordingly we have to go for the treatments and the reuse. So, now let us look into the different types of waste water reuse. So, the reuse of urban waste water in agriculture and horticulture from seawater areas. So, as we were discussing earlier we can give some primary or secondary treatment and then directly we can reuse it and then reuse of urban waste water from polluted nullas draining and seawater areas. So, there the the waste water will be much more polluted and then we may have to give more treatments depending upon the intended use and then reuse in industrial and commercial establishments to meet the water shortage. So, as we are discussing some of the case studies earlier we have to we can even collect the waste water and then send to appropriate treatment plans. So, that the the concerned industry get sufficient water through this process of river water reclamation and reuse. So, that way say nowadays we can see that many of the industries are looking for zero discharge. So, whatever the water they are using they are keep on reusing through reclamation various reclamation process finally, there will be only sludge will be sent for further waste treatment. Otherwise say the most of the some of the industries can achieve the zero discharge. So, now say as a part of environmental sustainability the major motto of the most of the industries is to achieve the zero discharge level. And as far as reuse is concerned for major urban and community development purposes say we can say we can use the waste water say example to augment the public water supply so on like through recharge to the aquifer systems after appropriate treatment we can put this the the fluid I mean the treated waste water which is in a good form and we can I mean as a good form of the water that can be sent to the water sources like rivers, lakes and the aquifer systems. So, as far as reuse in the industries are concerned so say some of the typical strategies followed by the industries here I have listed say first one is of course most of the industries are looking for water conservation. So, most efficient use of the available water and then reduce the usage is concerned as we were discussing in one of the previous lecture. So, firstly practice as much conservation of water as possible so that is the first time of the industries and then secondly recycle the fraction of waste water which is in relatively good condition and can be recycled back with a little or not treatment. So, that way the industries can save a lot of money since if they have to buy again fresh water that will be more expensive. So, if we if they can recycle some with some treatment of the the water then that can be with with little or not treatment that can be directly utilized for other other processes. Then thirdly we can arrange for more reuse after some treatment to make the industries on wastewater feed for reuse. So, the third aspect in reuse in the industries concerned they have to collect all the effluent or the waste water coming from various plants and then they have to give appropriate treatments and reclaim the water and then go for the reuse. And then finally, as we discussed in some of the industrial plants like RCF in Mumbai if more reuse is needed get the external source of waste water say from the municipal corporations and they can get the waste water the municipal sewage can be obtained some of the industries in in places like Mumbai and Chennai they are doing this they buy the waste water from the municipal corporations and then they give appropriate treatments and then that can be reused. So, that way the reuse in industries concerned first one is water conservation second one is say they re the recycle with water with with relatively good condition without much treatment third one is their own say reclaimed water through appropriate treatment reuse then lastly they can get the waste water from the municipal corporation and then reuse. So, as far as the way water reuse in India is concerned we are discussed two cases in the last lecture. So, again here two more examples I have put here. So, water reuse in India say first the mudrass first example is mudrass refineries and mudrass fertilizers limited Chennai. So, mudrass refineries producing about 12 million liters per day of reusable water and then mudrass fertilizers producing about 16 million liters per day of the reusable water since 1991. So, through various processes they are treating this their own waste water and then they are recycling it and then reusing it. Here the Chennai also these industries say whatever the scarcity of water is there they buy the waste water from the Chennai metro water board and then the water board supply the water after second treatment. So, about 120 milli which has about 120 milligram VOD and these industries get this water and give appropriate treatments depending upon their their end use. So, like say they get the secondary treated waste water then they go for additional secondary biological treatments then like a chemically aided settling plus pressurized filtration plus ammonia stripping then carbonation clarification then pressure filtration then chlorination then sodium bisulfate dosing then multimedia filtration then cartridge filtration then reverse osmosis and then the permeate the water for reuse. So, these kinds of say flow chart is used for the their own waste water or the waste water obtained from the Chennai metro water. So, that way what I want to say is that say depending upon the intended use depending upon the quality of the waste water or the the condense of the waste water we can have appropriate treatment process and then we can reuse that waste water. So, this is example one and in second example so, here another Vadodara pilot plant in Gujarat. So, this plant uses highly polluted waste water from a an effluent disposal channel into which several industries such as refineries, fertilizers, petrochemicals discharge their raw waste with the capacity of 3 million liters per day fresh water. So, this plant actually they are collecting the waste water which is coming taken from NALA or a channel waste disposal channel and directly they are giving appropriate treatments and say the capacity is about 3 million liters per day. The plant shows that at least 75 percent of the waste water could be made reusable at an operating cost of rupees 36 per thousand liter. So, after doing all these treatments it has shown that the cost is only about rupees 36 per thousand liters. So, the flow flow sheet adopted in the plant include the following treatments like the collection of waste water then say they it goes through a chemical fields like lime, polyacrylate or soda ash depending upon the water quality then it will be sent to clarifiers. So, then clarification and then some say HCL treatment is given and then it will be sent through pressure filtration and then it will be sent through sodium biosulfate treatment and then further cartridge filters either ultra filtration or nano filtration or reverse osmosis will be done and then to remove the carbon dioxide de-gasification is done and then further the purified water is reused in the industry. So, again here you can see that this industry's concern it is not using their own waste water, but they are collecting the waste water from the external sources and then both the series of treatments and then that water is used in the by the industry. So, that way we can see that they are having they do not need to further fresh source of water, but even the waste water they are giving appropriate treatments and then reusing for the their intended use. So, that way we can see number of cases of water reclamation and then reuse in India and other parts of the world. So, as we discussed earlier the water reclamation or water recycling is increasing say to say a range of about 10 to 15 percent for annum and then say the reuse is also for various purposes and with ultra modern techniques. So, even the recycled water reclaimed water we can directly even supply for doing in purposes. So, that way finally before concluding this part of the lecture let us look into the future water reuse. So, due to the water scarcity or the water stress as we can we have seen earlier also water reuse is increasing. So, reuse can be through recycling reclamation and that in many cases have been found to be effective and very successful and the cost of the initial investment to be done and that many of the industries are getting back in 3 or 4 years of time. So, especially say this the reclaimed water is mainly reused for non-potable purposes like agriculture, irrigation or industrial processes that is widely accepted and practiced all over the world and then this percentage is increasing say to the range of 10 to 15 percent in many parts of the world. And then as we discussed in the last lecture more advanced technologies are available for recycling and reclamation like nano filtration then reverse osmosis. So, that way we can produce much better form of water purified form of water that we can even use for potable purposes. But of course, that may be more expensive. So, we have to see that the intended use and then quality of the condense of the wastewater and then give appropriate treatment. And also as we discussed indirect potable reuse is possible. So, like instead directly supplying for potable purposes or domestic purposes we can put this treated water maybe after tertiary treatment to the to for recharging the aquifer systems or that treated water can be mixed up with the fresh water sources like lakes and rivers and then we can utilize. So, that is the indirect potable reuse. So, that way we can see that as we discussed earlier recycling reclamation and reuse. So, it is more energy efficient since the money we have to spend for same treatment of the wastewater before putting to the as an effluent to the natural sources. So, that we can save that way we can see that in many cases this will be more energy efficient and then sustainable water management we can achieve same through the recycling reclamation and reuse. So, especially when we look into watershed management in a sustainable development way we have to look into the possibility of water recycling, water reclamation and water reuse. So, that is a very important aspect as far as watershed management is concerned. So, moreover now the public the the people participation is also essential for recycling and reuse. So, that way the people should know the advantages its limitations and then they should aware that say where these kinds of the reclamation or recycling can be done and then what are the intended use the of the reclaimed water. So, like that. So, that way the future of water reuse is much bright and then more places more industries and more cities are going for water reuse, water reclamation and water reuse. So, some of the references used for today's lecture here I have listed as in the previous lecture also. So, these are the some of the important references used for today's lecture and some of the tutorial questions with respect to the the water recycling and reclamation and reuse what we discussed just now. So, critically analyze and study the scope of water reuse in India and do the urban water scarcity can be reduced by reuse of water and study and compare various case studies available on reuse and evaluate the benefits and costs. So, here this reference can be a number of cases are given and also in websites US EPA website and then also this website and then also CSE publications these details are available. Then few self-evaluation assignment questions describe the importance of reuse of recycled or reclaimed water. What are the importance reclamation processes illustrate the water reuse schemes discuss various issues related to water reuse in industries. Then what are the main concerns about the reclaimed water illustrate the concept of reuse of water describe the types of waste water reuse and which are the places where reuse is possible. So, all these questions can be answered with respect to the lecture just now say this lecture and now as this is the last lecture as far as this say video course on watershed management is concerned. Let us have a quick look into the what we have covered. So, let us have a summary of the the topics covered and then let us conclude this lecture. So, the summary of the course on watershed management. So, here I will say in the first lecture I have given the objective of objectives of this course and then the the the various modules which will be covered also given. So, as I mentioned in the first lecture here my main aim of this lecture is to introduce watershed management and establish its relevance and concepts as far as the this watershed management is concerned. And this lecture presents the fundamental principles theories, modeling, analysis and applications. So, if you go through all these 40 lectures you can see that most of the the the relevant theories, principles, modeling all these things were covered in these 40 lectures. Then the the the main aim of these lecture lectures to where to demonstrate how these fundamental principles theories are used in the field of watershed management. So, this has been done by showing number of case studies as you can see in these lectures. And we have discussed the various aspects of watershed and its management. So, like integrated watershed management approach, then river basin management approach. So, all these aspects were covered in these 40 lectures. So, as I mentioned there were 40 lectures in this video course presenting the concepts theory applications and various case studies. So, as as I mentioned in the first lecture the course the the main purpose of the course is to discuss various aspects of watershed development and management. So, we have to see a watershed does a scientific area where we can effectively manage various resources like land, water, forest, agriculture, agriculture, flora and fauna within that area. So, watershed management as we have discussed in this lecture 40 lectures various aspects like a technological issues, social issues, ecological issues, environmental issues, sustainability all these aspects we have to look into and all these things were covered in these 40 lectures. So, the course focus was the technical aspects of watershed management, then perspectives on land and water management and then analysis of complex issues on water management and on specific knowledge on issues of water management. And also the use of modern techniques in watershed management were elaborated in various lectures as far as these 40 lectures on watershed management are concerned. So, the course module there. So, actually the course has been divided into 10 modules. So, here the modules as I have shown in the first lecture also here again the 10 modules what we have covered in these 40 lectures. So, the first module was introduction and basic concepts 3 lectures were given then second one was sustainable watershed approach and watershed management practices 4 lectures were given and then integrated watershed management 4 lectures were given and then fourth one was watershed modeling about 7 lectures were given and then social aspects of watershed management that include 3 lectures. Then use of modern techniques in watershed management that include 5 lectures management of water quality. So, that module include 4 lectures and storm water and flood management that module include 4 lectures doubt management and this module include 3 lectures and water conservation and recycling which was the last module and that also how 3 lectures. So, that way this video course how go 40 lectures and then all the aspects of watershed management have been covered in a very systematic and comprehensive way. So, finally to conclude so, here the main aim what I was projecting was the importance of watershed management when we are looking for watershed management or when we are going to implement the watershed management perspectives. So, we have to go for appropriate planning appropriate say management perspectives. So, as I mentioned in many of my lectures we have to approach watershed in a holistic way it is not only the resource like a land then water or the minerals or the vegetation all this, but we have to see that everything not only the people in the area, but the various resources we have to go in an integrated way and we should go for a holistic approach as far as watershed management is concerned. So, that way this course the different aspects and different approaches have been elaborated in a systematic way and all aspects of watershed and related issues were discussed in this 40 lectures. So, as far as the theoretical aspects of watershed is concerned I have covered the theoretical aspects in a the best possible way within the various modules which we have I have shown in the last slide. So, for each lectures number of case studies were presented. So, that way this will be very useful to the students and teachers and the practitioners. Then tutorials were given self-evaluation questions assignments and solved questions all these are provided at the end of each lecture. So, that way this video course will be very useful for systematic study of the watershed management say for a students or for a teacher or for a for a practitioner or an NGO who are looking to this video course on watershed management. So, finally say this course will be useful to the students on say bachelors, masters and PhD levels say from civil engineering background agriculture geography geology resources environmental engineering humanities management etcetera. So, that way the the say the syllabus required for each of these specialized session I have covered in most in an elaborated way as you can see the the topics given in each module. So, you can go through a module wise also you can say say go through the lecture and then get the various aspects for that particular module. So, the course will be also useful to teachers who are teaching the subject either watershed management or water management or say various issues related to water as described in this 10 modules in this 10 modules what we have what I have already shown in the in this slide here. So, then say also this this video course will be useful to NGOs, field engineers, practitioners, scientists, policy and decision makers, government agencies and for all working in the area of watershed management. So, that way I have planned this video course. So, this 40 video lectures will be very useful to those who are going to work in the area of watershed management or those who are want to study the the topic on various topic on watershed management. So, before closing this video lecture. So, I want to acknowledge the following people who are helpful to me to to make this video course possible. So, first I would like to acknowledge some of the possible reviewers of this course Prof. S. G. Joshi, Prof. Anupam K. Singh, Prof. V. R. Deshai and Dr. V. Nothkumar say who I agree to review course videos, slides and materials. Then say many of my students have contributed say as far as the slide preparations are concerned. So, I would like to specifically mention some names like Mr. Harshwin Nonna, Ms. Vardini, then Dr. Meenal, then Mr. Anand Kulkarni, then all my former M. Tech and PHD students like Dr. Bengal Reddy, Dr. Shahapure, Dr. Gita, Dr. Sahu and all others. So, many of the the case studies say which they have done for their masters and PHD thesis I have included in this video course. So, I am very thankful to all these students. Then I am very thankful to all the CDP staff of IIT Bombay. So, the excellent recording and then the excellent facilities and then also editing which they have spent lot of time and they are very dedicated staff say who have made this video in a very excellent form. I am very thankful to them. Without them of course, I cannot do anything as far as this video course is concerned. So, I am very very thankful to them. And finally, I am thankful to my family, my wife Dr. Manjush and my kids Aipan Basil. So, I have spent so much of time to prepare these lectures. So, for their moral supports I am very thankful to them. So, finally, with a big thank I am say finishing this video course. Thank you very much.