 The next thing we are going to discuss today is image manipulation. You must have seen a lot of students in different research journals giving different types of images and sources. So we are concerned about how a researcher can manipulate those images. Image manipulation in a research has become an emerging type of research misconduct which nearly 4% of the paper exhibiting some type of suspicious image alteration. Image does not detect any plagiarism directly in software and it is easy to present an image in your research as a guide with a little manipulation. This could be done in any kind of research. Especially in natural science research, images and the research of science and technology images are given frequently rather than giving them into the social sciences. So an image has its own credibility, its source and originality of who has created that image. Now if a researcher manipulates that image in his research and uses it then that is also an unethical practice. And today this practice is increasing a lot. While modifying images may be for better presentation purposes in research paper but still the researcher should be very careful. We can use different images but it is very important to give proper source or reference and it needs to be very careful. Image manipulation is broadly considered under three categories acceptable, inappropriate or fraudulent. So what is acceptable image manipulation? Simply seek to format a picture for publication requirements. You have taken permission from a source who created that image and you gave that source and made that image part of your research paper and wrote it by this, this and this, year this and its credit. Inappropriate. Does not modify how an image would be interpreted. That is the results are not changed by the manipulation. What can be done? They remove the background noise or other information. This could be one example. Change the color, change the font, change the size, change the dimensions. Modify contrast to obscure background noise, then splitting different microscopic fields together. There are different types of researches in science in which you bring a little variation in the image and change it a little bit. You can claim that this is your image but this was an inappropriate practice. Then the fraudulent. Images modified and effect interpretation of results removing a band from the negative control land. Like now you are in scientific research which is being done in science and technology. You claim that you have made it yourself when you have changed only one thing in it and taken it as it is but the source is not mentioned. Importantly, scientists must be mindful of the type of image manipulation they are doing to ensure that it does not purposefully or accidentally mislead their readers. The reader should not think that this image is so beautiful and research is conducted with it. This is the original image or this is someone's fraudulent or this is an inappropriate image. All the images which are being bothered should be accepted. It is very important to mention the proper source and its credits. Keeping a copy of the unaltered image is also the strong protection against acquisition of misconduct. If this is deducted somewhere the original source files if a researcher sees that this is my copy they can case it on it. They can accuse the researcher of misconduct crime. The original unprocessed image that a file is stand to which the final processed image can be compared. So basically, whenever an image is manipulated in some research keeping the source files together you should compare and contrast in which category it is coming from either it is acceptable it is inappropriate and it is fraudulent because I believe that sometime without knowing we copy someone's table we use it. Sometimes we use it to make a detailed diagram in the research or a model produced in the research. We use it and it is made based on a theory. We assume that the original researcher's theory is his model but in fact it is not his model. The conceptualized model is done by another researcher. So it is very important to give it proper source The investigator must be able to compare the original image to the manuscript figure before submitting it for the publication to ensure that the important scientific information has not evidently been processed out. So it is very important that whenever a research goes to the publication the relevant stakeholders should ensure that the sources are original and authentic and they are not being copied besides giving the due credit and credentials for the main author. So it is our responsibility to ensure that we do not just look at data manipulation but also make the image manipulation part of our consideration.