 Today we are going to see that we have been talking about informed consent but what could be the essential elements of informed consent. Valid informed consent for the research must include three basic things and three major elements are disclosure of information, competency of the participants to make decision and voluntary nature of the decision. Number one, statement explaining the important information about research including components of the research must be given, expected duration of the participation must be elaborated there. A description of procedures to be followed must be explained to the participants, identification of any procedures that are experimental. So these are the things which need to be included with the purpose in the statement. One important point is description of any foreseeable risk, if you have identified it earlier when you plan the research, it is foreseeable, then it is necessary to mention them and discomfort to the participants. Let us say you are giving them some fizzy drinks which can cause nausea, so this should be written into the informed consent, just as an example. A description of the benefits to the participants and to the others like the possible benefits to the individual and to the other participants is also an important step, a disclosure to any alternative procedures or treatment that may be advantageous. So if we can use some other process, then we should be told at the alternate, in case this would not work, there are other certain ways by which we can achieve the purpose of the research. Then number five is a description explaining how investigator will maintain the confidentiality of the record. So, the entire process which we have discussed in the earlier lectures, how to ensure confidentiality is to be briefly explained to the participants so that they would be comfortable enough in giving their consent for the research. Then for research involving more than minimal risk, a description of comprehensive provided and an explanation regarding whether medical treatment is available. Then if research related injury is possible, participants must be told home to contact for further information about the research study and about the rights of research participants. So, basically injury could be of any type, koi bhi trauma ho sikta hai, koi bhi accident ho sikta hai. Cha koi exploratory nature ki studies ho rhi utti hai, for instance, jab depth perception ki studies ki jaati hai aur ek shote bache ko, ek infant ko, ek table pe, kisi height pe bidhaya jaate hai, jo crawl ka rao thei ki wo crawl karke jab ek table yon ho s height ki corner pe paanchate hai, to kya wo, nichi girne ki uske chances hothe hai, ya wo girega hai ya wo depth ko perceive karega. So, in those situations, there are the chances that maybe one out of 100 child may not have the depth perception aur wo wahan se gire jae. So in those situations, we have to seek for alternative arrangements as well. So, it's not important that once the theory has been proved, uske baad hum kabhi bhi uske liye koi steps nahi lehenge. We always have to ensure the safety and security of the participants. Then description of therapeutic measures that would be available to the participants in case of adverse reactions or injury as a result of being part of the study. So basically, whatever the alternative arrangement you have made in those situations, waha par uski ek detail, jo list hai uski jo method ki ek detail hai wo available dena bohot zaroori hai. Kyuki agar unko yeh patah hoega ki isme hume koi risk ya trauma hoega aur alternate method ya procedures kya available hoge, to the would be happily become the part of research kyunye zyada safety aur security feel ho riyogi. Then ninth and the last one is a statement that participation is voluntary. We can't force anyone to be the part of the research and that the refusal to participate involves no palenty. Hum kisi ko fine nahi krsakte, kti ko palenty nahi daal sakte ki aapne humari research me participation nahi ki yaapne sthe vidraw kar liya, to hum aapko certain benefits nahi denge. So this is something very important to be ensured and that the participant may this continue at any time whenever they want. So these are the basic you know ethics and principles which we need to see well we are staging the informed consent and we are providing the basic information which need to be given into the informed consent.