 All right, first I'm going to say, what is the Earth Radiation Budget, or ERB? Why is it important to give a brief history of Nimbus? The Nimbus 6 and 7, what was new and different about that? Primary results from the Nimbus 6 and 7, a comparison to the ERB, which is Earth Radiation Budget Experiment, as opposed to ERB, that was after Nimbus, and some conclusions. All right, what is the Earth Radiation Budget for those who don't know? Here is a diagram showing the globe as a whole averaged over the entire year, and the 342 watts per meter squared of incoming solar radiation on the average, and you can see what's happening. It's scattering off of clouds, it's scattering from the Earth, it's being absorbed by the surface of the Earth, it's being emitted, there's a whole lot of things going on, as you can see. The main thing is if you look at the 107 watts per meter squared going out from reflected radiation, and the 235 outgoing, if you add those two numbers, it adds up to 342, which would imply a net radiation of zero, which would mean no global warming, not true. There is global warming, but this diagram doesn't really show it, but it's different from this. Now why is the Earth Radiation Budget important? First of all, it's a driver in the Earth's weather and climate, as we will see. Accurate data on ERB is important to weather and climate models, and the net surplus and deficit of ERB will tell us where the Earth is warming or cooling. Global warming doesn't mean the whole globe is warming, I think you all know that here, but some of it is warming in certain places and it's cooling in others, but on the average, it's warming. Here is a slide I got from Professor von der Haar, who gave his talk 10 years ago, and he said that I could use anything of his slides, and I would gladly use some of it, but here is one of his that he presented, still meaningful, is the Radiation Budget at the top of the atmosphere, annual radiation budget, see as a function of latitude, and it shows a surplus of radiation in the tropical area, I didn't want to do that, let me go forward. A surplus of radiation in the tropics and a deficit outside that, and you can see here the amount and space time distribution is a fundamental driver of the Earth's weather and climate, because of that surplus and deficit, it's got to go somewhere. Here is an early history of measuring the Earth's radiation budget. During the 1960s, Tyros and the first experimental USF or Sun Secretive satellite gave us early low resolution view of the Earth's radiation budget, and I have a quote here I want to read from von der Haar and Sumi, it said, we found that the Earth was a warmer and darker planet than previously believed, especially in the tropical region, we found that 40 percent more energy must be transported forward by the atmosphere and ocean circulations, that's dramatic, and if true, we could better understand and model atmospheric and oceanic circulations, air sea interactions and both the Earth's energy and water cycles, we could do a whole lot better. All right, a brief history of Nimbus Erb, going before the Earth radiation budget experiment itself on Nimbus 6 and 7 that I was involved with, the Nimbus 2 and 3 medium resolution infrared radiometer experiments at Nimbus 6 and 7 Erb results, they were designed to check, verify and expand the results from these early 1960s, and the Nimbus 2 medium resolution experiment was unfortunately short but did provide the first medium resolution Erb measurements over the polar regions, now the Nimbus 3 medium resolution was a great success, and more than a year of pole to pole local noon midnight Erb was obtained at medium spatial resolution, great success. Now many regional features were explored, and we didn't have before as much, ocean straightest regions, major deserts, Amazonia, you could see seasonal variations over the continents, you could read this for yourself, and significant differences over the Arctic and Antarctic. Now because the early Nimbus MRIR used five spectral bands to estimate the total Earth radiation and reflected radiation, it did not measure the direct solar radiation with solar irradiance and so a more complete Erb measurement package was developed for Nimbus 6 and 7. So with the Nimbus 6 and 7 era, Bill Smith, who was here, was the principal investigator, I worked with him and we had a number of others, Don Hillary, John Hickey, Bob Machoff, Lee Kyle and others who developed an eclectic experiment for both Nimbus 6 and 7, had low resolution fixed radiometers, and we had, and this is very significant, medium resolution by axial scanners, and what I mean by that, it would scan, we had four shortwave channels and four infrared channels that would scan to the horizon and then come back, we would actually move over to try to fill in the spaces and then scan back to the nadir and then made a 90 degree rotation and then scan, didn't go all the way to the horizon, there was difficulties there in designing that, but we went almost to the horizon and scanned back and then did another 90 degree, so you could get in all different directions. That was very significant. The other very significant thing was we had 10 spectral bands measuring the direct solar irradiance, including the total solar irradiance reaching the earth. Now the Nimbus 6 results were good, yet they revealed some challenging data processing and analysis questions. So this led to the Nimbus 7 herb science team. I was the team leader, and you can see the names here, Garrett Campbell, Lee Kyle, Kim Colson of UC Davis, Mashaff of Gold, Fred House Drexel, Larry Stowe, and Ingersoll Caltech, Tom Von Der Haar, CSU, L. Arcing and Bandy, where that's a project scientist. Now Bill Smith was involved, as you heard, in pioneering new weather observations for Nimbus, so he could not take a direct part in the team. We would have loved to have had him, but he can't be everywhere. Now our primary results from the Nimbus 6 and 7 herb were that we produced the first high precision measurements of the direct solar irradiance reaching earth, the first. And we actually beat out the solar max mission, which was designed to be more accurate. I mean it was special, and I'll show you something about that. But it helped check and improve early climate models. That was an important thing. Now here is a picture of solar irradiance. The top part is the Nimbus 7 herb, and you can see the solar cycle, the sunspot cycle, the solar cycle, how it varies. And here is the solar max mission. We actually beat them by six months. We know that they are more accurate. And down here is the follow on to the Nimbus, the earth radiation budget satellite experiment. And so we have a good record of the solar irradiance. Now this diagram shows something different going away from the solar. This is the measurements of the variations of the outgoing infrared radiation over the globe for this particular one, June, July, and August. And the top one is the CCM1, rather, climate model. And the bottom one is the Nimbus 7. And what we're talking about is the standard deviation. For those who don't know, it's a measure of the variation of the radiation of the outgoing long-range radiation, the higher the standard deviation, the greater the variation from its mean. So what you'll notice dramatically, if you compare these numbers, you will see that there are standard deviation in many places on the averages about twice as much in the models than you see with the measurements from the earth radiation budget. So as a result, the models had to be revised considerably and they were greatly improved until they got something of the order of what we actually measure. So that was an important thing. Another thing I want to show, the follow-on to the Nimbus 7 herb was the earth radiation budget experiment, ERBE. And this was the herbs part of that on NOAA 9. And I want to compare a four-month average, this particular figure, and I have it circled. They came out with 234.50 watts per meter squared for the outgoing and the Nimbus 7 wide field of view had 234.88, pretty close, also close on the albedo, the percent reflected of the solar radiation, 29.89 here, 29.88 here. So excellent, and the ERBE was the follow-on, which then led to the series, Climate and Earth Radiation Energy System, I believe it's good. So I have some conclusions. The Nimbus herb results confirmed and greatly expanded our knowledge of the fundamental earth science parameters. It also provided a baseline for the ongoing monitoring of the earth's climate system from space. It also guided development of global models and international climate experiments, such as GWECS. And it led to the highly successful NASA herbs and series programs to continue the expansion of knowledge for climate purposes. One last thing I want to say, I meant to say it before, when I was talking about the science team that we had, and this is a happy reminiscence of that time, we had a number of team members and every three months we would go to meet at one of their locations, be it Caltech or UC Davis, different places, and after a while you come in the evening, go to dinner, and you're not as friendly as surroundings that you would like. So I discussed this with my wife, and she said, why don't you have them all over to the house for dinner when we were meeting in Maryland? I said, great idea, and she prepared a dinner, a buffet dinner that we could take and they could all come and meet, and I remember that my two daughters were very young at the time, and they came down and said good night to the team members, you know, I remember this very fondly, and we even set up an easel that my daughters would use for doing a little painting, and we used that and had some discussions, very relaxed, and had dinner and much better surroundings that we would have in a more formal setting, so I remember that very well. So that's what I take away from it personally, besides the conclusions of the success of the Nimbus 6 and 7 radiation budget that provided, and I thank you.