 The low incidence of large and small bowel cancer in India is often attributed to natural antioxidants such as curcumin in the diet, the yellow pigment in the spiced turmeric, which is used in curry powder. However, it's imperative to recall that beneficial effects attributed to diets are seldom reproduced by administration of a single ingredient in that diet. For example, diets rich in beta-carotene lower the risk of tobacco-related cancers, but the administration of beta-carotene pills does not. It doesn't stop researchers from trying, though. Back in 2001, in a last-ditch attempt to save the lives of 15 patients with advanced colorectal cancer that didn't respond to any of the standard chemotherapy agents or radiation, they started them on a turmeric extract. It appeared to help stall the disease in a third of the patients, five out of 15, suggesting turmeric extract may cause clinical benefit in at least some patients with advanced refractory colorectal cancer. Now if we were talking about some new kind of chemo, and it only helped one in three, you'd have to weigh that against chemo side effects, losing your hair, sloughing of your gut, intractable vomiting, maybe being bedridden. So in a drug scenario, a one in three benefit may not sound particularly appealing, but when we're talking about a plant extract shown to be remarkably safe, even if it just helped one in a hundred, it'd be worth considering. With no serious downsides, a one in three benefit for end-stage cancer is pretty exciting. To see if colon cancer could be prevented, five years later, researchers at the Cleveland Clinic and Hopkins tested two phytochemicals, curcumin from turmeric, and quercidin found in red onions and red wine, in people with familial adenomatous polyposis. Colon cancer forms from polyps, and there's this disease that runs in families in which you develop hundreds of polyps, which will eventually turn into cancer, unless you have your colon prophylactically removed. So they took five such patients who already had their colons removed, but still either had their rectum or a little intestinal pouch, which were still packed with polyps. This is where they started out, between five and 45 polyps each, and this is where they ended up, after six months of curcumin and quercidin supplements. On average, ended up with fewer than half the polyps, and the ones that they had shrunk in half. Here's a representative endoscopic photograph before and after, and now you see it, now you don't. But what about patient one? Got rid of all their polyps by month three, but then they seemed to come back. So they asked them what's what, and it turned out the patients stopped taking the supplements, and darn it, so they put them back on the phytonutrient supplements for another three months, and the polyps came back down, all with virtually no adverse events and no blood test abnormalities. By studying people at high risk for colon cancer, they were able to show noticeable effects within just months, but polyposis is a rare disease. They were only able to recruit five people for the study. Thankfully, smokers are a dime a dozen. Another five years later, researchers put 44 smokers on turmeric curcumin supplements alone for a month, and measured changes in their colorectal aberrant cryptfosi, which may act like precursors to polyps, which are the precursors to cancer. And we can see after just one month, there was a significant drop in the number of these aberrant cryptfosi in the high dose supplement group, but no change in the low dose group, with no dose limiting side effects, although the stools and the participants did turn yellow.