 Now, we are going to discuss Kolberg's theory of moral development with respect to the education of ethics at early grades. Kolberg's theory of moral development is concerned with structures of moral thinking about interpersonal conflict situations. And then he postulates a sequence of 6 moral stages which is invariant for all persons. Kolberg has given us 6 stages of moral reasoning and moral development. He says that from a child to a child, we learn ethics at different stages and are able to practice ethics. The first thing he says is that what is ethics? In his opinion, morality is a decision making in different conflicts that what is better or what is better? This decision is based on the moral reasoning of what is good and what is bad, right and wrong, good and bad. And what is better in us is to change time, age or environment with respect to moral development. Now, the 6 stages that he has given us can be divided into 3 major stages. The first one is the pre-conventional stage. In the pre-conventional stage, there are actually two stages. When a child grows up, he only thinks about reward and punishment. That is, his morals are limited to this extent that if he gets rewards or rewards or people appreciate him, he understands him well. And the thing that he gets punishment or he is refused or reviewed, he is bad for him. The second stage is called the instrumental stage, like do good and have good. That is, the children learn from the beginning that if we do good to someone, he will also do good to us in return. So now he learns all the good things that will give him good results. The second stage is the post-conventional stage. As we have already mentioned in the post-conventional stage, there are some concrete thoughts here. This starts at the age of 7 years. In this, the children understand what are the norms of the people of our heart. Who am I? I am a son, a daughter, and what is my status? What is my mother for me? What is the importance of my friends? First of all, he tries to understand the norms of his society. Secondly, when we go a little further, we will see that there are different laws in our countries, there are laws in our institutions, and every good and bad standard has been made. He is from a court, from a law, from a mirror. Now he tries to understand that law here. Like stealing is a bad thing because it is a crime to steal legally. So now in such a situation, he will consider all the laws of his society as moral and good. After that, we see the post-conventional stage. Now after the post-conventional stage, the post-conventional stage is where he will challenge those laws who he has still considered to be. Why? Because he thinks that the laws are for humans, not that humans are for the laws. So he will challenge those laws as well. For example, if a law is causing harm to a person, he will challenge that what is his fault? And then the last stage is that you are raised from the law for the entire humanity. And then you are raised from the group and think for the entire humanity. This is the post-conventional stage. Here he says that a person comes out from his group, from his self, from his personal interest and then he thinks for the entire humanity. So these are the three stages. Now the important thing is that no stage will come before the other. Meaning we will learn all these things from time to time. First we will understand the importance of good and evil. Then we will learn the environment of our religion and finally we will develop the values within us. So he says that everyone progresses in the same way on these stages. Then it can happen that someone goes to the upper stage and comes back again. It can happen because of the fact that there is no law or the importance of the law. Or God forbid, his mental state was not correct. Or he had some situation like a war situation where no one considered the law. Then he can come down from his own values. And the last thing is that you should criticize the theory of Kolberg. But the theories of morality have a lot of importance in it. And the processes of it are really moving in our lives in the same way. The criticism is that it only looks at the cognitive process. It is like how can we mentally do reasoning? How can we make decisions in things? But the emotions or social environment that we have, we do not talk about it. So this is the criticism on it.