 Hello, I welcome you all once again to my channel, Explore Education. I am Dr. Rashmi Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Education, S.S. Khanna Girls Drifty College, University of Parahava. And after discussing globalization and its impact on higher education, now I am going to discuss the role of public and afterwards, role of private sector in higher education in India. Okay. And the lecture will be in bilingual mode and must be, it must be useful for your various competitive teaching examinations as well as for your general understanding about higher education. Okay. So, first of all, we are going to talk about the role of public sector in higher education. Means, when we take out the earth of public sector, but in higher education, public sector means government sector. Non-public sector is called private sector, public sector is called government sector. So, first of all, we know that what is GER in higher education? GER means gross enrollment ratio. If it comes to many places, then I think this is an important information for you to know. It is also showing a paradigm shift that in the beginning, that is, just after independence and after that in the next 10-15 years, our GER was very low. And then it was said that higher education is for class only. Means, there is a high class that will do high education, which was also called elite class. Then, higher education is for masses. And now, higher education is called universalization. Means, the NEP 2020, which was not our national education in 2020, it has said this, it has envisioned this, it has kept this in mind that by 2035, we will expect GER 50, which is now just the 25-30th year. I will also teach it. So, this means that now we are studying universalization. So, you should pay attention to this, that first of all, what is the universalization of primary education? That every child will be taught at the primary or elementary level. Then, when we talk about primary education, then universalization of secondary education, that every child will be taught at the secondary or elementary level. And now, this new recent trend is universalization of higher education, that we can also teach everyone well. Okay. So, there are three stages in the development of a higher education system based on their level of enrolment. How many children are enrolled, how many students are given in the higher education system? According to that, if you look at the steps of development, then our higher education goes through three steps. When the GER is less than 15 percent, when it was less than 15 percent GER, less than 15 percent means that only 15 children, 15 students enrolled in higher education, the rest of the children are not enrolled. So, there used to be that the higher education system is an elite system, elite means high class, where access to higher education is limited. When the GER is between 15 percent and 40 percent, when GER reaches between 15 and 50 percent, then it is said that higher education system is a mass system, where higher education is seen as right for those who have certain formal qualifications. And higher education system are universal, India now has the GER of 26.3 percent, ASH 2018-19, that is, in the report of ASH 2018-19, now a lot of people do not know what is ASH, All India Survey of Higher Education. It did a survey in 2018-19 that our GER is 26.3 percent. Now, it has increased to 27.4 percent, but now it can be said that we are in the initial stages, that is, we are reaching the first step that we can give higher education to more people, but still India's GER is lower than the global average of 36.7 percent, that is, the average of Vishwa's GER is 36.7 percent, we are less than that, we are less than Vaishviksthar, that is why it has been considered, it has been considered, it has been seen with a distance of 2,000 meters, 50 percent, so now we have reached the 23th, how will we do it in this year, that is, we will have to work a lot for it. I have agreed with you on this issue that when we talk about the role of public sector here, then we will talk about the role of financing, by the way, we have learned a lot about higher education, we have learned a lot that the regulatory system is its UGC, it has been talked about on AICT, it has been talked about on NCTG, what has your NEP said on higher education, how our governance NEP wants to change, that only one HECI will be there, Higher Education Council of India, only BCI and MCI will be different from that, that is, outside Council of India and Medical Council of India, rest all HECI will see, it will have four verticals, all these things are lost, if you are forgetting, then you can see NEP's videos, that is why I have not covered it here, only about financing, why? Because the public system was falling behind in financing, that is why the concept of privatisation has come, that is why I have kept the whole concept here until financing, okay? So let's see ahead, Government Spending on Higher Education, the government is spending so much on education, so let's see that from 1991 to 2003, Government spending on higher education ranged between 0.5% to 0.6% of GNP, that is, gross national product, only 5-6% of the government was spending on higher education, from 1990 to 2003, it was amongst the lowest in the world, in a way, the lowest government was spending on GDP, GNP, since 2008-2009, public spending on higher education in India has varied between 1.1% to 1.3% of GDP, that is, gross domestic product, from 1% to 1.3% of the government was spending, in 2008-2009, according to the 2015 data, India's government spending on higher education is the highest in South Asia, and in 2015, India's highest, that is, it has gone up to 10, that is, so, in 2015, the government spending on higher education was the highest in South Asia, that is, it is gradually increasing its spending, the Union and state governments are considered equal partners in higher education in India, this means that the higher education in the state government will be equal partners, that is, they will share equally the spending, but their relationship in the governance and funding of higher education has been in a state of flux since independence, but since the time when India has been free, it has been in a lot of flux, I mean, it is not going well, that who will spend so much, what is the account book, until 1976, till 1976, higher education was under the stateist of the constitution, that is, this is under the constitution, the constitution of the constitution, many times I would read, this is the responsibility of the country, so this was the responsibility of the country We did all of the central government, limited to setting standards and the administration of of central universities. And what was the work of the central government? What was the role of it? That it will set a human being and that your central university students will see their administration. That was all the work until 1976. But in the 42nd amendment in 1976, what was done in your constitution in 1952, it moved higher education to the concurrent list. After that, the higher education came to the concurrent list, which means that along with the Rajya government, the central government will also be a part of it, which gave the central government a larger role in the regulation of higher education. It said that the central government will also take a big role in the regulation of higher education. So, in this way, that means the government has increased its spending, it used to look at the Rajya, now the central government is also starting to look at it. This is a very popular question, now it has become very old, otherwise it would have been considered a very popular question, that in which constitution, in which constitution, in which year, the education came to Rajya Sujji, Samvati Sujji. Financing of higher education. How is financing being seen in higher education? So, financing of education has traditionally been a domain of public sector investment. So, traditionally, from the old times, from the old times, the government is doing that and financing of higher education. The public institutions, public funding and state control were important characteristics of the higher education development in India, the initial decades after independence. That is, when India was liberated, after that, initial decades, that is, the beginning of 10 years, 10-20 years, the government is funding it, the control of the Rajya. This is going on, until 1976, it was under the Rajya. The share of education in the GDP continued to be low in the initial decades. And we also talked about the initial era, the government was spending very little in the GDP. But, following the international commitment, we signed an international sign on a signatory that we have a commitment. So, the National Policy on Education in 1976 said that we have to spend 6% of the GDP on education. That is, whatever your face is at home, you will spend 6% of it on education. This National Policy on Education in 1968 recommended us and told us about the culture. Then, the 1986 Policy on Education reiterated the national commitment to investing 6% of the GDP. We have not been able to spend 6% of the GDP so far. So, in 1986, the policy also said that we have to spend 6% of the GDP on education. Then, the Junty and Statement of 2011 reiterated the need to invest at least 6% of their GDP and 20% of the public expenditure on education. The expenditure on education as a share of GDP has been increasing in India from 0.64 in 1950-51 to the share of 4.07% of the GDP and nearly 10% of the public expenditure on education in the year 2016-17. We were spending 6% of the GDP on education in the year 1950-51. We were spending 4% of the GDP on education in the year 2016-17. But, we are still spending 6% of the GDP on education. So, that is why I have removed that matter from the video. In this video, we talked about the fact that the central government has definitely gone to spend on education. But, still, it is spending more on the central institutes, the central universities. The state universities and the institutions of the state work less on education. So, we have launched the RUSA. RUSA is a national education institution so that we can financially help the government. In 2013, the government launched the national education mission to provide strategic funding to higher and technical institutions in states. Under the centrally sponsored scheme, states are required to develop comprehensive state higher education plans with an interconnected strategy to address issues of expansion, equity, and accidents. So, we are talking about the central funding scheme launched by RUSA. In this, how was the central funding done? Academic, administrative, financial reforms of state higher education. The scheme was designed in such a manner that grants would be dependent on outcomes and based on state higher education plan. As a benchmark for state and institution performance. So, this was done for the state, because the central government was able to spend less on education. What else did RUSA do? RUSA, the resource allocation pattern is expected to change from a majority of central government funds being allocated to central universities and institutions of national importance to central funds being channelized to government or government-added state HEIs to the state governments. So, HEFA is a non-profit, non-banking financing company which allows us to prepare extra budgetary resources for crucial infrastructure. The central budget for 2018-19 called for increased investments in research and related infrastructure in premier educational institutions. In 2018, the central budget for 2018-19 also said that we need to increase funding so that we can show good infrastructure in higher education institutions. This is going in the direction of all these things. In the end, it will come to the conclusion that since the public sector is decreasing, the higher education demand is being fulfilled, that is why the private sector has entered. This has been launched with a total investment of Rs. 1 lakh, Rs. 1 lakh, you can say million in the next four years is a step in that direction. The funds mobilized through HEFA have been launched with a very large sum so that we can provide quality infrastructure, research lab and other facilities in central funded institutions such as IITs, NITs, IITs, IISERs and central universities. The future of higher education India has developed a new portal, jointly with the Ministry of Finance, the Department of Higher Education, the Ministry of Education and the Indian Bank's Association. We are not able to increase GDP, we are trying a lot, we first taught in the control of the state, then we brought it to the center, since we were not able to do it at that time, we were not paying attention to the state, so we made Russia, then we made RISE, we made HEFA in the middle, we made a lot and we are doing a lot and definitely, the public sector has a very big role in higher education in India, but still, when you start talking about the private sector, then its role will be there, that so much demand has increased, the government does not have so much fund that it can do everything by itself, that is why the entry of the private sector has been opened, that you come and you put more money in it so that we can teach everyone. So this is the state of the public sector in higher education. In this, I have not added national policies, reviews, reforms because there are a lot of things on it, where will you start every time? University Education Commission, then from its recommendation, UGC was made, NCT was made, ICT was made, you do everything, then later you are taking your commission, then you come, NEP 1968, then NEP 1986, NPE 1968, NPE 1986 and then NEP 2020 comes, there are a lot of commissions committees in between, everyone has said a few things about education, a lot of IITs have been made, a lot of institutions have been made, but still, the public sector is getting less and less to cater to such a large population of India, that is why the private sector comes into the higher education of India. In this way, I have shared with you all the financing of higher education in India by the public sector, okay? So thank you and don't forget to like and subscribe my channel, Explore Education. I have done from my side.