 The study examined four countries that have recently introduced stricter vaccine mandates due to widespread vaccine hesitancy. These countries included Italy, France, California, and Australia. The study found that the main driver behind the stricter mandates was the need to address the lack of compliance with existing vaccines. This was particularly true in Italy and France, where the existing vaccine governance systems were threatened by low levels of compliance. In contrast, California and Australia did not face any significant issues with their existing vaccine governance systems, but activists used local opportunities to increase political pressure on decision makers. The study concluded that the stricter mandates were attractive to governments because they offered a solution to both functional and political pressures. This article was authored by Katie Atwell and Adam Hannah.