 Metallic biomaterials have been developed as a way to replace or repair damaged bone and soft tissue. These materials can be used in joint replacements, dental implants, orthopedic fixations and stents. However, these materials often cause complications such as inflammation, mechanical instability, necrosis and infection. To address these issues, researchers have focused on modifying the surfaces and bulk of the material to increase its biocompatibility and mechanical properties. Additionally, 3D printing has become increasingly popular in the field of biomedical engineering, allowing for customization of implants and other medical devices. This article was authored by Karthika Prasad, Olbazaka, Mingchua and others.