 तो हम इस सेक्छन में पहले ओएल और गैस से start करगें यह उसके उरीजन देखगें के कैसे start होता हैं असके कहाँ से शुरु होता है अगर उसके बात नोगे के कहाँ तक पहोशता है, उसवह तक के जब तके तेल निकालना जाहें, तेल निकालने तक की बात रहेगी, तेल निके बातके बा�好吃,那 the distillation, and that will be in the other section. तो पहले हम औल और गेस के निके बातके बातके हैं. तो ये, येぶनी तोर पे चाम शुप़ोता है, वो यों चीजों से वो रह थाे, जिस खो न्देख नी सकते हैं, वो न्चो खयतें, प्लन्क्तन, especially zooplankton, zooplankton is an animal, a small animal, now I will show you its picture, these are all examples of zooplankton, now look at its size, from 300 to 600 microns, if you will be very careful, you may see it, it is in the light wavelength, from 400 to 750 nanometers, this is inside the micron, so you may see it, but it is very small, very small things, but the whole ocean is filled with it, the volume of the water matches the volume of it, now the big whale fishes, what do they eat, they eat this, you see the biggest animal in the world, the whale fishes, now it only eats these things and lives, now these are very small things, and the origin of this oil is all these things, zooplankton, now look at one thing, if first you went to the market, you brought a piece of meat, you kept it in the kitchen and forgot that it had to be cooked, but something happened, the next day what will happen, it must have been spoiled, it must have been cooked, so what does it mean, it means that the proteins in the meat break, because of the break out of it, the gas comes out, the gas you hear, you can see that there are such things, how the protein gets spoiled, it gets oxidized, because of the air, it gets oxidized, in some places, I don't know if it happens in Pakistan, in some places people take the meat and put it in a plastic bag, and suck it out of it, vacuum it, then you keep that meat, keep it outside, keep it in the fridge, if you keep it outside for 3-4 weeks, then keep it outside for 1-2 days, there won't be any damage, because there is no oxygen inside, so that's why the protein doesn't get oxidized, so the purpose of the meat getting spoiled is the oxidation of the protein, and you know how much protein there is inside the meat, so these are the things, now these are all proteins, zooplankton, and their age is 1-2 days, in fact, they are in hours, they come, do whatever they want, in ecology there is a value, the biggest value is that the fish are cooking, but they die, after that where do they die, all the zooplankton are coming down, in the sea, and that meter tall is making their layer, how many are there, what happens in the sea, if they are above, then the fish are above, there are very few fish that are in the deep sea, why, because there is less oxygen there, so mostly the fish are above or in the shallow seas, there are very few animals that can come in low oxygen content, some people say that they don't use oxygen and carbon, they use sulphur, there is no proof of that, but if there is less oxygen, then there is no way, so when all these things are coming down, now it starts to rot, it starts to rot as if the meat is getting spoiled, but there is no oxygen, so the protein that breaks out, then it cannot be oxidized, if it cannot be oxidized, then there is a protein, there are fatty acids inside it, so all these things, now see how small these things are, now if these small things are not oxidized and there is a change in the oil, then how much oil will come out of them, but their mass is so much, that if you convert them, then you can get a little bit of oil out of all of these zooplankton, so this is a very amazing thing that how small these things are, it creates such a huge amount of oil, now see this in this graphic, that these zooplankton, these fish are eating zooplankton, the remaining ones are coming down, now as they are coming down, then what happens in the ocean, there is sand coming from the sea, it is also coming down, so the layer of zooplankton came up, and the layer of sand came up, so the zooplankton is completely oxidized inside it, oxygen is over, and the pressure increases, pressure increases from above, and the earth's mantle is very hot from below, and it is hot from below, and the pressure is from above, and there is no oxygen, so this means that all these things, not all of them, the majority of the mass is converted into oil, but all these conversion of the oil, even after mixing all these, there are very small pockets of oil, apart from that, there is another process from which the oil is completely formed, and you can go to one place where you can collect it, so this is how this kind of pocket is formed, now see how the upper ones, see how all these oil pockets are formed, that is formed, the first step is complete, now the second step is how these small pockets are condensed in one place, where there is so much oil that it can be removed, everywhere there is oil, now I had already told you about the shale sand, the tar sand, in that there is no oil, it is always mixed with mud, it has to be removed separately, but it is not there, most of the oil, there is oil in it, there is not only mud, there is only oil in it, for that there is a geological process, the earth which changes, the movement of the earth, which pressurizes it, on top it is sand, and that is the layer of plankton, and below it is pressed by the geological process, now as the pressure goes on, all these things will get condensed due to its pressure, now due to the pressure, see this is the structure, conical structure, so now I will show you the picture, this conical structure, people see from above, where there is such a conical structure, so the surveyors, the first surveyors, they see where they get such a structure, if it is flat land, this means there is no geological process, if there is oil, it is dispersed, it cannot be removed efficiently and economically, so due to this, the geological process can be condensed, so by combining all these conical structures, oil and gas are produced together, oil is the mixture of carbon and hydrogen, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, all these things are the mixture of carbon and hydrogen, and the first mixture is methane, carbon-1, hydrogen-4, CH-4, methane-1, pentane-5 carbon, hexane-6 carbon, the heavier they are, the more they change in oil, methane, pentane, butane, sorry, not pentane, butane, so all these are just gas, because they are light, if they are not carbon, then they are light, so they are gas, all the other things are trapped in oil, so both are the same mechanism of becoming both, now when they are collected, from above, they are called cat holes, they test it, from where it came out, that is a seismic procedure, that too I will tell you in a minute, but when there was one place, then the oil came out, this is an easy way, although there are many difficulties, it has to be surveyed from above, then it has to be seen from below, this is a place like this in LA, a big city, a whole city, there are two or three blocks in between, where it is as if the oil is very close to the ground, there is no need to use it, but in the old times, people would come, they would take the oil out, they would burn it, for the light, for the heat, for everyone, but there is such a place, where there is oil, keechard, everyone would come and get trapped there, so this is there, human beings, dinosaurs, everyone there, they made a section, they took out all the things, that these things would come here, they would get trapped for water, this is what they talked about, what they saw from above, this is a picture of Saudi Arabia, they saw from below, who is there, and then they realized, that maybe there is oil here, I will tell you in the next section, and then after that, they drilled it, there are many cultural things in it, some people say, there is a special tree, they take it, they tell where it is, there is no science in it, but these things are done scientifically, they are called surveys, or seismologists, and the story of seismology, I will tell you in the next section.