 The study found that antimicrobial use in periurban smallholder poultry systems in Kenya is high, with most farmers self-administering antibiotics through water. Additionally, many farmers purchase antibiotics from agrivet shops without prescription and often fail to observe withdrawal periods. This practice could be contributing to the spread of antimicrobial resistance. This article was authored by Florence Mutua, Gideon Kyrie, Miriam Batha, and others.