 Section 38 of the American Book of the Dog. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org, recording by Joshua Dickey, the American Book of the Dog, Geo Shields Editor. Section 38, The Mastiff by William Wade. In writing of mastiffs, certainly one of the very oldest breeds of dogs now existing, there is a strong temptation to go into an inquiry as to the origin of so ancient a breed, to inquire as to where it sprung from, how it was developed, etc. This however, I cannot bring myself to do. All theories as to the matter would be but theories. Everything about the question would be misty and shadowy, and where it is perfectly evident that no valid proof can be produced for any of the many theories as to the origin or relationship of the breed, it seems to me most unprofitable to waste our time in hazardous speculation which can profit nobody. Should there be any readers of the American Book of the Dog who delight in such obstrucin anti-quarium pursuits, I would commend to them the admirable monograph of the mastiff prepared by Mr. M. B. Nguyen, the noted English authority on the breed, in which work he has displayed a remarkable degree of patience, and has devoted an amount of research to this branch of the subject, demonstrating most clearly that with him it was a labor of love. Footnote A few of Mr. Nguyen's most pointed observations on the subject may properly be quoted here. On pages 17 and 18 he says that a true Asiatic mastiff has existed from very remote ages is proved by their figures represented on Assyrian sculptures some 650 years BC. These show the broad, short, truncated muzzle of the true mastiff, the lips being deeply pendulous and the loose skin down the sides of the face falling in heavy folds, the ears being wholly pendant and the do-lap very pronounced, which seems characteristic of the Asiatic mastiff in its purity, the body cylindrical and heavy, the limbs extremely massive, the stem mostly carried upward over the back in a hoop-like curve. These dogs appear to have been a vast size, equaling in proportion the largest of our modern dogs, and their height may be estimated to have been from 30 to 34 inches at shoulder, and at times even 36 inches perhaps. Mr. Nguyen traces the history of these dogs into Greece, Alexander the Great having introduced them there in 326 BC, and notes Marco Polo's mention AD 1295 of mastiffs in Central Asia as large as asses. On page 23 the same author writes, The earliest and most incontestable proofs we possess of the origin of the various races of dogs are of the delineations of the animals that existed in the days of early Assyrian, Egyptian, and Grecian sculpture, and among these we may trace dogs of the mastiff as well as of the Greyhound and other types existing before the Christian era. The characteristics are the same today as they were when the noble mastiff delighted the eyes of the Assyrian kings. Reverting to page 16 of the same work we read, The theory or opinion I hold is that the English mastiff from the earliest times has existed in Britain in its purity, resembling in many respects a vast bulldog, being the ancestor of that breed, such being the true pugnaces particular to Britain and Gaul. Mentioned by the historians, and by crossing these with larger breeds, particularly the Asiatic mastiff, introduced probably by the Phoenicians and other large races of the pugnaces as the White Allen or war dogs of the Elani, a larger variety of the mastiff was formed. Again on page 35, from the preceding it will be seen that dogs of a true mastiff type have existed from the earliest times, and it has been conjectured that the Phoenicians introduced the Assyrian or Asiatic mastiff into Britain. Further on, the same writer states that Phoenician traders probably bartered specimens of the Asiatic mastiff to the Britons in exchange for ten, which was in early ages an important article of commerce between the two countries. Idstone claims that the mastiff existed in France at an early period, that it was known to the Greeks as Molyssus from Molyssus, a part of Epirus, and that it was subsequently distributed from Middle Asia throughout Europe. End of Footnote For my part, I do not believe that the mastiff as we have him today existed in anything but a very rough and crude form a few hundred years since. England evidently had in a very early day a dog used for somewhat the same purpose as the mastiff is now used. This was the broad-mouthed dog of Britain. But whether it was the mastiff or the bulldog is, to my mind, pure conjecture. Whether the mastiff is an offshoot of the bulldog bred in a different direction for size, etc., or vice versa, or whether both sprung from the same route and have been differently developed is merely guesswork, and I never had the patience to thoroughly read such tiresome gropings in the dark, except when I read Wynn as a matter of duty. I fancy that the earliest picture of a mastiff by a well-known and prominent artist is that shown in Van Dyke's picture of the children of King Charles I. As the child standing beside the dog appears to have been about 12 years old at the time, it may reasonably be assumed that the picture was painted about 1632, and the dog shown in the picture would not be disgraced now in a class of show specimen. Mr. Wynn characterizes this dog as a boarhound type, with which statement I cannot agree. The width of skull, the raised ridges over the eyebrows, the comparatively short muzzle, and the gentle, loving expression are most diverse from the long muzzle, narrow skull, and treculent expression common in the boarhound. No one can study the affectionate expression of the upturned eye of the noble dog shown in this picture without experiencing a feeling of admiration for the grand character of the dog. It indicates in unmistakable terms that serious trouble would instantly befall anyone who might attempt to harm his young protégé. Next in order of date to this picture, within my observation, comes the picture in Bingley's Memoirs of British Quadrupeds. Published in 1809, wherein a dog of admirable, mastiff type in body and legs is shown, but this specimen appears too much tucked in at the flanks and with the most peculiar of heads, the muzzle being far shorter in proportion to the general size of the dog than in the most snub-nosed pet of the fancy of today, or rather of a few years since. While the skull is preposterously long in just the same ratio that the muzzle is short, it may be said that Hewitt, the artist who illustrated Bingley, had drawn on his fancy and that the picture was no likeness, but such a position is untenable by reason of the striking fidelity to life of the pictures of British wild animals shown in the same book and drawn by the same artist. It may therefore reasonably be assumed that his picture of the mastiff was true to the subject. Thus it appears that the second type of mastiff was a long-scold short muzzled one. Coming on down through the mastiff ages, we reach the pictures of Luke's Bruce the First and Second, Luke's Lion, Lord Waldegrave's Couches, and other fountains of our present mastiff blood, and we find dogs of what would now be called a long-faced type. This is showing in his portrait a most savage temper, while Lion appears singularly gentle and noble in his expression. Possibly I am in error in noting these last two dogs among English mastiffs, as both came from Mount St. Bernard, but for all that they were of high English mastiff type, strengthening the claim of Mr. Wynn, Colonel Garnier, and others that the English and Alpine mastiff only differed in point of size, the latter being the larger. The next type illustrated is the one that would now be called Houndie, a lurcher, etc., as evidenced by the famous old champion Turk, Miss Hale's Lion, Colonel, and Salisbury. These dogs had long muzzles deep and blunt, showed general symmetry and vigor, and were succeeded by the crown prince disposition of puggy undershot muzzles, straight hawks, flabby obesity, and lack of vigor. I do not mean to say that at any of these periods either type was universal, but it is certain that during the latter years the rage was for certain peculiarities, and dogs not conforming to the dictates of the fashion were, in the vernacular of dog shows, no mastiffs. Van Dykes and Bingley's pictures only teach us that there were such dogs, but we do not know whether the majority of the breed then existing was of similar type. In fact, it is reasonable to assume that there was no such thing as type 100 years ago. In those days, breeders bred only for specific use, and the appearance of the animal was a matter of little importance. The early history of the mastiff in America is a broken chapter, enveloped in a good deal of doubt. Of course mastiffs were imported into the colonies in early days, just as any other breed might have been, but their blood soon became mingled with that of the average dog of the land, and for years no pure strains were bred. New Englanders imported many, but unfortunately they were not careful as to the pedigrees they got with the animals, and the result is that New England pedigrees are an amusing study for their complications, and one is often puzzled to know whether the pedigree is a blundering fraud or an honest mistake. Mezzers, Milliken, Kelly, Boditch, and others imported dogs as early as the 18th century, some of which must have been of considerable merit, but as far as the value of their pedigrees is concerned, they are equal to by dog x bitch. Mr. Lloyd Phoenix of New York City at an early day imported a litter brother of the famous champion king and a black bitch from the noted dealer Bill George, and there can be no doubt as to the honesty of this transaction, George being above suspicion, but unfortunately he preserved no records of what became of the dogs or what offspring they left. Colonel Garnier brought a pair with him from England to Canada about 1837, which he left there on his return taking only a son, Lyon, who was afterward the sire of the noted Lurkies Governor, and considerable of this stock was scattered over this country, some going as far west as St. Louis, Missouri. But no traces can be found of them further than this. The earliest importations of stock of known breeding and high pedigree of which any records have been kept were those of Mr. Underwood and Mr. E. Delafield Smith of Newark, New Jersey, who bought some dogs from Mr. Frank Heinzman of Bradford, England. The pedigrees of these dogs are thoroughly established and given in full and their breeding was of the highest order. A curious mistake, however, occurred therein in printing Ornaker for Quaker, any pedigrees running as many do to Delafield Smith's strain may be accepted as genuine and valuable. Mr. R. L. Belknap and General S. L. M. Barlow of New York also imported several mastiffs, some 15 or 20 years since, but the pedigrees of such of Mr. Belknap's as I have seen are unsatisfactory, while those of General Barlow's Ruth and others are clear and correct. Dr. W. H. Lee of Boston made an important record as a mastiff breeder about 1883, owning Turk, a fine dog of the older type and having imported Ilford Cromwell. Dr. J. W. Alsop of Middleton, Connecticut also did a good service about the same time, importing Bodatia by Raja and the Pelham Manor Kennels by importing Cato and Queen II. Mr. Charles H. Morgan of Warchester, Massachusetts imported Duchess of Canaw and Mr. Herbert Mead of Lake Wackbuck, New York imported Princess Royal, Ida, and Fairy. The most decided impetus to mastiff interest in the late years was given by the starting of the Ashmont Kennels of Boston, Massachusetts by Dr. J. Frank Perry with such dogs as Hero II, Ilford Cromwell, Lorna Dune, Balgall, etc., which may be said to have started the movement that led to the importation of such dogs as Ilford Caution, Minting Alonso, Ilford Chancellor, Lady Colius, Lady Phyllis, Countess of Dunsmore, Ilford Comedy, Phaedra, Cambrian Princess, Buford, Gerda, Moses, Rosalind, Prussian Princess, Lady Gladys, etc. The leading breeder in the country today is Mr. E. H. Moore of Melrose, Massachusetts, with Ilford Chancellor as stud dog and his galaxy of brood bitches including Cambrian Princess, Lady Colius, Lady Phyllis, Lady Marjorie, etc., a collection not excelled either in England or in this country. Next in order comes Mr. J. L. Winchell of Fairhaven, Vermont, with Buford, Gerda, Ben, etc., followed by Mr. R. P. H. Durkee of Chicago, with Melrose Prince, Mr. C. C. Cook of Canton, Ohio, with Moses, not the imported dog of that name previously mentioned, Minglata, etc., Dr. George B. Ayers of Omaha, Nebraska, with Ed Wee, Duke of Canell, Ilford Comedy, and Mr. Charles E. Prynne of Peoria, Illinois, with Ormonde, Phaedra, and Lady Colry, Mr. Clinton in Powell of Omaha, with Edna, Donna, etc. Among other noted breeders, owners, or importers may be mentioned, Mezzers E. B. Sears, Melrose, Massachusetts, Comset, Kennels, 9 West 35th Street, New York City, Miss D. E. Hulk, 453 East 116th Street, New York City, W. E. Rothamale, Union Stockyard, Chicago, Illinois, F. A. Errett, 92nd Street, between 2nd and 3rd Avenues, New York City, J. B. Hefter, 419 East 106th Street, New York City, W. A. Power, 266 Washington Street, Boston, Massachusetts, C. A. Altmontfrager, Minden, Iowa, Houston, Wyeth, St. Joseph, Missouri, A. J. Mazer, Buffalo, New York, R. R. Osterike, Detroit, Michigan, Hugh Falconer, Shelburne, Ontario. This list of leading breeders and owners is compiled from memory, and if I have omitted any, it must be laid to forgetfulness, not to intent. Certainly the Mastiff has come to stay. Other breeds of large dog may temporarily overshadow him in point of numbers or popular fancy, but the Mastiff has too firm a position in the canine interest of the country. He represents too much of the wealth of the canine world and is too highly appreciated by dog fanciers of all classes to ever be neglected, either at home or on the show bench. In one respect, the grand characteristics of the Mastiff have undergone little change. I might almost say none, as compared to the vast changes that have occurred in physical confirmation. One of the very earliest English writers of dogs, Dr. Kias, I think, mentions the Masty that keepeth thy house. Bingley gives the Mastiff a reputation for wise discrimination, careful watchfulness, vigilance, and fondness for affording protection that seems an inherent characteristic of the race, from its origin to the present day. I have known pets of the show ring, dogs of the bluest of blue blood, such as Lord Raglan, brother of the famous champion Orlando, Bodatia by Raja, Persephone by Debonair ex-Acrown prince bitch, the long-faced snippy gypsy and others of her ilk to display the same general measure of wisdom as watchdogs. And it is as the watchdog, par excellence, that the Mastiff is admired. Undoubtedly, dogs of other breeds, and even mongrels, often, but not generally, display the same traits that so glorify the Mastiff. For instance, I know that the champion Saint Bernard Barry was eminent in this respect, but I also know that in this respect, Mastiff's average very much higher than any other breed. I have owned and known intimately with abundant opportunity to study them, fully a hundred Mastiffs, and in that number there was but one real savage dog, but one that would attack except as a last resort. Let me illustrate, and in so doing I must perforce repeat stories I have told before. An old woman came to my house to stay for a fortnight. Being fond of dogs, she soon gained gypsy's confidence, and gypsy seemed as fond of her as of any member of my family. A week or so after the old woman left my house, she came back to get some vegetables, and the cook, knowing gypsy's friendliness towards the old woman, gave the latter a basket and directed her to the garden, where she began to pick tomatoes. Gypsy, aspiring this, put a stop to it by pushing the woman away, but finding these intimations insufficient, she bristled up and growled at her. The old woman, in great distress, came to the cook and reported gypsy's conduct, which the cook disposed of by going out to the garden, picking some tomatoes and putting them in the old woman's basket, when gypsy seemed to consider herself discharged from further obligation in this case. Then however, the woman went to another part of the garden and undertook to pick beans. Gypsy vetoed that, and fresh authority had to come from the cook. Permission to pick tomatoes did not by any means involve the same as to the beans. Hector, going along the road, saw a woman beating a little child with great brutality. Although all were strangers to him, he jumped the fence and with bristled back in drawn lips, inquired in doggy speech. What are you doing that for? The woman screeched like an owl and flew into the house. When Hector jumped the fence and went on about his business, Ariant got into the room where a dance was going on and incontentally broke up the business. It looked to him altogether too much like fighting to comport with his ideas of peace. Dr. Campbell, the noted blind American now resident in England, was going over his grounds with his champion Lily II. When she interfered with his progress in one direction and when he did not comprehend her and persisted in going on, caught him by the leg and not a step would she let him move. Then he called on a member of his family for explanations and it transpired that he was on the point of walking into a deep ditch, lately dug on his grounds with which he was unacquainted. The famous old champion Turk was a dog of the very highest courage, fearing nothing that lived. Yet when a cat boldly kittened in his kennel, Turk guarded the little strangers with the utmost vigilance. Gypsy, lion, ginger, Lee's Turk, Bodatia, and Winifred all had the strong disposition to accompany members of the families when they went away from home, particularly if the person was a woman or a child. It was some trouble to Koch's lion to go off the place with a man and almost impossible to do so in daylight, but if a woman went away at night he would use every endeavor to go with her and if he couldn't go, would fume and fret in the most vexed style. Gypsy would never let my four-year-old boy go off the place alone without getting up and going with him. Any of the dogs I have mentioned when in charge of any person on a walk at night might stray a considerable distance away from their charge, but let him hear a strange footstep and they would immediately draw near the person they were escorting and remain near until the strange footstep was lost in the distance. These are but specimen bricks from many kilnfuls that I could deliver and it will be noted that in no case did the Mastiff resort to violence. Gentle means in each case proving sufficient, but will a Mastiff attack, rend and terrification demands? Listen, lion was accustomed to working men coming around my place in their working clothes and beyond keeping a careful watch over them and occasionally remonstrating against what he deemed improper conduct never molested anybody. But one morning a typical tramp came to the back door. One of your regular died-in-the-wool dirty ragged frowsy red-faced tramps stinking of whiskey. Just as the cook opened the door, lion came around the other side of the house and with one short hurried bark sprung straight at the fellow's throat. The cook interfered and ordered the dog off, but she might as well have whistled to the wind and when she caught him by the collar, he jerked her across the floors if she had been a feather. Until the hired man came to her aid and succeeded in depriving lion of a taste of that tramp, it is unnecessary to add that when my people finally got the dog under control, the tramp was out of sight and for ought I know is running yet. Now so obedient was lion to that cook under ordinary circumstances that if she put food for him on the floor and said, lion, don't you touch that, he would back off, lick his lips, eye the food in the most wistful manner, but would lie by it all day without touching it. He knew, however, that his duty in life was to dispose of tough-looking tramps and no order would drive him from so relish to duty. Mr. Luckey, the father of the Mastiff, was once attacked by a large Newfoundland he owned and was in most imminent danger when his noted countess, dam of governor, broke the chain by which she was fastened, attacked the Newfoundland and although much the smaller animal actually killed the assailant, that this role of protector should be the Mastiff's inborn disposition is perfectly natural, as long since as the time of Queen Elizabeth, he was the Masty that keepeth the house, and for some centuries previous this must have been his vocation to have established it so firmly in his character. After perhaps 600 years of use for this purpose, it is not, I repeat, strange that protection of life and property should be the one object in life of this grand dog. If I have not made it sufficiently plain, let me say now that the crowning glory of the Mastiff and the immeasurable value of the breed as watchdogs lie in the market unwillingness to resort to strong measures until mild ones have been tried and failed. Almost any breed of dogs or non-breed will attack strangers if need be, but the Mastiff is the only dog whose special characteristic it is not to attack until warning and threats have failed. One of the most noble characteristics of the Mastiff is his peaceable, tractable disposition. He can and will fight most savagely if forced into it, but rarely indeed does a Mastiff precipitate a fight. Treat him kindly and the child may control him, but if he be imposed upon to such an extent that he declares war, let man and beast beware, for no raging lion is more fierce or courageous than a thoroughly angered Mastiff. Perhaps the greatest pleasure of my Mastiff breeding experience was in giving a Mastiff puppy to the little blind, deaf and dumb Helen Keller whose remarkable history was noted in St. Nicholas magazine about a year since. To such a helpless object as this child, such a dog as my glorious old gypsy was would be invaluable. As to what a Mastiff should be in confirmation, much if not all depends on which post you wish to tie to. If you wish to win prizes at dog shows, be exalted as owning the Crack Mastiff, the nearer you can get to the standard laid down by Mr. M. B. Wynn for the original Mastiff Club of England, the better. If you interpret this standard and scale of points with strictness in every particular and breed to it faithfully, you will get dogs that will be, bodily at least, all you want and it may be mentally. But if because the scale allots 40 points in the hundred to head properties, you magnify that 40 to 99 and condone weak loins, straight hawks, two short bodies, weak joints and frightfully undershot muzzles as weighing nothing against the grand head, you will probably get waddling ugly brutes that will never rise above the position of prize winners under fancy judges. That this standard and scale of points can be carried out and still breed Mastiffs as the result is shown by the grand dog Buford, chosen as an illustration of this article. A dog with the extreme of short face and realizing as near the ideal of the standard as a dog is likely ever to do, yet without a single deformity and not overdone in a single particular, his only fault if fault it may be termed is large due clause, which impede his action behind and which should have been removed when a puppy as they possess no fancy merit or demerit being simply admissible. Buford's merits are in his excellent four legs, straight and strong, his deep capacious chest, his admirable hind legs with perfection and hawks, the very broad flat kind most desirable in Mastiffs, his vast skull, neat ears and bulky loin. His head is fashionable today, but should the longer head of Turk or Colonel etc. become the fashion in years to come, Buford will still be thoroughly the Mastiff in bodily properties. As to breeding, I have treated that subject at some length in the article in this book on the old English sheepdog and the advice they're given is equally applicable to the breed of Mastiffs. All I would add is that the dog to breed to is the one noted for getting good ones, and when you strike a good strain, stick to it as long as it can be sustained. Remember that in many cases, great showbitches are miserable failures as producers. The rules for rearing Mastiffs as distinct from those applying to other breeds are few and simple, but it may be especially said of them that above all other breeds they need the most abundant exercise while young. They are certainly lazy dogs, indisposed to exertion, and if reared singly, are not likely to take the required amount of exercise. To supply this, it is well to procure some kind of playmate for the youngsters. Any cure will answer, as long as it be playful and not too small. If reared in litters, the Mastiff puppies will stimulate each other sufficiently. Distrust a stud dog that is cooped up without free exercise. Some under these conditions do not seem to fail as stock-getters, others do. Lord Raglan was set down as impotent until his last owner put him on the road, following his buggy. Then he got puppies with as much certainty as the average stud dog. In estimating the scale of points laid down by Mr. Wynn, it must be remembered that it was framed by a fanatic on head, one who exalted that property as high as anybody, but who at the same time insisted on bodily vigor, muscular development, and the utmost activity. I would remark as to his requirement, expression lowering, that this must not be misunderstood as savage or so on, but that the dog must present such an appearance as is calculated to deter trespassers, and as corollary, he must be above permitting undue familiarity from strangers. His work is that of a watchdog, and such a dog must not make up with every stranger that comes along. As an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure, it is best to have your watchdog impress people that they must behave with circumspection, rather than that he should invite them into doing as they please, and then have to check them. One piece of advice to the visitor who goes to the home that a Mastiff keepeth. Do not behave as though afraid of the dog. Many centuries of education have taught him that ill-fearers are ill-doers. Approach the house quietly but confidently. If the Mastiff barks, growls, or smells of you, try to proceed without noticing it. If he seems determined to stop your progress, stand perfectly still until some member of the family comes to your relief, remembering always that the Mastiff is only a dog after all, and in doing his duty he must not be judged by the standard of a Socrates. He acts from the standpoint of his nature, not yours, so don't be angry at his doing what you would do if in his place, and, provoking as the experience may be, remember that it is only faithfulness on the part of the dog. Remember also not to attempt to caress or fondle the dog. Let him smell you to his heart's content and show that he is thoroughly satisfied with you before you attempt familiarities. Any good watch Mastiff will suspect an attempt to seduce him from his duties if familiarity be resorted to before he has made up his mind on the subject. Be assured that the chances are 99-1 in favor of the dog not hurting you in the slightest. To anyone who wishes to rear a true Mastiff in all his perfection of utility, let me say, begin by making a friend of your dog. Let him accompany you on your walks abroad. Let him come into your house and lie before your fire and in every way connect himself with you and your welfare. If you shut him out of your house, how in the name of common sense is he to know that he has any part or interest in it? You might almost as well expect watching from one of a litter of black Essex pigs. Don't attempt to conquer him, break him in, or any of the brutalities common to vulgar dog breakers. A Mastiff that can be conquered is not the animal you could trust where you engaged in a battle to the death with a vicious burglar or tramp, nor would such an animal be a bayard in the protection of your wife and children in a lonely farmhouse with you far away. Grave faults such as killing chickens, etc. must be eradicated, but don't go at it with a club. Remember how you would treat your child in such a case and try to follow the same lines with your dog, of course allowing for the difference in mental capacity. First love your dog, next make him love you. You will never regret having gained his love and confidence, and the day may come when you will be repaid a hundredfold. The nearest that a cloud ever came to my roof tree resulted from an episode that would never have happened had my glorious old gypsy, her son's lion or hector, debook or ginger, been at home. I gave the standard set forth by the original Mastiff club of England, in preference to that prepared by the present old English Mastiff club, as it is simpler, being free from much technicality, and therefore more readily comprehended by a layman. In all essentials the two are substantially the same, points of the English Mastiff, head, general, very massive and short with great breadth and depth of skull and squareness of muzzle, expression lowering, forehead, broad, flat and wrinkled, eyebrows heavy with a broad stop extending well into the forehead, cheeks full, eyes wide apart, small and sunken, dark brown in color, muzzle short, truncated, deep and broad, not tapering toward the nose, jaws very wide, line of profile from stop level, not drooping toward the nose, i.e. not hound muzzled, black in color, nose large, nostrils large and well marked line between, lips thick and pendulous, they should fall forward, not hanging at the corners of the mouth as in the bloodhound, teeth large, undershot or level, ears small, pendant or semi erect, not placed so low as in the hound, the darker the color the better, body, general, thick set and muscular, with great length and bulk on comparatively short legs, neck short, thick and muscular, do lap slightly developed, chest deep, wide between the four legs, shoulders wide apart across breast and back, shoulder blades deep, back long and broad, loin, broad, flat and muscular, thighs straight, muscular and thick, stern, fine, short, straight, thick at root, tapering to tip and carried down generally, four legs short, from elbow to ground straight with plenty of bone and muscle, hind legs straight, well curved from stifle to hawk with plenty of bone, do claws admissible, feet round, large and compact, coat hard, short and fine, color, fawn with black ears and muzzle or good brindles equal pides are admissible and equal for purity, award no points for color, height, general, produced by depth of body, not by length of limb, dogs, from 27 inches at shoulder and upward, the greater the height the better, providing there is no loss of symmetry and character and that the weight increases in proportion, bitches, generally average three inches less than dogs, scale of points for judging, head 40 points, shape of skull, 10, girth of skull, 10, ears, carriage and size, five, muzzle, bluntness, three, breadth, three, depth, three, lips, three, color, three, body, 35 points, neck four, breath of breast four, loin and back four, girth of chest four, shoulders four, length four, thighs three, stern three, legs three, feet two, general 25 points, size, height and general appearance of bulk, 15, coat, five, fawns with dark ears and muzzle or brindles with dark ears and muzzle, five, red with black muzzle or all black, award three points only, total 100, fawns without dark points, brindles ditto, reds without black muzzle and pies award no points for color. Dogs of 27 inches at shoulders should weigh 120 pounds. Dogs of 28 inches at shoulder should weigh 130 pounds. Dogs of 29 inches at shoulder should weigh 140 pounds. Dogs of 30 inches at shoulder should weigh 150 pounds. Dogs of 31 inches at shoulder should weigh 160 pounds. Dogs of 32 inches at shoulder should weigh 180 lbs. Dogs of 33 inches at shoulder should weigh 190 lbs. Dogs of 34 inches at shoulder should weigh 200 lbs. Award a less number of points in proportion to the deficiency in the specimen being judged. Section 39 of the American Book of the Dog. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Recording by Tom Mack, Tucson, Arizona. The American Book of the Dog, G.O. Shields editor. Section 39, The Newfoundland by L.F. Whitman. The history of the Newfoundland is very brief and until the last century no writer who treats of dogs has said anything about him. Among the leading writers on this breed, to whom I am deeply indebted for much of the information given herein, are Hugh Dahlsjell, author of British Dogs, Jero Shaw, author of The Illustrated Book of the Dog, and Stonehenge, author of The Dogs of the British Islands. It is common to call every large black shaggy dog a Newfoundland, as it is to call all small shaggy terriers scotch terriers. The intelligence of the Newfoundland made him in former times where a large dog was desirable. One of the greatest favorites in Great Britain, long before the St. Bernard was known there. His fine formation and great strength and stately carriage being unsurpassed and rendering him highly popular as a companion. The early settlers in Newfoundland were mainly natives of the Channel Islands, and it is a question whether some of these did not bring with them some large dogs, which being crossed with native dogs formed after a time a new breed. Several writers speak of the impurity of the breed that is now found in Newfoundland, lamenting that it is only found there in a mongrelized form, having been crossed with various other breeds. It is extremely doubtful whether the breed in its early day possessed the intelligence of the present Newfoundland. It is more likely that the breed as now known was manufactured by Europeans, as it was very popular in England during the latter part of the 18th century, and is referred to by many English writers of that day as a well-known breed. It was especially valued because of the many instances recorded of Newfoundland's saving people from drowning. In England, long before dog shows were in existence, the Newfoundland was the trusted companion and guard of people of both high and low degree, and everyone had his own standard of excellence for his pet. He is still popular there, and there are more so-called Newfoundlands kept in England as guards and pets than any casual observer is aware of. Many of the early Newfoundlands differed widely in color and in other points, from those now held to be of the proper type. In early times there were many large dogs in Newfoundland that were called Newfoundlands, but the inhabitants of the island looked only on such as were black or rusty black with thick shaggy coats as being of the true type. Some of the early writers declared the true breed to be only of an intense black with a small streak of white on the breast. This white marking, however, is found on nearly all specimens of this breed. Other authorities claim that the predominant color is white with black head or face mark, a black saddle mark, and other black markings, and still others claim that the dog should be of rusty done shade. No doubt there are many dogs of the latter color in Newfoundland, the faults arising from the improper selection of breeding stock, as they vary greatly in color, size, and coat. Some claim the dog should be curly, others that he should be wavy, and still others that he should be shaggy. The coat of a Newfoundland should be of a glossy jet-black color, rather close, flat, and dense, and of a coarse texture. In the Sportsman's Cabinet, published in 1802, there is an engraving of a Newfoundland representing a dog very similar to our modern one, except that he is not so large in head, is of smaller stature, and nearly white. The author gives no accurate description but says, the dog passing under this description is so universally known in every part of the kingdom, and is so accurately delineated by the united effort of the artists in the representation annexed that a minute description of its shape, make, and form may be considered unnecessary. He is one of the most majestic of all the canine variety. Although at first sight he appears terrific, from the immensity of his magnitude, the placid serenity of his countenance, as instantly dispels the agitating vibrations of fear. The opinion of such an authority should be given great weight in considering what should be a true Newfoundland. This dog is very sensitive, and should, while young, be managed carefully. He is pleased when engaged to the advantage or for the enjoyment of his master. As a water dog he can scarcely be excelled. He has unlimited courage, and his swimming powers are so great that no sea runs too high for him to face in the discharge of any duty imposed on him by his master. On account of the water and retrieving propensities of this breed of dogs, it has been used largely in England by the leading breeders of retrievers to strengthen those qualities in their dogs. The blood of the Newfoundland has also been liberally used in producing the Chesapeake Bay dog, so popular among duck shooters in this country. In 1876, chiefly at the instigation of Mr. Hugh Dalziel, water trials for Newfoundland dogs were held at Maidstone and Portsmouth, and Mr. Dalziel says, although neither could be pronounced a brilliant success, they were each of them in many respects interesting and proved that with more experience and if well carried out, such competitive trials might become more than interesting, highly useful. In 1883, the British Kennel Association gave water trials in connection with their dog show at Aston Juxtapurmingham, many competing dogs showing great intelligence. The following are the rules drafted by Mr. C. Marshall for the conduct of water trials for dogs adopted at Maidstone, England, in 1876. 1. Courage displayed in jumping into the water from a height to recover an object. The effigy of a man is the most suitable thing. 2. The quickness displayed in bringing the object ashore. 3. Intelligence and speed in bringing a boat to shore. The boat must, of course, be adrift, and the painter have a piece of white wood attached to keep it afloat, mark its position, and facilitate the dog's work. 4. To carry a rope from shore to a boat with a stranger, not the master in it. 5. Swimming races to show speed and power against stream or tide. 6. Diving, a common flag basket with a stone in the bottom of it to sink it, answers well, as it is quite enough to be seen and soft enough to the dog's mouth. Water trials in this country for dogs properly managed would become extremely interesting, and would be an incentive to the lovers of the Newfoundland and other species of dogs to breed and train them for this purpose. It would be well to add one of these noble animals to each of our lifesaving stations as, properly trained, they would doubtless be the means of saving many human lives. He would not only be ready to save persons from drowning, but would be of great assistance in other ways as his keenness of sight and scent is surprising and his curiosity unlimited. 6. Newfoundland dogs are not active on land owing to their carrying what dog men term lumber, which makes them rather slow and loggy. Therefore, they are unfit to follow a horse going at any great speed. The following is recognized standard for judging Newfoundland dogs as formulated by Stonehenge in The Dogs of the British Islands, symmetry and general appearance. The dog should impress the eye with strength and great activity. He should move freely on his legs, with the body swinging loosely between them, so that a slight roll in gait should not be objectionable. But at the same time a weak or hollow back, slackness of the loins, or cowhawks, should be decided false. Head should be broad and massive, flat on the skull, the occipital bone well developed, there should be no decided stop, and the muzzle should be short, clean cut and rather square in shape, and covered with short fine hair. Coat should be flat and dense of a coarsish texture and oily nature and capable of resisting the water. If brushed the wrong way it should fall back into its place naturally. The body should be well ribbed up with a broad back, a strong neck well set onto the shoulders and back, and strong muscular loins. Four legs should be perfectly straight, well covered with muscle, elbows in, but well let down and feathered all down. Hind quarters and legs should be very strong. The legs should have great freedom of action and little feather. Slackness of loins and cowhawks are a great defect. Dew claws are objectionable and should be removed. Chest should be deep and fairly broad and well covered with hair, but not to such an extent as to form a frill. Bone massive throughout, but not to give a heavy inactive appearance. Feet should be large and well shaped, splayed or turned out feet are objectionable. Tail should be of moderate length, reaching down a little below the hawks. It should be of fair thickness and well covered with long hair, but not to form a flag. When the dog is standing still and not excited it should hang downward with a slight curve at the end, but when the dog is in motion it should be carried a trifle up, and when he is excited straight out with a slight curve at the end. Tails with a kink in them or curled over the back are very objectionable. Ears should be small, set well back, square with the skull, light close to the head and covered with short hair, and no fringe. Eyes should be small of a dark color rather deeply set, but not showing any haw, and they should be rather wide apart. Color. Jet black, a slight tinge of bronze or a splash of white on the chest and toes is not objectionable. Height and weight. Size and weight are very desirable so long a symmetry is maintained. A fair average height of the shoulder is 27 inches for a dog and 25 for a bitch, and a fair average weight is 100 pounds and 85 pounds respectively. Among the fine Newfoundlands in this country, the most of which were imported from England, I will mention Sam, owned by Mr. J. A. Nickerson, Boston, Massachusetts. Murrow, owned by Mr. S. S. McEwen, New Orleans, Louisiana. Mayor of Bingley, owned by Mr. C. H. Mason, New York, New York. New York Glass, owned by Mr. E. H. Morris, Stapleton, New York. Prince George, owned by Mr. John Marshall, Troy, New York. And Meta-thorpe, Prince George, owned by Meta-thorpe Canals, Lexington, Kentucky. Mr. John Marshall, Troy, New York is the most extensive breeder of this variety of dogs in the country. The Meta-thorpe Canals of Lexington, Kentucky, and Mr. J. A. Nickerson of Boston, Massachusetts, formerly bred Newfoundlands. But owing to the popularity of St. Bernard's and Mastiff's and their being very little demand for the Newfoundland, they gave up and discussed the breeding of this noble dog. To show how little they are thought of at present, I will say that out of 16,278 dogs registered to the American Kennel Club's stud book, there are only 31 Newfoundlands. And of these, three are registered as black and white. It is singular that as far as the records show, no one has imported a land seer at Newfoundland. They are a noble looking dog being white and black, nearly as large as the St. Bernard and very intelligent. To show the intelligence of the Newfoundland dog, I quote the following incidents, Pistol Grip, in the American field says, While in Helena recently I saw a Newfoundland dog which for intelligent will compare with any dog in the country. He is owned by Mr. Thompson, superintendent of the street car company who resides about two blocks from the line where the cars pass every 30 minutes. From one of these cars the family mail is thrown off. The dog is always there ready to receive it. He has never yet made a mistake in the time upon which it arrives or mistaken the car. He goes without being told and does his duty correctly. He never goes to the car on Sundays as there is no mail and always knows when that day arrives. He does many other things with equal intelligence. The following is from the Pittsburgh dispatch. A well known resident of Oakland has a large Newfoundland dog that is a wonder in his way. He weighs about 160 pounds. The gentleman walked into the dispatch business office yesterday accompanied by his dog and purchased an additional paper to mail to a relative in Illinois. The paper was wrapped up and after placing a two cent stamp on the wrapper and addressing it, the gentleman gave the paper to the dog. The owner got into his buggy and drove to the post office. The dog running alongside the horse. At the post office the gentleman stopped but the dog didn't. He mounted the steps trotted down the corridor to the receiving boxes and taking a hold of one end of the paper with his teeth. He inserted the other in the opening in the paper box and with his nose pushed it through the hole. He had no hesitancy about brushing his wet coat up against the light check trousers of several young men standing near the box and when one of them wanted to help him push the paper through the opening he growled as much as to say he knew his business and could get along without outside assistance. After depositing the paper in the box the dog bounded out again to his master who was waiting for him. It took me two weeks to train him to do that trick but it paid for me the trouble, said the gentleman. Stonehenge says the Reverend S. Atkinson of Gateshead had a narrow escape in trying to rescue one of two ladies who were immersed in the sea at New Begin, being unable to swim, but his fine dog Cato came to their aid from some considerable distance without being called and with his help Mr. Atkinson was safely brought to shore together with his utterly exhausted charge. There is another strain of Newfoundland dogs which has many admirers who claim them to be the true breed. They are white and black, mostly white, with usually an even marked black head and a white strip running up the forehead. Opinions differ as to this dog being the Newfoundland breed, the best authorities pronouncing it to be originally a fine mongrel possessing many of the points but lacking some of the characteristics of the true breed. It is not known how the so-called Landseer Newfoundland ever came into existence but it cannot be denied that it is in appearance much like the Newfoundland proper. It is true that many dogs of this color are found in Newfoundland but that is not proof of their being the true breed. They differ little from the black except in color, the curling of the coat and the head which is smaller and not so solid looking. Sir Edwin Landseer in his painting entitled A Distinguished Member of the Humane Society represented a black and white dog of the Newfoundland type which made this variety very popular for a time on account of which the English bench show committees were compelled to make a separate class for them calling them the Landseer Newfoundland. In England this dog was esteemed highly as a companion, his color and markings making him a very attractive dog, his gentleness and devotion being unsurpassed. To Dr. Gordon Stables belongs the honor of first naming this breed the Landseer Newfoundland. There are very few of any dogs of this breed in this country and as a matter of fact they are not recognized as a distinct breed by our bench show committees. They make no classes for them. Some years ago Master Willis Hoyt, Aurora Illinois, had a fine Newfoundland dog who always accompanied his young master to school carrying the boy's lunch basket. On the way to school the young man was compelled to cross a bridge over a small river and in warm weather it was the invariable custom of the dog to leave his basket on the bridge while he took a bath to cool himself off. One morning one of the other lads took the basket and hid it for the purpose of annoying the dog and seeing what he would do. The dog hunted around for some time and finally the lad gave the basket to him. The next morning when the dog arrived at the bridge he did not propose to have his basket tampered with. Therefore he kept possession of it and plunged into the water, basket and contents being thoroughly wetted. His young master, seeing the damage that had been done, said to the dog, Now you take that basket home and get me another dinner. The dog took the basket home but did not return with the lads' dinner. For his people at home could not make out why the dinner was wet or what the dog wanted. No doubt he would have taken the basket to his young master if it had again been filled. A number of years ago Mr. Rochester of Rochester, New York, had a pair of fine dogs, one a Newfoundland and the other a white French poodle. It was the owner's custom to put the poodle in a very small basket every morning and give the basket to the Newfoundland to take the poodle for an airing. In the neighborhood there was a black cur that used to nip the Newfoundland's hind legs as he was passing. One morning the Newfoundland put his basket down on the ground, went for the cur and gave him an unmerciful shaking up and after that he could perform his duties as nurse without being annoyed by that cur. The same dog went to the post office each day and placing his feet up on the window waited for the family mail after getting which he tried at home and was never known to lose any of it. End of section 39, recording by Tom Mack. There can be no doubt that the Bulldog belongs to one of the oldest races of dogs. This breed is accurately described in Edmund Delangley's Master of Game under the name of Allante. This manuscript is now in the British Museum. To the Bulldog many of our most popular breeds owe some of their best qualities such as courage and endurance and nearly every species of the canine race has at one time or another been crossed with the Bulldog in order to strengthen it in some way. The Bulldog has always been highly prized by the English people on account of his great courage and endurance and indeed he has become so identified with them as to be frequently used to typify their national character. In the reign of James I, bull-baiting was at its height. It was a favorite pastime for all classes of people and it was this sport that first brought the Bulldog into prominence. A dog that could bring a bull to the ground was in great demand and nearly every butcher in the kingdom had one trained to this work. It was claimed that the meat of a bull that had been baited was much finer than that of those which had not been and consequently few bulls were slaughtered that were not first subjected to this cruel ordeal. The Bulldog took readily to bull-baiting it being natural for him to run at the head of any animal he attacks and after pinning him to remain there as if glued. So tightly does he hold that there have been instances known where the bull has torn the body of the dog from the head and yet the head has clung to the bull. The dog would creep up to the bull, seize him by the nose and stay there until he had pinned him. For a dog to have been expert in this so-called sport he must have possessed certain essential points. He must have had a big head which is an unvarying indication of courage. His nose must have been well turned back to enable him to breathe freely when fastened to the bull. He must have been low on his legs as a long-legged dog would be in greater danger of being gored by the bull. Of course this occupation required great courage, fortitude, and endurance, but the Bulldog has plenty of these. Bulldogs were therefore bred for these points and characteristics and the type thus developed is the one that is considered standard today. In 1835 an act was passed by the English Parliament for the prevention of cruelty to animals and this put a stop to all public exhibitions of bull-baiting, although it was kept up by minors and professional sports in out-of-the-way places for a good many years thereafter. Although it was a most cruel sport and was justly prohibited, yet it was unfortunate that on that account this noble dog should have fallen into dispute and neglect as he did. As soon as public baiting was prohibited the Bulldog fell into the hands of the lowest and most disreputable class of sports and tufts and deteriorated rapidly in form and general characteristics. The qualities for which the dog was formerly most valued, not having any further employment or opportunity to develop, soon began under this loose breeding and handling to disappear. Fine specimens became rare and in time almost unknown. The Bulldog is only used now generally speaking as a pet or a watchdog and is carefully bred for points in order that he may win prizes at bench shows. At one time there were so many different types of bulldogs and so few good specimens and sizes that a few prominent English breeders got together and formed the new Bulldog Club, which has since exerted a great influence in rescuing this breed from extinction. It is amazing that the Bulldog is as affectionate as he is when we remember how the breed has been treated for generations past. Bred solely with a view to developing their savagery, their viciousness, their blood-thirsty nature, confined, hampered, and in many instances tantalized purely for the purpose of cultivating their savage instincts, it would not have been strange had we seen them today utterly uncontrollable instead of the gentle, affectionate, tractable creatures that they are. The Bulldog of today is faithful and, if brought up properly, is affectionate. He is not remarkably intelligent as his brain has never been developed, in his present uses and occupations there is no occasion for mental qualities or instincts of a high order, and it is not likely, therefore, that these will ever be cultivated to any great extent. Nor can the present type in my judgment be much improved. His traits and characteristics can be greatly improved, however, by better treatment than that which is in many cases accorded him. Many farmers and others who keep Bulldogs as sentinels and for handling stock keep them chained day and night. When a stranger enters the gate the dog, of course, flies at him, and is only prevented from tearing him up by the shortness and strength of his chain. Such treatment always spoils a dog of any breed. If allowed his freedom and treated with due kindness, this same Bulldog could readily be trained not to molest visitors other than thieves, tramps, and peddlers whom he would readily recognize as his legitimate prey. The savage appearance of the Bulldog causes many people who do not know his real nature to fear him, and only when they see him securely anchored with a chain big enough to hold a ship can they be induced to go into the same field with him. This prejudice is readily removed when these people learn to know the breed. Another reason why this breed is unpopular is that every mongrel cur that has a short, thick nose and an ugly face is popularly dubbed a Bulldog, while in many cases there is not a drop of Bulldog blood in him. Many people who are prejudiced against Bulldogs have never seen a pure one in their lives. I have owned over 40 Bulldogs, yet I never owned but one that was cross, and that any respectable person could not safely approach and handle. This one had been spoiled by being chained before I got him. He would not allow me to touch him, and once attacked his keeper savagely while grooming him, yet the keeper's child, five years old, would go into this dog's kennel and play with him by the hour. This illustrates a strong trait in the character of the Bulldog, his affection for children. This trait is constant. The Bulldog, like all other noble animals, is fond of children. In fact, I can safely say that no more affectionate dog lives than the one under discussion provided his early training is kindly and judicious. Bulldogs are difficult to breed and demand the greatest care and attention. They are extremely poor mothers and often eat their own puppies. I raised but ten puppies from twelve bitches one year, and for a good many years never did as well. While in England I took special pains to learn from other breeders what success they had met with, and found it was not much better than my own. No breed is more liable to deterioration. In a litter you seldom get more than one puppy that is up to standard. In fact, I never raised but one first-class Bulldog in all my experience, and I think that there have only been two or possibly three ever raised in America that were first class in every particular, although we have had the very best of materials to work with. There were so few good dogs bred that a few fakers undertook to aid nature. In order to shorten the upper jaw and turn the nose well up, the operators first severed the middle and two side lip strings which connect the upper lip of the dog with the gum. When this was done, a small wooden block hollowed so as to fit the bridge of the nose was applied to it just in front of the eyes and was struck a heavy blow with a mallet. This had the effect of compressing the bone and cartilage and of turning the nose up as desired. This cruel and inhuman operation was performed when the puppies were but a few weeks old. It was practiced only in private and whenever the perpetrators were detected in the act they were severely unjustly punished. The following may be mentioned among the many American breeders or owners of good Bulldogs. Hillside Kennels, Lancaster, Massachusetts. E.S. Porter, New Haven, Connecticut. R.B. Sawyer, Birmingham, Connecticut. Retner Kennels, 4 West 66th Street, New York City. Jay Lee Taylor, 12 East 10th Street, New York City. John H. Matthews, 333 East 26th Street, New York City. W.J. Comstock, 220 Canal Street, Providence, Rhode Island. H.D. Kendall, Lowell, Massachusetts. William J. Leckie, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts. F.R. Varick, Manchester, New Hampshire. J.P. Bernard, North Weymouth, Massachusetts. J.W. Heights, Burlington, Iowa. H.P. McKean, Jr., Pulaski Avenue, Germantown, Pennsylvania. R.W. Livingston, New York City. The following is the scale of points as adopted by the new Bulldog Club in 1875. General appearance, symmetrical formation, shape, make, style, and fineness, points 10. Skull, size, height, breadth, and squareness of skull, shape, flatness, and wrinkles of forehead, points 15. Stop, depth, breadth, and extant, points 5. Eyes, position, size, shape, and color, points 5. Ears, position, size, shape, carriage, and thinness, points 5. Face, shortness, breadth, and wrinkle of face, breadth, bluntness, squareness, and upward turn of muzzle, position, breadth, size, and backward indication of tip of nose, size, width, blackness and depth between nostrils, points 5. Chop, size and complete covering of front teeth, points 5. Mouth, width, squareness of jaws, projection and upward turn of lower jaw, size and condition of teeth, and if the six lower front teeth are in and even row, points 5. Chest and neck, length, thickness, arching, and do lap of neck, width, depth, and roundness of chest, points 5. Shoulders, size, breadth, and muscle, points 5. Body, capacity, depth, and thickness of brisket, roundness of ribs, points 5. Back, roach, shortness, width, and shoulders, and height, strength, and at the loins, points 5. Tail, fineness, shortness, shape, position, and carriage, points 5. Four legs and feet, stoutness, shortness, and straightness of legs, development of calves, and outward turn of elbows, straightness and strength of ankle, roundness, size, and position of feet, compactness of toes, height, and prominence of knuckles, points 5. Hind legs and feet, stoutness, length, and size of legs, development of muscles, strength, shape, and position of hocks and stifles, formation of feet and toes as in four legs and feet, points 5. Size, approach, 50 pounds, points 5. Coat, fineness, shortness, evenness, and closeness of coat, uniformity, points, and brilliancy of color, points 5. Total points, 100. End of section 40. Section 41 of The American Book of the Dog This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Recording by Betty B. The American Book of the Dog, G. O. Shields Editor. Section 41 The Dalmatian Dog by T. J. Woodcock The Dalmatian, or Coach Dog, came from the province of Dalmatia in the southern part of Austria, bordering on the northeast shore of the Adriatic Sea, and from this province it derives its name. It is known in France as the Braque du Bengal, and is there supposed to be an Indian variety. It is impossible to speak with any degree of certainty regarding the origin of this remarkably handsome breed, but it is apparently the result of a cross between the hound and the pointer. Some English breeders have believed it to be a cross between a bull terrier and a pointer, but neither its form nor its markings appear to justify this claim. The breed today in America certainly does not resemble the bull terrier, although it has a striking resemblance to the pointer, and possesses at least one of its most prominent characteristics. In fact, the rider, in strolling across the country near one of Chicago's suburbs, accompanied by a favorite, untrained Dalmatian, has frequently seen him point game in a manner that would do credit to a well-trained pointer. It is certain that the Dalmatian was used in his native country in the field, although the breed, from lack of practice on game, has, generally speaking, lost its keenness of scent. The type of the breed is changed but little in several centuries. The oldest pictures extant showing him in substantially the same form as he is seen at our modern bench shows. Formerly, the barbarous custom of clipping the ears prevailed among fanciers of this breed, as among those of the bulldog and the bull terrier, some breeders taking off the whole earlap, giving the animal a most hideous appearance and subjecting it to great suffering. In many instances, canker and deafness resulted. Fortunately, however, this cruel practice has been abandoned under the more humane public sentiment of modern times, and bench-show judges no longer tolerate such mutilation. Few breeds attract more attention at bench shows than the Dalmatian, notwithstanding the few entries that are made. The trim graceful form, the high well-carried head, the alert expression of eye and ear, and the beautiful marking of the coach render him an object of interest to all lovers of the dog. The body of a typical Dalmatian should be white, with black or liver-colored spots evenly distributed over the body, head, neck, legs, and tail. These spots should be round, not smaller than a silver dime nor larger than a half dollar. Black markings are preferred by most fanciers to the brown. Both colors are found on some specimens, and while this is admissible, it is not generally regarded as showing careful breeding. Such marking indicates a mixture of blood of the two varieties. Many otherwise good specimens fail in competition through having no spots on the tail, and common flat black faces or ears are decided blemishes. In buying a Dalmatian, it is well to examine the feet and legs, for a dog with imperfectly formed or weak legs cannot endure the fatigue of a long run after a carriage. A noticeable peculiarity in this breed is the fact that the puppies, when first welped, are often pure white, the spots developing within a few days. A friend of the rider, not being aware of this fact, destroyed a very promising litter, with the exception of one which showed faint signs of black spots. The spots developed in time, but the specimen did not prove a handsome one. Doubtless, several of those that were killed would have proven far better. The Dalmatian is the coach dog par excellence. His love for horses, his fleetness of foot, his sagacity and courage as a guardian of property left in his charge, render him extremely valuable, and it is strange that so few of them are owned and trained for this purpose. It is so seldom that a well-trained Dalmatian is seen in his proper position, between the heels of the horse and the fore axle, or under the pole between both horses, if a span that when such a sight is presented it invariably excites the curiosity and admiration of all beholders. It is a common error to suppose that the breed in question is devoid of intelligence and unsuitable for use in any other capacity than in the stable and about the carriage. The rider has owned many fine dogs of various breeds, and for general usefulness and intelligence as a house dog and as a companion prefers the black-spotted Dalmatian to any other. One specimen that I owned was a most excellent ratter, and on one occasion killed eleven rats within a few minutes. This was an exceptional animal, however, for this quality was almost entirely lacking in others descended from this same stock. Once on a cold winter evening, while driving home, the faithful Dalmatian called our attention to a figure at the roadside. On investigation, it was found to be a man, insensible from drink, and but for the dog he would have been run over, or escaping this would probably have been allowed to remain out all night and would have frozen to death. A Dalmatian becomes warmly attached to a horse and will at once notify his master of any danger that may threaten the animal. An instance is recalled in which a horse was allowed to pasture on a vacant lot near the railroad tracks. The horse wandered among the tracks and was in immediate danger of being killed by a train that was nearly due. The dog at once ran to the master, barking and showing by unmistakable signs that something was wrong with the horse. He guided the master to the horse in time to avert the threatened disaster. Schuyler, a dog of the breeding question, once owned by the rider, and it was awarded a first prize at a Chicago bench show, was a splendid watchdog. At night the inside doors of the house were all left open and he had full range of the house. He would go into a room, glance over the bed, as if to see if all were there and sleeping soundly, making thus the complete circuit of the house. He would then lie down for a while and would make the rounds at frequent intervals during the night. One dark night, during the labor troubles, a man laid violent hands on the owner of Schuyler, but regretted it for many a day thereafter. For the dog at once sprang and seized him by the throat in a deadly grasp, the poor fellow was only too glad to have the dog called off. A good coach dog has often saved his owner much valuable property by watching the carriage. It is a trick of thieves who work in pairs for one to engage the coachman in conversation, while the other sneaks around in the rear and steals whatever robes or other valuables he can lay his hands on. I never lost an article while the dogs were in charge, but was continually losing when the coachman was in charge. The same general rules for breeding, kennel management and the treatment of diseases will apply to the Dalmatian as to other breeds. In training for the carriage it is usually found necessary to tie a young dog in proper position under the four axles for seven or eight drives before he will go as required. Some bright puppies, however, require little or no training, especially if they can be allowed to run with an old dog that is already trained. The Dalmatian may easily be trained to perform tricks, errands, etc. The method employed being the same as that used in training a dog of any other breed. Kindness is essential in the training and handling of this, as of any other dog. You must secure the dog's love and confidence before you can hope to make him obey you. Under kind treatment the Dalmatian is always bright, playful and intelligent, but with bad treatment is sure to become sullen and treacherous. As a rule he has great love for children, is faithful in guarding them and is desperate when they are molested. He is kind and gentle, friendly even to strangers when off duty, is brave and averse to fighting, but when compelled to fight is a dangerous antagonist. In preparing the Dalmatian for the bench never fail to give him a thorough bath as a perfectly clean coat is necessary in order to make the black spots shine out from the white body with the greatest brilliancy. It is well to bathe the dog frequently when not on exhibition, as it is conducive to the health as well as beauty of the animal. The Dalmatian bitch Lulu, owned by the writer, was a beautiful specimen, descended from notable English prize winners. She, with the litter of puppies, attracted so much attention at the Chicago bench shows that the commissioner in charge of the bench show, held at the International Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia in 1870, sent for her. She was placed on exhibition there with the litter of puppies, was shown great attention and was greatly admired by thousands of people. She was awarded a diploma and medal as best Dalmatian bitch, with honorable mention for puppies. Unfortunately, no photograph of this bitch was taken, but the accompanying illustration is that of one of the best living specimens. Following is the standard and scale of points for judging the Dalmatian. Scale of points, general appearance value 10, color markings in coat 25, neck, chest and body 5, head including ears and eyes 5, legs, feet and tail 5, total 50. The head should be wide and flat, blunt at muzzle and light lipped, nose black, ears rather small, V shaped and very fine. If these are well spotted, great beauty is added to the dog's appearance. Eyes dark and inclined to be small, not extremely large. Neck, arched and light, tapering onto powerful and sloping shoulders. Chest deep, rather broad. Body round in ribs and well ribbed up behind. Four legs straight and very muscular. Plenty of bone is essential in this breed so as to enable a dog to stand the wear and tear it has to encounter on hard roads over which it is compelled to travel. Feet round with toes arched and well split up. Pads round, firm and elastic. Hind legs muscular with clean hawks placed near the ground as in the bulldog. Tail tapering down from the root and carried as that of a pointer. This must be well spotted. Color and markings, well spotted all over with either black or liver colored spots. These should not intermingle and should be of the size of from a dime and not to exceed a silver half dollar. The larger spots being on the body and the smaller on the ears, tail and legs. Coat is close, short and fine. General appearance is that of a strong muscular dog capable of enduring considerable fatigue and possessing a fair amount of speed. End of section 41. Section 42 of the American Book of the Dog. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer please visit LibriVox.org. Recording by Roger Maline. The American Book of the Dog, G. O. Shields Editor. Section 42. The Poodle by W. R. Furness. A few years ago if you told a doggie man either in this country or England that he owned a poodle he repudiated the charge immediately and felt deeply insulted as these dogs were deemed fit only for the circus or for mountabanks. Now I am happy to say these truly noble dogs have become better known and their real sterling qualities are beginning to be appreciated. The origin of the poodle is not known, though he certainly belongs to the Spaniel family and his special characteristics have been developed by climate and the particular uses for which he has been required. There is, however, little doubt that he is, comparatively speaking, a modern dog. The first mention of him is by Conrad Gessner in 1555 and Dr. Fitzinger in Der Hund und Sain Erassen says, I quote from the poodle by Wildfowler in Stonehenge's Dogs of the British Highlands, that der gross poodle originated in the northwest of Africa, probably in Morocco or Algeria, and that the origin of the Shinora poodle or courted poodle has been a matter of discussion among savants, some saying that he came from Spain or Portugal, others that he came from Greece. But from these two dogs, if they were originally distinct, came all our modern classes of poodles of which there are four, the Russian poodle, the German poodle, the French poodle, or Kanish, and the Barbot. Mephistopheles first appeared to Faust in the form of a black poodle and Le Très, in his dictionnaire français, says that the dogs of Ulysses were Barbots, though by this he probably meant dogs from Barbary, like our large poodles and not the little woolly dogs which now go by that name. Of the four varieties of poodles, the largest is the Russian, which is quite rare both in this country and England. The usual color is black, but they are sometimes white or black and white. They are rather leggy dogs, the head long and wedge shaped with very little stop. The eyes in the best specimens dark red, but many otherwise good dogs have yellowish eyes. The ears are set on rather high and lie close to the cheeks. The legs are straight and muscular. The feet rather splayed and webbed half way down the toes. The coat is long, coarse and almost wiry, showing little inclination to curl and none at all to cord, like that of the German poodle. This, I think, probably comes from some admixture of Russian setter blood. These dogs are bold, hardy and excessively courageous, but inclined to be too excitable and intolerant of restraint in the field. The German poodle, which is really the type of the family, is a powerful compactly built dog with a deep narrow brisket in shape not unlike that of the greyhound. A strong loin slightly arched with a good square back, powerful hind quarters to propel him through the water, for the poodle is almost an amphibian. Round and compact feet with the toes webbed all the way to the nail. The head is wedge shaped, like that of the Russian poodle, but shows more stop and more cheeks, is very broad and almost flat between the ears, giving the dog great brain capacity, with the sense-bump or occiput strongly marked. The eyes should be rather small, placed far apart, and should show the great intelligence and sprightliness. A stupid expression in a poodle should, in my opinion, condemn him at once. The ears should be long and pendulous, set rather low on the skull, the leather reaching to the tip of the nose when stretched out, but hanging along the neck when the head is erect. The lips should be close and thin, barely covering the incisors. The nose in black specimens should be cold black, in white ones a dark pinkish brown. The neck should be bony, muscular, and so set into the long sloping shoulders as to enable the dog when swimming to carry whatever he is retrieving well above the water, and it is really astonishing how heavy a weight a poodle can carry without any apparent inconvenience. There is a peculiar suppleness in the poodle's back when he is either swimming or running, and which gives him the appearance of being able to flex his spine more than any other dog that I know of. Whether or not it is this which gives him his extraordinary power in the water, I cannot say, but he certainly excels all his race in that element, at least being able to distance the strongest water spaniel, and swim round and round in Newfoundland. In nose the German poodle almost rivals the bloodhound, and so keen is his power of scent that he can trail his master through the most crowded street, or retrieve a wounded bird, no matter how cleverly it may hide. In color the German poodle is black, white, black and white, and occasionally liver-colored, though the last, to my mind, should always be looked upon with suspicion as showing a strain of spaniel blood. In black dogs the eye should be a dark, rich red, and in white ones a dark brown. In Germany, where these dogs are kept solely for use, color is not deemed of such consequence, but in this country and England solid black or white are considered absolutely essential. A few years ago black was by far the rarer color, but lately since black poodles have become fashionable many more of them are seen, though if a thorough examination be made it will be found that at least fifty percent have either a white star on the breast, a white lower lip, or a white toe or two. In coat the German poodle differs from every other dog in as much as the hairs should felt, or cord, to use the technical term, in the long strings, slightly knotty and wavy, and of about the thickness of a crow quill, though they are often seen much thicker, but this is due to lack of care when the coat is growing. The entire coat, from the base of the skull to the root of the tail, should divide evenly down the back, showing a clearly defined parting, and should touch the ground, completely hiding the forelegs and feet, and thus, combined with the cords from the throat and chest, give the dog the appearance of being in petticoats. Whether or not this enormous amount of coat is all composed of living hair, I have never been able to satisfactorily determine, but I strongly suspect that where we see extraordinarily long and closely felted cords, and I have seen one dog who, though only eighteen inches in height, had cords on his shoulders twenty-one inches long, the greater portion of them is old and dead coat, especially as toward spring many cords show a disposition to become attenuated at about one inch from the root, and to come away with a slight pull, causing the dog no pain, which certainly would not be the case if the hair were alive. So decided is the tendency of the German poodle's coat to cord that even if you should comb it out, an almost impossible task, with a few hearty shakes it divides up into separate locks, and in a few days is so felted as to almost defy the comb again. The coat should cord all over the body, except in the eyebrows, mustache, and imperial, which should be straight, even without wave, and of a glossier texture than the rest of the coat. The cords on the ears should reach far down on the shoulders, and so mingle with those of the neck, as to render the ears nearly indistinguishable. On the head the cords should all fall away from the center, leaving a well-defined crown, and should have no tendency to stand erect, like those of a water spaniel. The tail, which is usually docked, should be perfectly straight, and carried at an angle of about seventy degrees with the back. Many poodles have curled tails, and an otherwise good dog should not be debarred for that fault. I once had an excellent dog whose tail had not been cut, and it curled as tight as that of any pug. By cutting his tail and giving it careful attention, he acquired an excellent carriage, and a great improvement in appearance, much to my satisfaction, if not to his. In Germany, where these are almost the only retrievers used, it is customary in summer to cut off the coat, for the greater comfort of the dog, leaving the hair on the head, breast, and feet only, for the protection of these delicate parts, and from this custom has arisen the present fashion of shaving poodles. And to such an extent has this been carried, that in most shows the artistic shaving of a poodle is not without weight with the judges. And though the straps and tufts of hair seem at first sight to be merely the vagaries of fashion, yet on closer examination it will be seen that they all have their uses and add considerably to the symmetry of the animal in emphasizing curves and suppressing angles. And certainly the rakish mustache and imperial, combined with the venerable eyebrows and intelligent eyes of a well-shaved poodle, give to his face a quaint air. I give, on following pages, a diagram for shaving a poodle in the style generally adopted in England, and which is best adapted to showing off the dog to the greatest advantage. Many people allow the cords of the straps and tufts to grow to their full capacity, but this is, I think, a mistake. They should be cut about two-and-a-half inches in length and kept combed as far as possible to make them stand out more clearly, and also to show the texture of the coat. The shoulders, breast, and ears should show its courting qualities quite well enough. The French poodle, or caniche, derived from the word canard, a duck, was and is still, in some districts of France, the only ducking dog or retriever used, and is most admirably adapted to that work, as his courage and sagacity prompt him to brave all sorts of weather and his thick woolly coat by retaining air buoys him up and retains animal heat when he is in the water. In most respects he is like the German poodle, though generally a smaller and more slightly built dog than his teutonic cousin. The colors of caniches are the same as those of the German poodle, and solid colors are deemed absolutely essential for a good dog. The skull should show a well-defined stop, very broad across the ears and with a pronounced dome. The eyes should be larger in proportion than in the German poodle, should be of a clear dark red in black dogs, of a dark brown in white specimens, and without any inclination to weep. The ears should be set on rather high, the leather seldom reaching to the tip of the nose. The neck should be moderately long, and the shoulders rather upright, the barrel well ribbed up with strong arched loins. The feet should be round, slightly splayed, with the toes webbed down to the nails. The legs should be long and muscular. The hind ones are usually rather straighter than those of the German poodle, thereby giving the dog a proud, though rather stilty, action when walking. The coat all over the body should separate into tightly curled ringlets, but with no tendency to cord. In France it is not customary to shave poodles as elaborately as is done in England, and the majority of canishes that you see have only the mustache, imperial, wristlets, and anklets, with perhaps a backstrap and tufts. They are also shaved much higher up the body, nearly to the shoulder, while German poodles are never shaved farther forward than the last rib. For many years the poodle has been the national dog of France, and no cartoonist would think of drawing a picture of Johnny Crappolle without his caniche sitting on its hind legs beside him, and indeed it is this dog's innate love of fun and drollery in contrast to his very wise and dignified expression that particularly endears him to a Frenchman's heart. The barbet is, or should be, a miniature caniche, though the head is always larger in proportion and is inclined to be too round. The ears are long, pendulous, and should reach to the tip of the nose. The color should be white, though many good dogs are seen with fawn markings, especially on the ears and back. The legs are strong, well set under the body, with the hind ones, as in the caniche, a little too straight for real beauty. The body should be strong and well ribbed up, giving the dog a firm, coby appearance. A long, weak loin is a great blemish. The tail is long, slightly curled, and usually docked. The eyes should be large, full, and nearly perfectly black, and should show very little inclination to weep. The coat should, as in the caniche, show light ringlets, but at the same time should be somewhat fluffier, with a beautifully white and glossy appearance. As weight is of great importance in barbets, a good dog should not exceed six and one-half pounds, and as much less as is compatible with a good shape, and should not stand much over eight inches at the shoulder. These dogs are, of course, utterly useless as sporting dogs, but show a remarkable aptitude for learning tricks, and have extraordinary strength and agility for such frail-looking little creatures. Their tempers are apt to be a little uncertain. For though they are nearly all docile to their master or mistress, they are prone to be snappish to strangers, and, like all small dogs, to have a great idea of their own importance. If it were not for these traits they would be an almost perfect lady's lap dog. Barbets are usually shaved like caniches, and the tail is generally docked. Poodles, no matter of what variety, are quite difficult dogs to rear, and he may esteem himself lucky who has two-thirds of his puppy's reach maturity, for they seem, on the slightest provocation, to contract every ill that dogflesh is heir to. In the first place, great care should be taken in selecting the sire and dam, and the pedigrees of both ascertained as fully as possible, for the modern poodle, like most of our manufactured dogs, if I may be allowed that expression, has a great tendency to breed back. And, indeed, in nine cases out of ten, it is but a waste of time and money to get a poodle dog and bitch of unknown genealogy and expect to get good puppies. The faults are usually in the coat, which is either too flat or too wooly, or in the head, which is either too coarse or too snipey. But supposing we have a thoroughbred dog and bitch, our troubles are only just beginning. In the first place, while the bitch is in welp, she should be allowed perfect liberty as nearly as possible, and this, by regard, is almost essential. She should have a clean, dry bed of pine shavings or straw, away from other dogs and such disturbing causes, and should have a plentiful supply of good, nourishing food, though, unless the weather is cold, but a small amount of meat, and that raw, or at least very rare. Her coat may be brushed and corded as usual, but while she is in welp, I would not advise shaving. A tolerably long coat will be more comfortable for her and for the puppies, especially if the weather is at all cold. As her time approaches, be sure that she is satisfied with her quarters, for if she is not, when the little strangers appear, she will try to carry them elsewhere, and if not allowed to do so, will fret, lose her milk, neglect her puppies, and so cause them to die. After the litter is borne, the bitch will need but little attention for about an hour, by which time she will have cleaned her little family, and will have time to think about herself. Let her have a pan of water, not too cold, and then, if she will take it, a little oatmeal, gruel, and milk. Place it far enough from her nest to make her leave her puppies, but not so far as to make her feel anxious about them. After an interval of about five hours, or even less, give her some more gruel, with perhaps a little bread and gravy, or some such nourishing food. Now, for the first time, examine the puppies, harden your heart, and decide which are to be given to the bucket and which to the world. Remember that you stand more chance of getting four good dogs if you leave but five with her than if you leave eight. From this time, until the puppies are weaned, feed her plentifully. Three times a day is none too often. Remember you are feeding many mouths, and very greedy ones at that. After about six weeks, take her away from the puppies, but do not move them as any change is likely to give them cold, and allow her to be with them for an hour or so each day, to draw off what milk she may have left and that she may clean and care for her family. When the puppies are eight weeks old, they may have a run in the open air, of about an hour, each clear day. And even at this early age, they had better make the acquaintance of the clippers. Shave their feet, because if they get them wet, they dry more readily if the long hair is cut off, and so avoid colds or distemper. Shave also their faces, as in my opinion, it strengthens their eyes and keeps them from weeping. From this time on, no particular treatment is necessary. Keep them dry and clean with a plentiful supply of food, but give them no milk that has not first been boiled, on account of worms, to which parasites these dogs seem peculiarly susceptible. When about five months old, if it be summer, give them their first entire clipping, and cord and brush their coats as best you can. But do not be discouraged if they do not seem to cord as they should. That will come later, and indeed but few poodles attain a really good coat until two years old. Pay particular attention that the coat does not felt into thick wads along the brisket and under the ears. If these are found, they should be carefully pulled apart, beginning next the skin and separated into cords of the proper size, about one-fifth of an inch in diameter, and twirled between the finger and thumb until they lie apart. Go over the entire coat, and you will probably find many locks composed of two or three cords joined together throughout the greater part of their length, but with the ends separate. Seize these ends, and with a firm pull, divide them down to the skin, but never cut them apart, as that tends to kill the hair and make a turn of a rusty color. After going over the coat thoroughly, and on your thoroughness in this particular depends its future quality, rub in the following mixture. One part kerosene, one part olive oil, one part castor oil. Hand-rub until nearly all greasiness disappears. Use a brush sparingly, always rubbing or brushing with the hair. Comb out the mustache and imperial. Rub with a stiff brush all the shaved part to remove scur for dandruff, and your poodle is, or should be, in pretty good condition. In fitting poodles for the bench, many breeders first clip them and then shave them with a razor. To my mind this practice is to be deprecated. In the first place, it is painful to the dog, and no matter how skillful he may be, the operator is likely to take out a few nicks, especially on the face where the skin is most wrinkled. And in the second place, it not only does not add to the beauty of the dog, but conceals an important point in his coat, vis the close wave, which should be seen a few days after clipping on the back of a first class poodle, giving it the appearance of watered silk. For my part, if I were going to show a really first class dog, I would rather clip him as close as possible three days before he was to appear before the judges, and take my chances against an equally good dog that had been shaved the day before. Great care should be taken in keeping a poodle free from fleas, as he does terrible damage to his peculiar knotted coat by constant scratching, and also, by the constant irritation, induces surfeit, or some other skin disease, which is exceedingly difficult to cure in a poodle on account of the difficulty of applying any wash directly to the skin. If you notice that your dog seems restless and is constantly scratching or biting himself, get a gallon of sheet dip, which can be bought from most fanciers, dilute it with 15 gallons of water, bathe the dog thoroughly in this mixture, allow it to remain on for three days, then wash clean, using very little soap, and you may reasonably hope for a cure. Poodles are also subject to canker in the ear. For this, the best advice I can give, I think, is that you go at once to the best veterinary surgeon that you can find. But do not attempt any experiments yourself, further than putting a cap on the dog so that he cannot scratch the cords off his ear, or by constant shaking of his head bring on external canker, which is difficult to cure. These two ailments, surfeit and canker, are the ones from which poodles are most liable to suffer, and both may be avoided by ordinary care as regards diet and cleanliness. For though difficult to rear, when he has once reached maturity, there is no dog so healthy or hearty as a poodle. He is also, in my opinion, more susceptible of education than any other member of his race, seeming to have an innate love for tricks, and needing only to understand what you wish to do it immediately, and then enjoy the fun of it as much as you do. Yet, notwithstanding his wonderful intelligence, the greatest patience is required in teaching each new trick. Remember that he is even more anxious to understand you than you are to make him comprehend what you wish, and that a word of encouragement or a friendly pat on the head goes ten times as far as a scolding or a blow. At the same time, bear in mind that the greatest firmness is required, for if the dog for a moment suspects that your whole heart and soul are not in the matter, he at once thinks it must be of small consequence, and loses all interest in it forthwith. Make him think that you are both doing something for mutual amusement, and he will respond and do everything in his power to follow out your wishes, provided he is already firmly attached to you. And in this lies the secret of success or failure in all training, for as he cannot understand your language, he must know by heart all your gestures and intonations. Remember what a very wide space divides us from even the most intelligent dog, and as he is our servant we force him to study us much more than we study him. And to make his lower intellect travel over more than half that wide space, and even then not get credit for having done much, and after all to be made to feel that if he has misinterpreted a word or a sign, he has disappointed the one creature in the world that he most wished to please. Another important point in training a poodle is on account of his inquisitive and excitable temperament to have him amidst familiar surroundings and without any exciting causes. Most professional dog trainers, I believe, give their pupils lessons at two or three a.m. only, as at that time greater stillness reigns. But this I do not think is absolutely essential, and need not be followed out by the amateur who does not require such a high degree of proficiency as does the professional. Though as a rule other dogs should not be present when a pupil is learning a new trick, an old dog who already knows it is often useful as an interpreter and seems to be able to communicate our wishes to the poor perplexed pupil. And finally never attempt to teach two tricks at once, unless you wish to see an utterly bewildered and unhappy-looking dog. It is an intelligent dog that can learn one trick a day and know all his tricks thoroughly, and the average dog cannot master over two or three a week. But each trick learned makes the next one easier as we get more and more on rapport with our eager, intelligent little servant, the poodle. Appended is the comparative scale for judging poodles. Skull value ten. Ears value ten. Legs and feet value fifteen. Coat value twenty. Eyes value five. Tail value ten. Color value fifteen. Symmetry value fifteen. Total one hundred. There are but few breeders of poodles in this country. Among these the following are noted. L. E. Wilmerding, 32 East 39th Street, New York City. Prescott Lawrence, 196 Madison Avenue, New York City. W. C. Sanford, Amsterdam, New York. George S. Mott, Babylon, Long Island, New York. Robert McKinley, 49 West 18th Street, New York City. A. W. Purbeck, Box 244 Salem, Massachusetts. C. A. Baldwin, Union Club, New York City. G. W. Fairchild, 421 West 57th Street, New York City. F. E. Perkins, Providence, Rhode Island. C. F. Leland, 7 Beck Hall, Cambridge, Massachusetts. T. M. Alley, 1240 Wilcox Avenue, Chicago, Illinois. C. E. Hill, 514 Rialto Building, Chicago, Illinois. L. Biddle, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Dr. Samuel G. Dixon, 58th Street and Elmwood Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. William Riring, 10 Cook Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. End of section 42, recording by Roger Maline.