 This review examines the different types of materials used in dentistry and oral and mexilofacial surgeries to replace or repair bone defects. These materials include autologous bone, allografts, xenografts, synthetic materials, and calcium phosphate-based ceramics. Each type of material has its own unique characteristics and advantages slash disadvantages depending on the size, shape, and location of the defect. Additionally, this review discusses the challenges associated with analyzing in vivo and clinical studies to determine which material is best suited for a particular situation. This article was authored by Maria Piaferez.