 My namem Samoil Gabreselasev z Krzpovoj Eterpjenih Ekonomi. Neseleko vse je z vsezvršenim srpitej, je to, da je vsezvršen je vsezvršen vsezvršen na konovoj Kultu. Vsezvršen je vsezvršen v zelo. Vsezvršen je vsezvršen na kultu, predsledaj, kot je vseh taj pelj pomečnja, ki je zelo taj taj taj vseh pomečnja in taj taj taj taj taj taj taj taj taj taj taj taj prikazil in je je prikazil, izgleda vseh taj postane. Zelo taj taj taj taj taj taj taj taj taj taj taj taj taj Let's start with some background information, production and export of horticulture crops, as well as commercialization for our culture has got high policy priority in Ethiopia since the past five or six years. But the government took different strategies to develop or support the sector and policy for the promotion of large modern commercial farm could be considered as very comprehensive and attractive. And this refers to easy and cheap access to large and suitable farm lands, long term credit mainly from government bankers, duty free import of machineries and farm imports, tax holidays both for profit and export. And there is also the government established federal agency to coordinate these incentives. Policy measures and incentives to encourage small horticulture producers, however, is not equally transparent and supportive. There is no federal agency, that means there is weak intervention from federal government and support is largely a regional issue and mostly limited to horticulture extension and training and focused on integrating small farmers into the market economy. Impljajte zestivikacije for exclusive incentives package or policy support for large commercial producers includes production is mainly destined for export market and large commercial producers to require interprinera and modern management skills and large economies of skills, which lacks the sector. This is a major justification for government to provide exclusive support for large producers. On the other hand, the low policy support to small producers might reflect the pessimistic view on private investments in small horticulture. Moreover, small farmers are largely considered as homogenous units and few believe that small farmers have the aspiration and as well as the capacity required to progress themselves into modern and large commercial farms. These policy bias or divergence might reflect two points. First, private or long term investment might not be considered appropriate as this stage of small farmers development and policy makers might not have sufficient information or data to change their view. Second, this might be the hypothesis why small farmers have got small or relatively small support from the government. Then the objective of this study is using small group of emerging class of small investor farmers. This study intended to document the diversity and the dynamics among small farmers in the study area as well as the development opportunities and challenges they faced. And it also aims to support debate and further rigorous studies on the need to evaluate and adopt policies and service provision post to emerging as well as conventional problems. Over the past four years, two separate but complementary studies focused on small horticulture producers were conducted. And this study indicates the positive impact of regated horticulture crops in improving producer's cash income as well as reorienting our culture from subsistence oriented into market oriented. Also more dynamism has been introduced into the farming systems. Farmers, however, were not equally benefited. Moreover, the study identified few farmers who are performing exceptionally different from the majority. This heterogeneity or disparity could be explained in terms of investment or scale of production and in terms of productivity. In terms of investment or scale of production, for example, the survey shows that the top 25% of the farmers managed to double their irrigated farm size from 2 to 4 to mark. That means from half to hectare of farm land. While a very irrigated plot for farmers in the bottom 25 declined marginally. This is between 2010 and 2012. Similarly, this wide disparity in productivity was in the two crops, which are considered in the study, was the onion and tomato production. This disparity in productivity reflects corresponding differences in the level of investment and intensity of management. Existing support to small order sector, however, does not reflect such disparity. That means the extension system is homogeneously targeted to different kind of farmers. And it's also biased towards the average or below the average performing farmers. Then the question comes why I study on these farmers. The motive behind the separate study on this emerging small farmers is from the following points. First, the ultimate objective of any intervention by the public sector in small order is to speed up the rural urban integration. Second, then also transform the rural economy as well as to push the process of agroenter price development in the rural areas. And such objectives demand a group of farmers that lead the process. These farmers were considered to push or to lead this process. So the study believes that there should be an institutional support for such kind of farmers. The study is expected to improve awareness on the changing realities of small order farmers in the study era. It is also expected to lead the way for future studies on typology or dynamism in small farmers. Being as a model, as well as agent of change, any support to these farmers is expected to have a pulling effect on other fellow or average farmers. Then the question comes who are the emerging small investor farmers. This is a new study so it needs to define these kind of farmers. For this study, emerging small investor farmers could be considered as a group of small farmers who are dynamic enough to lend themselves to emerging opportunities as well as emerging challenges and emerging tasks. But we don't have prior information on the size as well as the basic characteristics of these farmers. Therefore, the study adopted a temporary working definition. That should be necessary to identify such farmers from other farmers. Based on a sorrow evaluation of characteristics of sample farmers, surveyed in previous studies, the following temporary definition was adopted. An emerging small investor farmer is expected to consider himself or herself not a part of traditional farm householders and investing in farming as a business. This is a subjective judgment and based on subjective awareness of their position. Apart from this, very important but difficult to assess criteria, such farmers are expected to meet one or more of the following measurable criteria. They were expected to engage in factor markets, at least in a different way from the other farmers. They have also expected to harvest and sell significantly higher than the other farmers. They also have some aspirations or some dreams to invest on their farm and other activities, both on the value chain and also beyond their farms. So this will be considered as temporary definitions to identify this group of farmers from other farmers. This shows the study area. It is located as the central part of the country on the rift valley. And it is very close to the capital as well as the regional markets of Vishofto and Adama. And it is on the highway that runs both to neighboring countries, to Djuboti and Kenya. So it is very accessible to markets and to other infrastructure areas. Matters and data, based on this temporary definition and following the Snow World principle, about 40 emerging small investor farmers were selected. And after the initial contact with a given emerging small farmers, expected to be suitable, we have the study team asked him or her to name other relevant person. He or she knew to make the second contact. And this process has continued until we reached the 40 numbers of farmers considered. And different kinds of data were collected, both on production, transport, marketing, and other non-farm activities. It is also background information on the households that were collected. Then this study is a purely descriptive study and it is not an import statistical representative sample. The objective is not included. Asamples for the study were not random observations, largely drawn from unknown population. Any finding should be considered as provisional, because we don't know the samples and other important characteristics of these small investor farmers. Resultati, the study shows major internal differences among small farmers and the difference extends from variation in basic household characteristics to access to resources, ability to use them efficiently, that means in terms of productivity, as well as future investment and aspirations. There is clear differences. Farmers cultivate farms that varies from half a hectare to six hectare and produce various annual crops, including tea, wheat, chickpeas, and vegetables, mainly onion and tomatoes. Our culture is largely rain-fed, but vegetables are produced through irrigation using both underground water and surface water, both from Kokalik and Mojo rivers, which runs in. And this table shows the difference in terms of the household characteristics. As you see, on these two columns, there is a big difference between emerging small farmers and other farmers, both in terms of household characteristics and experiences, in terms of farm size and relations, and in terms of participation in factor markets and of farm jobs. And most of these differences were statistically significant. And this figure shows disparity in terms of access to farmland, and the first chart on the left side shows the disparity on the average farmers. And it is not only distributed, but the disparity on small investor farmers is more or less normally distributed. And this shows these farmers have dynamic enough. There is high dynamism among these farmers because the process or the differentiation is continuous. So it shows there is more dynamism among these farmers in terms of expanding their farm sizes. This also shows disparity in productivity. And similarly, here this chart shows disparity in terms of average productivity. And here also disparity is more or less normal distribution. Still this indicates there is more dynamism among these farmers compared to these farmers. This more or less similar table shows the difference in productivity, farm income, and expenses, and the story is more or less similar. This is in terms of a picture. This is one farm of the sample taken in the study era, and you can see many laborers were employed, and the farm is more or less could be considered large farmers. This also shows another picture, which shows incomes from vegetable production is invested outside the farm invested on livestock production. Similarly, this table shows disparity in future investment and aspiration. And this simply shows a result on the question to yes or no, whether they have interest to invest. For example, in agro-business, in transport input supply, for sale reagent, and also to diversify to investment outside their farms. And this shows that emerging small investor farmers have very high interest to invest both along their value chains and outside the farm. This is only their wish. The result shows simply their wish, whether they have interest to invest more. But they face critical problems, because every support from the government in terms of policy, in terms of institutions is focused on very low-level producers and commercial producers, especially foreign investors. And these farmers have been almost neglected in terms of policy and institutions. And our discussion with such kind of farmers shows that they have major problems to get access to land, because land cannot be used as collateral, and the rental markets operate under different problems. And they have also big problems to access capital, especially long-term credit, which requires to invest on different activities. Yeah, thank you. They also get weak support in terms of business skill, marketing, and post-production activities along the whole value chains. This is a very critical constraint for such farmers. Let's conclude with four slides. The heterogeneity of the small-holder sector in the study area cannot be interpreted as reflected to single groups. The study shows a range of internal dissimilarity between emerging small investor farmers and other or average farmers. In general, emerging small investor farmers are at the forefront in terms of job creation or other positive multiplier effects. They are also better suited for any interventions that aim for further investment and for spreading entrepreneurship spread in the study area. Though any exclusive treatment of such farmers might fuel up the process of social differentiation that might narrow the space for equal or free participation in the development process, it is important to note that high probability for nonlinear growth process among farmers in the study areas is visible. So it needs the system to be flexible and dynamic enough to reflect such heterogeneity. Finally, as samples for the study were not random, observations largely drawn from unknown populations. Any findings should be considered as temporary and needs further verification using more formal meters, and especially large sample drawn from pre-identified populations. Similarly, the study indicates the need for more studies on internal differences and dynamism among small farmers, in high potential and cash-crop-producing areas, as opposed to the study area.