 Dear students, under the topic of trends and issues in early childhood, today we are going to see how we overemphasize on core subjects of mathematics and literacy. We have previously discussed that actually this is the path of germ movement which has certain standardized set of rules for all teaching and learning activities for early childhood. So one of them is one size fits all which is again a disadvantage of germ movement because all of our students have different capabilities, different potentials and they have different socio-economic background. So, as well as there is little value on holistic development, which means that if you only emphasize mathematics and literacy, then you will not be able to ignore the growth or development of your holistic growth. So, what about an early learning experience that values play, the arts, science, social sciences, physical education and development, i.e. the development of their play, their creativity and their physical education and development, if you will measure them through standards like this. There is a lot of research on this, world over and in Pakistan as well, that very small children do not be able to take a single dimension in one subject or in one dimension, in fact, they need an outlet in every way, their thoughts, emotions and the use of their different capabilities. So, there are a lot of authors who, like this statement we have, that growing numbers of early childhood teachers and authors are convinced that they are committing malpractice, that they are actually doing harm. Many have used the term child abuse, i.e. if you insult children with a game, their natural abilities, their pain and the abilities to investigate their world, then ultimately you abuse them. You are harming their abilities, not giving them malpractice. Then, as we just said, they say that there is nothing in mathematics and literature, they need intelligence, they need to discover the different concepts of science related to real life, and they also need physical health, to play, run, run, so that they have malpractice and their mental abilities. And then, in the world, the real life conditions, the natural conditions, they need to go through them, they need to understand them, they need to get close to them, not that in a classroom there is a master or a teacher on a special level, and then they need to give a very strict test. So, that is why we say that there is a germ moment in our place, but the next question is, that the international level standards, while meeting them, Pakistan is also opting out, and not only America or Australia, but all the countries in the world, like Japan, China, France, they also want to adopt these standards, that maybe in this way, children will be able to study better. So, there are many authors who are resisting that you should give freedom, freedom of play, freedom of thinking, freedom of moving, and freedom of acting.