 And we will cut open the kidney hole and you will see many interesting things here. Wait, wait, wait, slowly down. Yes, go. Okay, the purple gloves, nitrile gloves add color to the dissection, isn't it? Yes. Otherwise it's all white and brown. Yes. It is kind of, okay. Boring. I know. Now, give me the knife, please, for me. What we do is after we have made the initial incision, we have cut through the cortex. Separate it out like that. And now, put your finger. Do it. This is what I did. This part is a little bit. Yes. Wonderful. Good job. Very good job. Okay. My goodness. Who is going to describe the parts for me? So, my assistants have cut open the left kidney around its longitudinal axis and we have opened it up like a book. And we are seeing the interior of the left kidney. So, straight away, we can see three parts of the kidney. First of all, we can see the outermost portion right under the capsule of the kidney. That is the cortex. And it is lighter in color. And we can see the cortex on this side also. Then we can see the slightly more pigmented inner portion. That is called the medulla. And further, we see the pelvic ericis system in the center. The cortex is the place where the blood vessels ramify. Let's come to the pigmented portion, the medulla. The most prominent thing which strikes our eye is this pyramidal-shaped structure here with its triated appearance. This is referred to as the medullary pyramids. Also called the medullary rays because they contain the collecting types of Bellini which meet at the apex. And the apex is called the renal papilla. In between the pyramids, we have these slightly pigmented areas. And that is referred to as the renal columns of Bertini which allow passage to the blood vessels. Coming back to the apex, the papilla, they communicate with the concavity of the minor calyx. And that is where urine is ultra-filtered into the minor calyx. And that's how the urine is produced. One renal pyramid plus part of the renal column on one side and the part of the renal column on the other side. This whole thing is referred to as one renal lobe. That is what we see here. And finally, this is the region of the Pelvic Elysium system but it contains not only the renal pelvis and the calysus but you also see the blood vessels. We can see branches of the renal veins and the renal arteries as they enter through the hylum and then they ramify here. The cortex contains the glomerulus, the bowman's capsule, the proximal convergent tubules, distal convergent tubules and part of the loop of Henle. The renal medulla contains the collecting ducts and also contains the axial loops of Henle, the major part of it. So these are what is seen in the gut section of the kidney. In the case of hydronephrosis, this whole thing gets filled with urine and the medulla and the cortex gets etrophil and that condition is referred to as hydronephrosis. And if it's filled with pus, it is referred to as pionephrosis. We have a calculus inside this Penvicalice system and that is called a staghorn calculus which usually occurs from infection, especially by Proteus Mirabilis. Since we are already on the left side, I would draw your attention to an abnormality that we noticed in this kidney. We can see the soft area here. This is a renal cyst that we can see here and I'm going to puncture the renal cyst to show you the content inside. And we have punctured it and we can see that watery fluid and these things are draining out. So this is a renal cyst, a solitary renal cyst. A free renal cyst on the posterior aspect of the left kidney and my assistant is very assiduously cutting the margins of the cyst. And I'm holding it up for him and he is cutting. Well, so far he has cut it professionally. Let's see how he does the rest of the job. So we are deroofing the margin of the cyst. Now you reverse your scissor. Don't go into the normal tissue, please. Yes. Leave that for somebody else. So we have deroofed the cyst. And this is the interior of the cyst. This gelatinous material was inside the cyst. It's ankovi sauce. Sauce. Here. Snip this off please for me. Good. So this is the interior of the cyst. There is another cyst on the left side and that is the location here. This is a small renal cyst that you can see here. Snip this off also. It's already out. Okay. Thank you very much for watching. If you have any questions or comments, please put them in the comment section below. Dr. Sanjay Sanyal signing out. Have a nice day.