 This study examined the relationship between neuromodulatory activity and behavioral state in mice. It was found that cholinergic and noradrenergic axons exhibited synchronized activity with respect to behavioral state, suggesting that these systems may play a role in regulating cortical excitability. Additionally, it was observed that some cholinergic interneurons exhibited state dependent activity, further supporting the idea that these systems may be involved in modulating cortical activity. This article was authored by Lindsay Collins, John Francis, Brett Emanuel, and others.