 Hello everyone, I am Dr. Sanyo Disoja, Consultant Medical Oncologist at KMCO Hospital's Mangalore. I will be talking about lung cancer, its incidence, types, treatment options, and regarding survival about lung cancer in this short educational video. Worldwide lung cancer is commonest among all cancers and it's also the leading cause of death among all cancers. In India, it's second most cancer in males and sixth most common cancer in females and it's third most common cause of cancer related deaths in India. So the average age of diagnosis of lung cancer in India is around 54 years. It's more common in males and more common among smokers and that's one of the common reasons for the development of lung cancer. But even non smokers too can be diagnosed with lung cancer. So basically there are two main types of lung cancer. So what we say as non small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer and that's based on histology. In other words on the microscopy what we diagnose as. So most common is the non small cell lung cancer that's seen in around 85% of the patients. Among non small cell lung cancer there are several other types, histologic types like adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. And then there are other subsets in this group and that's based on the something called as biomarker testing. Now what is this biomarker testing? It is commonly done on the tumor tissue or sometimes on the blood sample too. So examples are something like EGFR that is Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and then ALK, ALK and then ROSROS and then something called as PDL1 testing. So these are all common biomarkers which you commonly do in our clinic on the patient tumor tissue. And there are different techniques or technologies how we do it like commonly immunostochemistry something called as IHC and sometimes PCR based testing. That is polymerase chain reaction and sometimes fish based testing and more recently commonly available is something called as NGS that is next generation sequencing. So these are the different techniques by which we get this information about whether this biomarkers are present in a particular patient. So the commonest what we see in our patients with lung cancer is something called as EGFR mutation. So this is seen in roughly around 25 to 30% of our patients and commonly the ones who come positive for this particular mutation are those who are former smokers or non smokers who are N and even females. And the next common mutation or rearrangement what is seen in our lung cancer patients is the ALK gene rearrangements or gene fusions. These are seen in around 3 to 5% of our lung cancer patients and once again these are also common among those with former smokers, non smokers or young patients and also among the female patients. So what's more important is about these biomarkers has got relevance in the treatment and prognosis or in other words how long the patient will survive with their disease. And commonly these biomarker testing we do in the stage 4 disease or you say the last stage disease. So we do this particular biomarker testing commonly in the stage 4 disease and then fire survival rates range from 15 to 50% based on the results of this biomarker testing. Patients with these mutations driven cancer can be prescribed targeted therapy in other words therapy which specifically targets the abnormality in the cells. So that's how the difference is done by testing for these biomarkers. For example if someone gets diagnosed with EJFR mutation then we give them tablets or medicines called Asimutinib, Jephtinib or lotinib. So if someone gets diagnosed with ALK gene rearrangements or fusions then we prescribe the tablets like Cresotinib, Seratinib, Electinib. So basically these patients need not be on chemotherapy for their disease until the targeted therapy works on their tumor. And if at all sometime down the line the tumor stops responding to this targeted therapy then we plan chemotherapy in these patients and that's how the survival of patients with this cancer is prolonged along with giving a good quality of life to these patients. So these days we say that those with EJFR positive mutation the average survival is around 3 years and for those with ALK positivity the average survival is around 4 years. So basically trying to tell the fact that patients diagnosed with lung cancer have got different treatment options ranging from chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy based on the biomarker testing results which has made patients with lung cancer in the present days to survive along with a good quality of life. I hope this short educational video about lung cancer, its types, the biomarkers, the treatment options was useful. Thank you.