 Assalamu alaikum, I am Mukhtar Ahmad your instructor for the virtual university course MGT501 Human Resource Management and today we are here for our lecture number 2. But before I start discussing with you the lecture number 2, why don't we discuss some basic things? I believe now you are in senior classes so you must be familiar with the setup of virtual universities. So what should be the question? Question is what did we discuss in lecture number 1? What do you think? Good things are bad. I think we will have to link these things together. As I told you in the last lecture that we will discuss this topic in lecture number 2. This is not bad, that is the smiling face, let's see what did we cover in lecture number 1. In lecture number 1 we introduced HRM to human resource management, so what is human resource management? Basically human resource management is managing the fever, people of any organization, right? After that we discussed the importance of the case, why it is important? We had a lot of discussions with you in that, but just to recap a few things, that every manager is at any level, today we will discuss how many types of managers are at any level. So they have to manage other people at any level, low people who have very important resources. And then we will talk about that the human resource, which we discussed last time, gives you competitive advantage. On which basis? Because in today's organization, the primary source of human resources is the competitive advantage. After that, we discussed that today's organization, to sustain this competitive advantage, we use this resources in a very good way, we benefit from it in a very good way. What were those three? Don't worry, there are some things that you will see in this sense that we have not discussed in this lecture, but you also have to think that technically these are the same thing. As I told you earlier, books are not recommended for this subject, and the reason is that all the human resource management books are available in the market, basically they are talking the same type of things, someone is doing the same style, and the other is doing the same style. That is why I will recommend that whatever you want, I will give the list of a few books at the end of your course out, whatever you are interested in in the market, take it, read it, you will see that the same things that we discuss in our lectures, those people will be discussing in their book in a different way, in a different way. So, we were talking about the competitive advantage, how do we take the human resource? First of all, you see that when we read the organization, we will talk about the value addition in it. When you also do a process, then after the process, when 2 plus 2 is equal to 5, I used a term yesterday, it is called value addition, so it should be 2 plus 2, automatically it should be 4, so how come it is 5 or 6 or something more than that? Though that addition is due to that conversion process, it is called value addition. So, in the organization, the organization or the manager that is taking advantage of the human resources, they do the value addition. What happens after that? Apart from that, I had told you that this is such a thing which the human resource has made, nature has made such a thing that you cannot duplicate exact, replication does not do exact, even if you can find some twins by face or their phenotypical thing or the structure can be the same, but still they are different, their behavior, their attitude, their working can be different. So, if you have acquired good people in your organization, if you have tracked good people, if you have taken good people, then you have the competitive advantage. Similarly, I had discussed another thing, that this is such a thing that such a culture is developed that the rest of the people cannot copy. So, these were the few things that we discussed last time. So, how is that? So, today let us see what we have to discuss today. Now, tell me, don't remember it. In the last lecture, at the end, you had seen what we will study in the next lecture. So, I had indicated some things. You have to keep something in your mind always. As I said in the beginning, in the first lecture, we will share some basic management organizations and some basic things of behavior sciences with you. So that your basis, conceptual things are clear, then you will easily understand its application. But it is necessary that you keep track of all these things. Stay with me. So, tell me what we have to discuss today. Today, basically we will be talking about management concept. What is management? What is its relationship with HRM? How do we benefit from HRK's basic concepts, basic philosophies? Management. What do you think what is this? Do you listen daily? Manage this. Do you call your family? Manage your studies. Do you work somewhere? It is said to you that manage time. If you have a function, you take responsibility. You manage it. What is management by the way? Let's see. How can we define management? So, management is bookish definition. It's the process where we have to perform different kind of functions. Why want to do that? So that we should do something. We should achieve some goals. But in the bookish form, the management is the process of planning, organizing, controlling, directing and so many other things. Of what? All those resources which a management can have. For what purpose? So that you should be able to achieve the goals of that particular organization. But to simplify this, we take four basic functions in the bookish form. They are planning, organizing, controlling and directing. So basically then what is management? So management is a process. It is a process in which we plan, organize, control and direct the resources that are in any organization so that they can achieve their predetermined goals efficiently and effectively. Now you may feel that what is the planning, what is the organizing, what is the controlling, what is the directing. Let us see what are those things. As you can see in the diagram, four basic functions do not mean that the management does not have any other work. Yes, staffing is there. There are many other functions that they have to do. They have to do negotiation, they have to do listening, they have to do dissemination of information. There are so many different activities that they involve. But if you look at the basics, these are the four functions. Planning, organizing, leading and controlling. Now I will discuss one thing with you. And I will see what the outcome comes out of this. Why should we plan? Why you as a person or as a management, why should they organize things? Why should they control? And what is the big fun of having? Leading function. Let us start with planning. What is planning? It is said to you that in today's function, someone's birthday is in your house, someone's year is down, it is an anniversary. What should we plan for that? Your friends say, let's plan, let's go for fun. Let's go for some trip. You are going somewhere, what will you do for that? First of all, you have to think what we have to do. How can we do that? How much will be spent on that? So technically, planning is the initial first step of any activity, an organization, a person, a country can do. So what should be the outcome of planning? What is your strategy? Now what is the strategy of learning new words? The strategy is that how you will move. What is your objective? Where you are heading? How you will be reaching there? How will you go there? So the first function of management, what is the outcome? You have one thing clear in your mind, what to do, how to do, how to reach, we call it planning or organization strategy, if we are talking about management in an organization. After that, what was it? Organizing. You have planned, you have thought, then you will make all the resources for that system. Do you have any idea that you should close the car? Do you have any idea that you have to have food on the way, go there and close the car? Do you have any idea that you will go there and play a game on the way, and enjoy the rest of the activities? Do you have any idea about that? This has happened on a personal level. Now, how you will do it, when we are talking about organization as a whole. In the organization, we say that the organization makes a proper structure. Now, what is the structure? You might have seen in certain organizations, they have different layers. Different activities are predefined, and its responsibility is there. Does anyone have the department of accounts? Does anyone have the department of production? Does anyone have the department of marketing? So, we call it organizing. Now, what is the benefit of this organization? Because now they have a developer system. In that system, the basic component of the whole organization, I have told you that there are different departments, they will work in an organized manner. Everyone will know what they have to do. If you want to purchase something, then you have to initiate it in the purchase department, you have to make a payment for it, you have to do it in the account department. If you make something, then the marketer knows that we have to do the marketing. So, this is the number 2 function which is organizing. Now, next is leading. Now, what is leading to do here? Leading is basically, whatever you have thought, whatever you have planned, you have organized it. So, on your own level, every department, every manager, will look at their work, and see if they are doing the right thing. Is their direction correct? Let's say you have planned that you have to die on a trip. You have to come to Lahore, you have to go to Karachi, or anywhere else. It is not like that, instead of going to Peshawar, you are going to Karachi, or instead of going to Lahore, you are going to Sehalkot. So, for that, you need a proper leading role. Leading is not just a controlling function. In fact, along with that, there is a commitment and motivation. You need things to backup. The leader is basically a manager here. So, the manager, along with you, the people who work with him, on different stages, he is also motivating them, and keeping them in the right direction, he is also backing them, pushing them so that you can reach your goal. And what is the last function? Last basically here. But, for these four functions, which we are talking about, the management process. And that is the controlling function. What do you have to do in controlling? As I told you in the beginning, let's see if you have to celebrate your birthday, or go on a trip, the plan you had in the beginning, you thought that there would be such an amount of expenditure. We have to finish this in so much time. As you might have a kind of big future planning for you, that we have to do this first, then master it, then do the PhD. So, the program you have started, you must have put a time frame for it. Then you must have attached some costs for it. So, it is not that you have told your family, that you have to do this bachelor degree. So, your family will also be worried, and you will also be worried. It will be four years, eight years, and that is wrong. So, you have to see that the precise time you had calculated in the beginning, you have to follow it, so that you can complete it efficiently and effectively. It is called a controlling function. So, what happened? Management is a process, where we have discussed planning, organizing, controlling, directing. It is a function of different processes. You play different resources, you use them, you try to achieve your goals, your mission, your target. All these processes are called management. But now you have heard a few new terms, we discussed efficiency and effectiveness. What is this? Do you have any idea? Yes. What is efficiency? Efficiency is doing the thing right. How will it be right now? I have told you that you are doing your degree program, towards your education. So, how will you say efficient? If you have finished your program at the right time, at the minimum of its requirement time, then we will say that you have done it in an efficient manner. So, it is doing the thing right. And what is effectiveness? Effectiveness is basically doing the right thing right. Do not be afraid of words. As I have told you that you have planned a trip. So, if you had thought of Lahore, then if you reached Lahore, then you are effective. If you have done effective work at Lahore, then you have done it at the right time. If you have reached Shahwar, then it is not an effective thing. This is the difference between efficiency and effectiveness. That is why we say that any work should be done. Whenever you manage something, it should be efficient and effective. Let us see what is next. Someone has said a very good thing. Look at this. What is he saying? This is not, the management is not so simple. In words, things look good in books. But in the ground reality, it is the most difficult thing. And especially when we are talking about managing the people. Why it is difficult? This is what I have told you in the beginning. Someone has said that management is not so simple. It is not a piece of cake. But at the same time, remember, you should not be afraid of this. If you are clear on the concept, if you are clear on where you have to reach, then you can do some effort to do the right thing. As I have shown you in this slide, I have told you that it is like an example quote, someone is talking with a reference. It is like holding a dove in your hand. What is dove now? You know that. There is a parinda. They call it Fakhta. If you hold it tight, what will happen if you hold it tightly? It will die. If you leave it easy, then the parinda will fly away. It will get out of your hands. Exactly the same way, managing people is like this. There is a basic philosophical thing to be discussed in this. What is that? If you hold it very tightly, if you hold it tight, then one day they will be in trouble, leave the job, resign, get sick, and then we will go ahead and discuss health and safety. When someone is frustrated, what does he do? When he gets a tough time, how he or she will behave. But if you don't even ask him a lot, if you leave him completely, like he said, if you leave the dove slowly, then it will fly away. It won't do any work for you. Exactly the same way, if nobody is looking at him, he will get a little easier, he will start taking the Fakha granted. And the work you want to do efficiently and effectively, it won't be possible. Now we have seen the management. So who does all these functions? We have seen the three or four functions of the management. We have to perform the management process. We call it a manager. Who is a manager? Someone who participates in the management process. And what was that? To plan, to organize, to control and direct the resources of organization. Why are you here or she will do that? So that they should be able to achieve the goals. This is called a manager. So can everybody be a manager? Are you a manager? But there is a pre-requisite thing for this. What is that? That he or she should be part of that organization too. Similarly, if somebody comes from abroad, and you have something on your head, take something out of it. Do this. You will not call him a manager. To be a manager, it is necessary that he or she should be part of the organization. And all those functions should be performed by the management. For what purpose? So that they can achieve the goals, the missions of the organization and not just achieve them but in an efficient and effective way. So that they can be called a manager. Now let's see for a good manager. Because a manager has been mentioned. What is necessary? Generally we say in management sciences that a manager should keep three balls up. Now what is the relevance of three balls? What are the three balls? You must have seen any film in the function in different TVs. So the jugglers who play with the ball throw three or four balls and do not let them fall. Now if any of the players who are showing you the show or are showing you the text, if that concentration is a little late for any of the balls, then that sequence cannot be maintained and the ball will fall down and the show will be flopped. Similarly, it is necessary for a manager that he has to perform his duty very efficiently. But still he has to keep three things in his eyes and attention so that he can be in his function, in his action, in his duty. What is that? One is called quality. The other is called cost. The third is customer satisfaction. Whatever he is doing, whatever he is producing, whether it is a production, product or service, whatever, he should make sure that the things that come out of his organization are quality things. Quality is no compromise. Like I said in the last lecture, it used to happen that if a quality producer comes to the market and people say that it is good, it is not good. But nowadays because the world is become the global village, there is so much competition. Unless you have quality, product or service, whatever you are doing, I am teaching you, you are studying, you take something from the market, then if there is no quality in it, then you cannot even think of surviving. You just have to look at the quality, of course you have to look at the cost-efficient. If you spend 100 rupees on 10 rupees, then how will you sell it in the market? So the manager has to take care of whatever activities they are doing, he has to look at the cost factor as well. Is the wastage not happening? Are the resources being wasted? Is the raw material being wasted? Okay, to produce something worth 10 rupees, which can be easily affected in the market, he is spending 500 rupees on it, then how will he survive? And I am talking about the quality product and services. It is not only product. Whatever you do, you go to a doctor, if he does not give you good services, then he will not go again. I am teaching you, if my students are not satisfied, believe me, nobody will listen to me again. So what is the third thing? And it is relating to that. Customer satisfaction. And who is customer? You are my customer. The patients for the doctor are their customers. You take the TV, of any brand, or whatever you use, if you go to a lawyer, then you are playing the role of the customer for him. So for three things, as I told you, the manager has to be on their toes to keep always full concentration on these three things. Then he will be able to satisfy his stakeholder, his special customers. Management science makes a subject that does not only come to the expectation of the customer, but delights in the process. I will tell you small jokes in between, I will show you cartoons in between. What is the reason for this? So that I can take your attention as much as possible. When your attention will be towards me, then whatever I will try to share with you, I hope you will understand and you will enjoy it. So who is doing all these things? So that I should delight you in the process. Whatever manager is managing in any organization, they have to take care of these things so that they are successful. Now managers need a different kind of skill. When we are talking about skills, then you would think that there are many skills. Now there will be some technical skills, some people say that he was a very good manager, because he used to listen to people very well. He used to convince people very well. He had a very cold temper. He was very humble. He was very angry. There are many things that a person will learn slowly for a manager what kind of skills he needs. But technically we are talking about the technical concept. The basic skills, you will also see in your books that you will read a book in HRM, what kind of skills you need for a good manager. But there are some skills that every manager should know. There should be a skill in him. Those skills are conceptual skills, human skills and technical skills. It is necessary that for a different kind of manager, for a different level of manager, there will be a skill which he needs more and the other one needs less. But these three skills are necessary for every level, for every manager. Now what is conceptual skill? Whatever you are doing, if you have that concept, if you can make a difference in right and wrong, if you can make a decision, then this is your conceptual skill. What about human skill? Very important. If you know how to interact with human, how to talk to your colleague, how to take work from him, how to motivate him, how to motivate him, how to behave him, how to judge him and how to motivate him and mold him about his work. So that is basically human skill. The last is technical skill. You are a software engineer. You should know the language of software's basic tools. You are a hardware engineer. You should know the basic technology and the major things. You should know that. Now if a driver is driving a car, and the car gets damaged on the road, and if he doesn't have the basic technical information or knowledge, then he doesn't understand a good driver. So as I told you, there are three skills that the manager should know. One is the conceptual skill. Second is the human skill and third is the technical skill. Now who should know more about this human skill? Who should know more about technical skill? Who should know more about the conceptual skill? Who should know more about it so that they can do their conceptual things so that they can do their conceptual things? So for this, we have to understand that this means that the level of management will be different. What is that? Let's talk about those things. When we talk about the level of management, in the organization, there are a lot of hierarchical levels but we divide them into three levels. And they are top management, middle management and low level are line managers. Let's start with what are line managers? You must have heard about going to a factory or to a factory to see how people work. The supervisor who is a line manager who is working with people on any machine we call him line manager or low level manager. Technically, it is a line manager basically. When it comes above this, which we can call the head of the department like marketing manager or production manager we call him middle level of management or middle level of manager because he has to take a lot of line managers and accomplish the work of his department we call him middle level of management. And there is a top management which we can call president or CEO or head of the unit we call him top management. The skills I told you the skills of these three who are managers they should know Let's see how they relate with each other. As I told you, it is not necessary that the top manager should come as technically as the line manager. Because he did not work he had to make basic strategies. The line manager has to work with each other. He should know that if there is any trouble how to shoot if there is a problem in a machine then how to fix it. It is not necessary that the top chief executive officer should know this detail. Let's see if we compare the basic skills with three levels of management then how does the story become. Let's start with the conceptual thing. What is the skill? Conceiving something conceiving an idea. Who does this thinking in any institution? The line manager knows that he has to do this work he has to turn this machine on and he has to send it here. Other things will be in the big picture which they are doing. So this conceptual skill who needs it most? Yes, you are right. This is top management. He needs this skill more but this does not mean that the middle level and the low level do not need it. But comparatively if there is a little less work then who needs the least conceptual skill? The low level management or the line manager. Let's talk about technical skill. Who needs the most technical skill? Yes, he needs the one who has to do the technical work. This does not mean that the top manager should not know that if I am running a business of computer science and I have some kind of computer production and I have a factory this too. You are going to a hospital so the head of the hospital is not necessary to have a doctor a simple manager or chief executive. You should have an idea of what is going on there. He should know a little about the area in which he should know the work. But who should know the technical details more? The low level and the line manager. So the opposite of this which I have told you in the concept is the technical skills. Who needs the most technical skill? The line manager. Because he should know the basic details of the top manager. Of course, the middle manager also needs but compared to him the top manager needs less than the top and the line manager needs less. Now see the another type of skill that we have just discussed that is human skills. Who needs the most in your opinion? No, this is a skill or these are the skills that are equally important in the level of management. Because we are not talking about the number of people basically, we are talking about the people. The chief executive needs to interact with the people the directors below are 4, 10, 20 and the line manager is working with 200 people but still they are interesting. So these are the skills that are equally important and equally needed. So for any manager as we have discussed that they need a lot of skills but there are 3 basic skills that you need. They are conceptual, human and technical skills. But also we have seen that in organizations there are different levels of management. There are different levels of management. There is a CEO, director head of the departments and there is a line manager. In these 3 levels they need proportionate skills from different ratios. But there are human skills that are equally important at every level and equally needed. The reason for discussing here is that you know that we are studying human resource management. During every lecture you have to keep in mind why we are studying all this about human resource management. And we have also seen that the skills that are related to humans are very important and it doesn't matter at what level of management you are you should know that otherwise it is very difficult to work with others. So after this there are some roles that managers have to play. We call them manager roles. They are role roles that you perform on different levels. But again as I said the same way we see roles in our books and when we discuss we have chosen 3 basic roles for an important lecture. That is one, number one is interpersonal role. Number two is informational role. Number three is decision roles. At any level of management you are managers, line manager middle manager, top manager your interpersonal one to one is related to people. You have to play that role too. You don't have to give information you are also acting like a disseminator of the information. You have done some decision you are top manager you have to send it to people. You are middle manager you have to send that decision to the top manager that information you have to give to your worker. Similarly you have to perform the manager basically different kind of decisions. When the machine is closed what you have to do is you have to do a decision. A worker couldn't come because of any reason he got sick unfortunately he got mishap. So what is the option? The middle manager he has to do decision work in that too. When do we have to do production how do we do marketing how much money do we have to put on this how much raw material is there so this is the middle level of manager to decide. Similarly this decision role is your top executive or executive officer, president whatever we say he has to do decision work of course he or she will be taking the strategic decisions the big picture the broader decision the policy decision he has to take and based on the policy decision the middle manager the actions he has to take he has to do decision work on that and on the low level the line manager has to do decision work on how he has to implement that decision work with his worker. So what happened? They are able to play three important roles interpersonal informational and business. Now what do you think? Then it will not be easy. So if we know all these things that means we have a good manager we can manage good things then where is the problem then basically. Why it is like that we say he was a good manager whatever he did the project you see in your class that on one level only people are doing different projects someone has a good project someone has a normal life now what was the thing who created this different how would your project be good from others or how would someone else's project be better because the information available to you you can use that information at the right time using a good decision that is all if you play your roles properly the information you have you can use that right you can be a good manager and another can be a worse manager a successful manager another can be a useless manager when I am talking about manager it does not mean manager of the organization when you are doing this project you are also a manager you are managing the project you are studying your grade will be good your other friend is also studying that can be he cannot give the right time he is not conceiving the whole information and he is not doing the right decision his grade will not be good very simple so I hope we are understanding those things what kind of related things we are doing so that we get this idea how does it happen but sometimes we get some tracks things look easy but on ground reality they are very difficult at the same time and how they are difficult as you can see in this plasma it is not enough to know about managing you need to prepare to do it how can they do it it is one part do not be afraid of this thing it is just to make you stay with me as I said in the beginning I will share some parts with you you must have seen just that what we are discussing sometimes it is very difficult you must have seen that when you go on a holiday you do not feel like going to school or going to college after that you do not feel like going to work so what is shown in this and then sometimes you have to bring force to people in the same routine which they were before now force does not mean that you have to use force in HRM we call it reinforcement strategies how you will make sure that you also come to work with that spirit and the colleague who is working with you you also have to bring them at the same time and with the same routine with the same spirit with the same effort you have to achieve your work timely all these things we will discuss in the next few lectures now as I told you when you are managing people you should be concerned about some activities what we were talking about that forcefully force again does not mean that you have to use force not force like that we are talking about some other activities what those activities can be like when you as a manager you have to do staffing you have to take people you have to change people you are not performing well you have to do such work retention of people how you have to motivate them how you have to develop them because as I told you in the last lecture everyone has a desire to move ahead for that managers who are involved in decision activities especially in HRM there are some policies to make strategies you are developing you have to do some adjustment for that you have to create your own activities now adjustment is like so many different kind of adjustments as I told you when someone is killed what will you adjust who will do your work your main if you are a line manager your technical manager will not come today in the institution in the organization there is a built system naturally it has adjusted today we will discuss an over burning issue which is called change in the upcoming lectures we will discuss this issue very important things are changing technology is changing working behavior is changing working environment is changing working with you working with you working with people there is no need for machines you have to take this laptop put it in another place laptop will not mind it but if you have changed your technology your system if you have not prepared your people there will be lot of resistance as I told you efficiency and effectiveness will be negative there will be loss time, resources and your foundation so it is necessary for managers as a manager to manage that change adjust your system naturally all the people working with us adapt it it will become the part of this change let's move ahead don't worry, I know there are lot of things we will discuss together but I will tell you you know if you have any other subject you must discuss if you have not discussed these are common sense things in your real life these are the applications let's move ahead I have started discussing today's topics so the basic management concept should be clear if you haven't done it then look at it again read it again read the book look at any reference book about management still it is not clear you can mail me or in our virtual university if you have any queries don't take anything for granted because if your base is not good then things will be more complicated and you will be lost let's start next step that is how we will relate those basic management concept with our HR activities one thing is clear you also agree that human resource is part of the management and in management we have discussed that this is a process planning, organizing, controlling, directing of different resources to achieve goals and don't you think human is also a very important resource we have discussed both so human resource is also a very important resource of the management for this we have to organize plan, direct to achieve goals efficient so HR due to human resource profession there are some responsibilities whoever is working HR is a kind of professional organization in future we will discuss what kind of professionals what kind of responsibilities but let's relate it in future there are some responsibilities of human resource profession what kind of responsibilities they have to establish procedures which procedures in which there is a human aspect who will do the work what he has to do what he has to do what he has to do and then they have to develop and choose different kind of methodologies like we have discussed that you don't want to come on Monday so how they will make sure that you come on Monday and come on time some people remember that they don't appreciate time but in the organization these things cannot be afforded they have to design different methodologies they have to make strategies to how you will come on time whatever you are doing you will come on time and perform you have to define methodologies and see if they really are doing the work or not they have to see whether all those strategies and methodologies are working what kind of strategies they have adopted or the procedures based on what we have said in the planning that why I want to do this so the human resources you have to plan for them and see their controlling you have to play a leading role as HR professional that the activities you have decided you are getting results based on that whether the human resource you are working with is responsive or not responsive and if it is not responsive then you have to go back again to the number one stage that you will make that system again you will modify it and then you will try to take the result based on the requirement so monitoring and evaluation is also the work of HR that they will help in the management in that function in fact they will help and advise all the human resource related activities how we can motivate our employees how we can take a good performance how we can develop them when we have to promote them and all the activities we have discussed in the previous lecture that they will be functions of HR the main manager any level manager the HR professionals will guide them and assist them so that the human resource part of the management can be utilized in a better way and this is how HR can help the managers manager again we have discussed a different level of manager top manager middle manager low level of management how HR will help them to increase productivity to give good performance if all the activities are being monitored so definitely for farmers the productivity will increase because there is no operation in different stages in different institutions different operations are taking place if there is no well connected link then you cannot complete that big picture then similarly relationship relationship between different level of management different setups as we have said in the organization structure of different levels so how to establish relationship between different departments so that all the work is done all the departments together to achieve the ultimate goal of that big picture so if their collaboration is not good then they will be kind of problem there if there is any conflict if there is any stress then HR department HR management assess them for these functions they help the managers to handle these things there are many functions reward system benefits career development all these activities HR managers they help HR management if you come then all these activities help them positive and synergical effect so what is the discussion we have today if you have effective and efficient HR system or if you can easily if you are easily managing part of your resources then what is the benefit technically the benefit of organization effective human resource management will give you an effective organization and how organization can be effective its productivity, its quality, its market value its market share different kinds of indicators that you get in the market that you can see on their base so what is the point we should stop I think for today it is enough but before going I would like to share a few things one I would like you to to understand this not to remember there are such subjects which you will see so many big books how much you can memorize your CPU memory level there will be some limitation so why don't we go for another kind of approach what will you do to understand as I told you take any HR basic book for this subject and the topics we have to study in the next lecture keep them first so that when I come to discuss you should have some concept at least you should be familiar with those different words because the first time you will hear you will be lost but if you read somewhere then you will remember so try to discuss the topics in the next lecture if you don't understand then no problem we will discuss even after the discussion then I will say that once the discussion is done then go back to those topics then I can bet that the learning will get better so let's stop here but before going let's see what we have to discuss as I told you that we are starting out the basic things so today we discussed the management we discussed the manager so in the next lecture we will discuss what are the organizations and what are the basic components and how they relate to each other so what is your job that you have to read these two topics in the book whether you understand or not in the beginning but you have to be ready for the next lecture so next time Allah Hafiz As-Salamu Alaikum