 The Australian PHC system has been successful in providing universal access to primary medical care, but it has not been able to adequately address the growing burden of non-communicable diseases, NCDs. This is due to a number of factors, including a predominantly episodic approach to care, an unequal distribution of resources, and a mix of public and private insurance coverage. To improve the effectiveness of PHC in Australia, policymakers should prioritize a shift towards a comprehensive, integrated, and patient-centered approach to care, ensure equitable access to care according to need, and promote equity in health outcomes across diverse populations.