 We discuss the properties and applications of amorphous, transparent conducting oxides, TCOs, which are semiconductors with atomic structures similar to helical atoms. They have applications in solar cells, light emitting diodes, LEDs, light emitting diodes, LEDs, optoelectronics, and solar thermal power generation. Expanding use of TCO is endangered by scarcity, cost of in, fragility of glass, limited transparency, to visible light, instability above 200 degrees Celsius, non-flexible for application of flexible solar cell, thus driving search for alternatives such as graphene or CNT, which are more stable under acidic, alkaline, oxidizing, reducing and elevated temperature. This article was authored by Afer Rakeshe, Sharma Nalan, Sharon Maheshvar and others.