 Select carbon has specialized in carbon projects suited to pastoralists So based on an understanding of the carbon sector and sheep and cattle production in the rangelands Hence, he's here today to talk to us Dean will discuss the types of landscape and vegetation needed to produce carbon He will Tell us what you have to do to start the process To your business so something. I'm sure we all actually want to know more about so Dean So certainly from the possibility a lot of answers What what it all mean on both sides the ledger production and supply what was the point of it all? How did it work through to something that's actually quite well developed? It's a highly regulated industry now contrary to what perhaps a lot of people think there is a lot of regulation But that's what our business does is to to help you through that also for Total awareness where a select carbon is a wholly owned subsidiary of shell Shell Australia now I say that just so you know but also it indicates the maturity in the sector that entities such as shell are Active players and see the long-term role for this sector So we operate and with landholders 70 projects Thereabouts across Australia unfortunately none in South Australia at present Lot of our projects are in WA, but we started in New South Wales and Queensland and I'm talking to you from Perth WA Projects span 10 million hectares So we're used to scale our projects range in size from properties that are You know if you ten tens tens of thousands of hectares to our largest project being over a million hectares The fourth point there I wanted to draw your attention to is not as a sales pitch here But in select carbon and in this sector It's not just pointy-headed people who love carbon Maybe we're that too, but in our business we have people with agricultural background agricultural science practical farm management experience livestock production environmental science the carbon accounting itself of course a very strong team in remote sensing and Analysis of remote sensing data. We have a field crew. We have legal and we can trade the carbon credits So it's a sector that brings in lots of people and lots of expertise And it's needed all of those elements are needed My background is in ag science and livestock production That's what got me into the carbon game if I can call it that I'm interested in productive and sustainable landscapes where people can make a living and Animal nutrition is what I spent most of my career on and including seven years at Rose worthy. So I've got I Can't be with you today, but I do know South Australia and spent time there and understand The region that you're in and and the opportunities and constraints that you might be facing So I think that's important just to understand that for something that might appear very new There's a whole bunch of us in in this business that come from An agricultural and a livestock background and we very much and it's my you know Really strong passion in this is that the livestock business that you're managing has to become better With the carbon project and not compromised. They have to be at best Align with each other and what we really strive for is that both of them enhance each other and that's possible Enough of that If I launch into trying to understand help help you understand I'm not sure where obviously you're all at with your knowledge Around the carbon sector and the opportunities so apology apologize if it's too simple for some and too much for others, but I Want to start by pointing out some characteristics of carbon farming That really put it quite different than any other commodity. It actually is a commodity It's something that you potentially can produce on your property. So therefore it's a commodity and people want it But it also has some quite distinct differences that can do your head in when you first try and Understand carbon farming. What's the same about any other commodity is that it? Well, it's real So if someone was selling gold Or copper from nearby mine You know, it's a real thing someone someone wants copper Well, they'll they buy the ore and they extract the copper or they buy the copper directly It's a real thing It's measurable and verifiable. Someone doesn't sell a truckload of dirt and so there's copper in there and hope to the best It's weighed. It's verified. It's measured and it's tradable. There is a marketplace For that to be for that commodity be to be traded same with your cattle You sell truckload of cattle. It's desert a number. There's a weight You know what it is the RFIT RFID tags in it's verifiable and and you can sell them you can trade them What's different and this for many people who sort of sit on the outside of the sector kind of go, oh wow It's I don't see how this can work, but it can and it does The commodity in this case stays where it's produced So put it another way the producer of the commodity gets to keep it So someone buys the carbon that's produced and there's carbon in those trees in that photograph And as the trees grew there's an increase In the carbon that's been stored Mostly in the woody biomass but in the leaves and in the roots included Someone wants those That carbon that's stored in a tree because it can help offset Unavoidable emissions that might be associated with their business or their enterprise But where that carbon stored is likely to be in a different location when we're then where the emissions are occurring So the carbon has to stay where it is because it's part of a living biological system We don't cut the trees down and put it in a truck and sell it to someone The carbon has to be stored in living material So so that presents an interesting concept that you get paid for something But it remains under your management And on the downside you think well hang on so I've got to keep it there or it's still my obligation Yet I've already sold it. How does that work? A really key Concept that flows from this is that in carbon farming you're producing both a financial asset and a natural asset So there's quite a few words on this slide and I'll just walk you through them So on the left hand side is the financial asset that you're producing And these are the things I've really already mentioned It's a tradable asset an Australian carbon credit unit or an acu as is often referred to is a financial unit By law it's treated as a property right in the sense that whoever Buys it owns it and that person can sell it to someone else Who does buy it? In 2010 to 2015 and probably even pretty much up to 2017 Really the only game in town to speak of was the Australian government as a buyer of carbon credits that you might produce That's changed rapidly and significantly in the last couple of years and and will change for the better Even more in the years ahead I have state governments there in brackets They're showing more and more interest in participating in the carbon market in one shape or form Different state governments are at different levels and different and they're playing As a as a participant in the market in different ways and we can talk about that later if you wish But the really big change is that there's now A lot of business entities that are purchasing carbon credits for one of two reasons Some have a legal obligation for offsetting their emissions Um But more and more of voluntarily purchasing carbon credits to offset emissions To meet their decarbonisation strategies their sustainability strategies their shareholder interests Leadership from the board all those that you're hearing it in the news more and more companies Pledging for their operations to head towards carbon neutrality How do you reach carbon neutrality? You reduce emissions that you can reduce but those that are hard to reduce You have to offset you have to actively store more carbon in the landscape and Then you're emitting Or at least equal to be to be net zero And this is the opportunity you've got for us to explore today Is um, can you be a producer of the carbon credits that other people want? You can use them yourself, of course So I don't have a dot point there, but someone who produces a carbon credit Can use that themselves and make a claim towards carbon neutrality so You might A producer might direct market their their meat And if if there was the purchaser of the meat and you saw a marketing advantage to say this this beef is carbon neutral Some of those carbon credits or indeed all of them or a portion of them may have come from your property When you make a claim you can't also sell the carbon credit The carbon credits effectively retired because you've used that carbon To make a legitimate claim You can't then sell it because that person who buys it may also make the claim and then there'd be double counting which is contrary to the The verification and the legitimacy of this of this sector importantly Most of the carbon projects relevant to you and i'm focusing on one today are 25 year long ventures But you can earn carbon credits in each of those years So although you have to keep the carbon in your landscape It's not like you get paid once and then have an encumbrance of keeping these trees on your property Forever or for 25 years without it linking to an income you can earn an income in each of the 25 years of a 25 year project And projects of this type have have to be 25 or 100 years in duration And that that's written into legislation And that's because the carbon that's stored needs to be there for a A long period of time Used to be 100 years only but 25 year projects were brought in With in the last decade and it's a good thing because it brings it into the remit of You know a generation and a current management plan Now on the right hand side The natural assets i'm just looking at my watch here and cautious of do tend to delve deeper than i intended Because i want i want you to know as much as i can get across but Give me some warning perhaps at that end if As we're getting close But the natural assets really important Um it stays on your property the trees that are growing that have carbon in them that are earning your carbon credits You have to keep those trees to the duration of the project But that's a good thing So really i'm i'm talking about it as a natural asset not as an encumbrance Not only can you keep them you have to keep them So you can't grow a tree get a carbon credit and then knock it over wilfully Um But in the rangeland setting that's not really an option anyway I mean you can clear to put in tracks and fences and fire breaks It's not that you can't do normal practices That's taken into account in the way we run a project But the natural asset is there for the duration And so it's really important then That you find a way and this is what we do and this is why i get up each morning To work on this is that we find ways for it to add value to your enterprise And i've said it a number of times and i'm labor it again It should be seen as an asset to your enterprise not an encumbrance Because there are lots of ways that a well managed carbon project builds your livestock set your livestock business You can make it more profitable easier or less risky or or combinations of those things Underpinning a carbon project that we'll talk about next is grazing management And why is that a good thing and so why when I say you've got this natural asset? It's an asset It's good for your business It's good in many different ways and and which one's most important to you depends on your circumstance Where you are what you're trying to do with your business but includes Things like building the feed on offer Managing the grazing resting country well timed grazing to stimulate new plant growth Is all important for a carbon project and it's all important for managing your feed on offer and having a line of site For how much feed you've got ahead of you Good grazing diversifies the diet and if I don't Dribble on too much here. I really want to give you some examples at the end about this It's not directly related to carbon, but I can't help myself So if any of you walk away from here and think carbon's not for me I'd hope there's still something in this presentation you go. Oh, okay. Maybe that was and it's really really an opportunity That's too good to miss for us to understand. I think it's a forgotten management tool About managing animals. So they learn to diversify their diet Well managed vegetation improves water infiltration holds it in the land Where it falls is where it's used rather than surface water Flows being higher than water infiltration rates. So many of our landscapes we export water and top soil now We desperately want rain, of course, and when it comes in heavy falls, it can be damaging So we want to build systems that are better suited to What's quite likely is is drying and when it does rain having, you know, really significant events And we want to be able to capture that water and put it to productive use Shade and shelter I put at the end. It seems like an afterthought to put it there But I'm finding it's been a it's another little soapbox of mine, which I won't step on today, but Providing the right micro environment for animals even in your massive landscapes The temperature at which those animals are making their living is a really critical driver to productivity And in a in an environment that is heating up The provision of shade in appropriate locations that are used Is actually really important and I'm talking and hearing more and more from producers who are seeing this as a production Limitation to them in quite a range of different environments in Australia of building into their farm plan the provision of shade For not only animal welfare, but animal productivity as well But the trees that are growing new carbon is creating a habitat as well And can grow a good feed base underneath it and provide shade and shelter amongst it So another slide with dot points and then we get to a few pictures to break it up a bit, but A key part of the most likely carbon project suitable to you is one that's called human induced regeneration It's a bit of a clunky and horrible name, but that's what it's called Um, there are there are other carbon methodologies as it's called or list them at the end This is the one that's most suited to pastoral systems And the rangelands and grazing systems in the pastoral areas It's underpinned By the simple statement up the top that it's Through your grazing management That you're allowing the regeneration of native trees on your place to to go from a juvenile young sapling Through to reaching what's referred to as forest cover, which I'll explain shortly the underlying Is premise I guess behind it is that These small plants that are already naturally Have have germinated and and are growing now And if there are none then then the projects can't be started But where there are juvenile saplings young young plants On your property In the past the grazing management might have stopped those from ever getting to reach maturity if you like reaching Forest cover by that by that definition which will come to in a minute Or unmanaged feral animals or other grazing pressures Was in was imposing a limitation on that regrowth So it's through grazing management that the regrowth and the regeneration can be Allowed to continue that that's an underlying Concept in this methodology And so in the second dot point we're looking for vegetation that might be termed sparse woody So there's some woody trees in the vegetation. There's they're spread apart And there's juvenile plants coming up in between it It's very hard to explain in words It's very very easy to see if we were walking around on a on a paddock with you Which would be a lot more not more fun and a lot more productive for this conversation But if you can imagine when you go home and you are driving around and you're on your water run or mill run is You know have a look at what is coming up and I've had many pastoralists say Over the years that you know, I start seeing this stuff now because I'm looking for it previously little occasions that were coming up or Uh, you know moguls It doesn't matter what the species are you might not really have had an eye on it as being that important because it's not the quality feed But once you see that there is another value in these plants and then you can start to see it So you might think well, I don't know. I've got too much of that, but I'd encourage you to You know to have a look with perhaps with new eyes after this conversation But what we're looking for is areas of the landscape where where there's somebody vegetation juvenile plants doesn't have to be covering every square centimeter of the place But when they grow up over the next 25 years they reach They have potential to reach forest cover And forest cover in these sorts of landscapes that you're in and we work in Is when the plants reach 20 percent canopy cover at a height of at least two meters. It's it's a technical definition It's made up by a person and his arbitrary, but that's the rules In a semi-d�ured landscape That's the accepted definition of forest So obviously quite different from the amazon, but it's it's what we use for the definition of forest in this method So what is 20 percent canopy cover? It's really important for you running a livestock business. We're not talking about water wall thickets of of encroachment or woody weeds The visualization of it is more of an open woodland And diversity and that's really important to maintain your productivity as I mentioned and and as I'll say shortly So to help visualize it remotely Um, I hope there's not too much of a lag for these slides to be coming through But this is an aerial photograph from a drone above a monitoring site Of a project in western australia, but you can imagine if of those larger trees The circumference of that is the canopy area and you look at it on a unit We we have to assess it on a 0.2 hectare scale, but if you you imagine you pace out You know 40 meters by 40 meters and then you you know, that's a pixel if you like that's that's a unit Is that area covered 20% or more of that area covered by canopy and in in this image I would say it is We're only counting the the two meters or above trees not Not the smaller shrubs or the grasses It might help to visualize it down at ground level. So this is Clint. No, my colleague is the model So in the background is the existing forest So You know, I reiterate there when we talk about forest and you think well, I don't have any forest You know, you will have there will be patches where they're where there are two meters and you know, just above the average human height With enough density to cover 20% of a little patch that they're in What you want to be looking for is the regenerating vegetation that hasn't reached two meters That stick that Clint is holding is two meters tall We do the assessment by remote analysis remote data from satellites, but we do on ground as well We have to and we'd want to nothing beats getting out there on the ground So so you've seen a drone image. This is a ground image what we ultimately produce from Satellites drones and field measurements are a series of maps for the landscape And Here are two. These are real ones and I pulled them out to show you how different it can be And what Following conversations with you and any work that we we do if you're interested This this is a very big step of the process. It's what we've got 10 people In an office who we occasionally let out Who do this work who sit With a whole pile of remote sensing data. It's not all visual data. It's not like a Google Earth image where they use that too But there's a whole heap of different spectral bands that come from satellites and they analyze it Train the computer to understand what it is through you know a pretty sophisticated process that takes You know a team of experts. I don't mean to sound You know a bit weird they're saying it that way, but it's a big step Excuse me, and it's a really important part to get right So the image on the left The three colors that we've classified the landscape into three categories Green is what's already forest By that definition. I just gave you so forest You think open woodland really but where the canopy is 20 already at the start of the project So at any point in the last 10 years before a project starts If it was forest cover by that definition It's classified as that and is not eligible to earn carbon credits So existing trees That have reached forest cover Do not earn you carbon credits and that that's one concept that many people assume It's the big trees that earn you carbon credits On the contrary, it's the little trees that are growing to become big trees That earn you carbon credits And in the diagram there's a map there. That's the orange areas That we've identified through the remote sensing and then we'll verify with with field data from plots Is that it's got the right vegetation type of species and state of growth That it has potential to reach forest cover The blue areas are areas that are deemed at least at this point in time to have no potential to reach forest cover Why would they have no potential to reach forest cover could be anything from You know, it's a giver plane. It's a rocky ridge. It's a salt lake. It's open spin effects country. It's grasslands And some of that country is you're most productive for grazing And that's good The pattern so the orange is what we want for carbon Is the areas where it's not yet forest cover but has potential And if we were able to zoom in on this you would see that all those orange blobs are actually made up of pixels That represent 0.2 hectares Sometimes they're all that those Those little pixels are clumped together and you see a big large blob Other times they're relatively scattered The property on the right is in a different landscape. They're both in w a But the vegetation the soil and the landscape is quite different And so the distribution and the density of the eligible areas The orange areas so that's a term that we use carbon eligible areas or carbon estimation areas Is quite different You might be able to see on the image on the right If it's coming through okay for you the kind of green lines on the left hand side of the property Sand dunes is is Is what that's reflecting so there's vegetation Associated with those sand dunes that are already have have already attained forest cover But there's a whole lot of pockets around it that aren't yet but could become so and that's why there's that distinct pattern When we produce these maps and have them on a Smartphone or a tablet and you drive around you should be able to see as you move through these. Yeah, okay That's what that is And it's really important that we do that with you so that you kind of understand the sort of landscapes That are most relevant, but it will be very different from one person to a next In terms of the species that are contributing to those orange areas The parts of the landscape are they in the creek lines? Are they in the flood plains? Are they adjacent to sand dunes? It will depend on your situation um Right, so just jumping back a little bit out of order, but um Kind of love this photo this one's from new south wales, but We talk about Dean can you hear me? Yeah, I just wanted to give you a 15 minute heads up So, um, just to let you know Right, and it's going good. There's no lag Oh good good. I'll be down in 15 minutes. So thank but thanks for that um, and I hope no one's walked out so this um photograph here is it just it just You know visually brings forward the the other advantages of woody vegetation because I can imagine And you'd quite rightly be thinking well You're sort of encouraging the vegetation that I might not really be wanting as a pastoralist for my for feed But I see it in a way that We've got to be encouraging the growth of plants that are able to survive in the landscape And if the woody vegetation In some of the more open country has what's got capacity The mulga or some of the acacia species those those hardy plants They're the ones that will be able to crack through the hard pan if that's what you've got And that is what we've got on a lot of the properties that we work with But what comes along for the ride Is the understory the shrubs that are edible the grasses You know and clearly hear water infiltration and soil condition even under a recently dead tree Is so much better and it's because of the organic matter That's beneath it. It's because of the seed bank that's beneath it It's because of insect activity What's the one of the major drivers for water infiltration in many of these landscapes? It's ant um ant activity and little Little gaps that are created in the in the profile for water to infiltrate Um, I had a a long drive with an entomologist, you know an insect specialist Three hours in a car journey and I sitting in the backseat with an insect specialist I thought well buckle in this is going to be a long trip, but it was fascinating To learn how important these little creatures in the soil are for water infiltration much more than I'd ever appreciated And where are they they tend to be near these? Neat of agitated areas A slightly digress Um, the key question you're asking And I'll leave myself five minutes at the end to race through some some grazing management And you don't know how hard it is for me to do that because that's what I'm really interested in Look a really unhelpful answer is it depends, you know, and that's what scientists say, isn't it? And and what people when you say look what what does it mean to me show me the money? So well, it depends, but There's truth in that but but I will give you some numbers Um, it depends on these four things the one in black Largely out of your control So the number of hectares of those orange areas if you can imagine that map Which I showed you that we call them carbon estimation areas Um, how many hectares of that have you got? It's a function of Previous land use historical land use your soil type your land systems of vegetation But remember you're looking for those areas at pretty fine scale So you don't need your whole northern half of your property to fall into that category. You can be little patches here and there The carbon yield that comes from the growth of those small trees as they as they grow up Depends on the productivity of your location And and the carbon content in that vegetation is estimated through a computer simulation model It's called full cam. It's written into the methodology. It's it's it's what we must use It's not a select carbon thing. It's it's what this methodology requires Requires everyone to use And so the growth of vegetation in a more arid tougher environment is slower Then in one that has a higher rainfall and better soil type and the model knows that because it's It's place-based so that there's geo GPS locations that are put as inputs into the model It knows where it is it knows the soil types it knows The previous hundred years of rainfall data for that location The nearest nearest source of data available for rainfall And it models it it simulates the growth of the vegetation and expresses that in carbon The price of the carbon credit is something out of your control too That's obviously a big factor like any commodity Just as it is with your cattle, you know that well What is is what is in your control is your management? And the management allows the carbon stocks the stock of carbon in your landscape to increase Well, though a computer simulation model expresses the carbon that's being accumulated in the vegetation This is not a computer game. We do have to verify it and show it's real And if the model said it was growing but but you had Was smashing it with un you know feral animals coming in from the the northeast and Everything was looking poor. Then you would not have a viable project. I'm being I'm exaggerating things there but Your management is a is a key part of a carbon project So I'm going to put some numbers here I do it quite nervously because every time we put a number up it it does naturally give an expectation A high one or a low one And I really do want it to emphasize that these numbers may be well under About right or well over for you because I just don't know You know where your place is And what you've got there But hopefully there's enough here for you to go away and maybe tweak it from your from your own perspective and then a lot more follow-up You know to really become more confident in the numbers for you, but I've worked on a thousand hectares And I've very deliberately been conservative here in the estimate So the last thing I want to do is talk to people about this great opportunity Become a millionaire overnight and you know and you find out it's not true So I think there's potential upside to this but without knowing your situation of deliberately gone cautious and conservative But if those orange areas On the maps we were looking at a few slides ago was only 10 percent your property area And I'm just using nice round numbers here and you had a hundred thousand hectares You would have 10,000 hectares of carbon estimation areas. That's the cea there and for reference Most places in what we call the southern rangelands in western Australia Which would have similarity to some of your country Would be around 15 to 20 percent of their property are orange on that map are carbon estimation areas So I've gone on the low side here just to be cautious What's the productivity of the carbon that's growing in those orange pixels? I've gone conservative to say half a carbon credit That's an acu an australian carbon credit unit in each hectare of those orange pixels And for reference again across all of our projects that ranges from about 0.5 up to two per hectare depending on where you are in the country So again, I've gone low end just to be cautious You do those sums that works out to be five thousand acus per year It's not the same every year because the trees don't grow in a linear fashion every year So bear that in mind. This is an this is to give you a feel It'll start off less and it will increase over time as you know in a curve If you were to plot it out, it would be in a curve that start slow speeds up and then flattens out over 25 years At a carbon price of 17 dollars, which is about where it's at now That example is worth 85 thousand dollars In in monetary terms So there's a lot lots of if buts and babies there to relate it to you, but it gives you some feel And around carbon price the graph that's showing there is The spot trade you can you can look at this yourself on the website there at accuse.com.au It's from omf. It's a carbon trader That's their data And con bank, I think and It shows the last year and there's been a spike in the recent month and the price is hitting nearly 18 dollars, which is a Which is a high in the last 12 months So there was a flat line during covert as a lot of the buyers of carbon credits were buckling down and trying to survive And the demand flat lined it didn't go away But it is picking up again So I'm going to Probably in I'm going to speed up What I say now very very happy to talk more about this if time permits in question time But I really want to just also leave you with the idea. We're talking about management. It's absolutely critical In a carbon project that we can show The person who's running the project is doing something that they weren't doing before It's called a dissonality in carbon. They have to say that the carbon that's growing the vegetation Is over and above what would have happened anyway If the tree was there you did nothing different and it grew you're actually not eligible to earn a carbon credit You're eligible to earn a carbon credit because your management has made it possible for that carbon to be in in the vegetation And under this methodology It's the management practice the overarching sentence is managing the timing and extent of grazing The good news for you is that's what pastoral production and livestock is as well managing the timing and extent of grazing But we want to be able to show That you're taking on new practice. It doesn't new practices It doesn't need to be new to mankind to new to science, but it's it's you implementing it in a new way in your business And the next two slides this one and one after are real examples Of people we're working with because the activities are varied Some are using infrastructure so some are Putting in new fences to allow to create paddocks A lot of the people we work with don't have paddocks many of them don't Have a boundary fence So where it's appropriate and deemed to be cost effective for their business. They're looking at strategically placed paddocks that allow for Some kind of rotation or time-managed grazing so you can spell country graze country Elevated level of control than they had previously without the fence So fencing is not new putting in a fence is not new Where it's placed why it's placed and how you use it in your grazing management is the new thing Waterpoint management's another that's a strong determinant as you know around where animals go how long they spend there This example on the right-hand side is a pastoralist in WA In the east getting not that far from the SA border Where a lot of his water points were open small little dams little catchments the trough just sorry the tanks just flowed into this little small dam All sorts of animals wild unmanaged and managed animals went there as they chose It didn't shape grazing patterns So he's converted those to troughs put them in little yards with trap gates And he can control access to those water points much better now Next slide is two different examples Managing livestock numbers so the number of animals you run The timeliness of sending them off property or to different parts of the property So it's not just about the numbers of animals on your place. It's Where are they how long are they there for and how are you managing them? And the image on the left is is a real case where the cattle were sent from the pastoral property down to an agricultural to a farm in the ag zone Again, it's a WA example So it relieved grazing pressure on On the dry station and there was feed available for backgrounding those animals on on the farm Rangeland self-herding is something I spent five or more years working on with Bruce Maynard and some of you may have met Bruce He's he's been to South Australia a number of times in the last few years running workshops In essence the snap version of it is that we use animal behavior and animal nutrition to shape grazing patterns and we we do that by using nutritional attractants paired with sight sound and smell cues for the animals to know where the attractants are And to be motivated to go and seek them and in in this photograph the visual cue Is the traffic cone the witch's hat? there's an audio cue of a homemade Chime hanging in the tree that clangs in the wind There's a smell cue of Was often used of molasses diluted molasses or or as weird as it sounds undiluted cordial sprayed around the trough Which has a distinctive smell that animals can learn. Okay, I smell that I know what's coming if I go and seek it out It's pretty powerful tool actually and low cost and that's that's its real advantage over the infrastructure strategies that I showed you at the beginning in the previous slide um these three Two slides to go Louise and I hope if I don't even have time to go through them Just jump in I think the world will survive without them, but I I just wanted If I can show you an example of the self herding in practice This is a property in the northern territory near Catherine where we did some work a couple of years ago It's a nine square kilometer paddock on showing on the left. You can see a big scolded patch in the middle So it's quite a small paddock gets grazed every year every year It gets grazed in the same area the scolded patch gets all the grazing All the cues for the animals are to go there next mob of animals that go in next year will go there again All the pads lead to there. It's where some of the new grasses are coming up on the edge It's very hard to repair When we put gps tracking collars on the animals and and monitored them at the beginning That's the middle picture Brighter the color tells us that's where the animals spent most of the time So they spent most of the time on the scolded area And just as I said And they went down to the pointy corner at the bottom in the southern end because that's where the single water trough was So they moved between the water trough the skull to water trough the skull But over a series of weeks and months We pulled through a traction pulled the animals away from there Yeah, learned behaviors to bring in a new set of learned behaviors that That Brought them into the areas on that Southern southwestern fence lines on the pretty much the left hand side the western side of that image on the right You now see a whole lot of new grazing areas with the green the yellow and the red Is we'd attracted them there over a series of weeks And we we reduced the impact on the skull. We didn't heal it in one year. It wasn't wasn't magical But in your context As importantly as managing the skull is that the managers said the animals were grazing areas that had never been grazed before in the 10 years He'd been there Even in a small paddock So there's a lot of a feed feed resource In our range lands that aren't being used And other areas that are being overused If we can start to get some sophistication around how we do it but without spending a fortune it lends itself well Uh to carbon as well because we have to show grazing management And we've got tools now that can do that whether it's infrastructure or behavior based This is the last slide. I slightly tell a lie. It's a picture before a graph and then I will stop. I promise Thank you for letting me show this one. It's not carbon. This is the one to just show you that in Thinking about grazing management and getting your livestock into areas they weren't before and Trying to get them to learn about moving so they they build Relationships amongst themselves in the mob rather than a location Bring in more country and under management if you like This data which came from france just kind of blew my mind really I was lucky enough to visit this shepherd Uh on a holiday in france a few years ago with the family and we were walking through this pine forest He was shepherding sheep as you can see and the animals weren't eating anything. I was just trundling along a path Just like our your cattle will track along a pad Or a track or a firebreak, you know, they're they're on a mission. They're going somewhere He stopped and he encouraged the animals to fan out as soon as they did the heads went down The heads went up and they started eating And he said I want them to learn that the next time they come through here. There's something that's worth eating Because if they just walked through there, they wouldn't have learned it So he was teaching them that there was food to be had and they learned that when he stopped it was worth them looking Um Sometimes they stood under acorn trees and when the wind was blowing because they knew acorns were going to drop Um, sometimes they were eating the grass Nothing looked particularly edible to me But the animals were were busy And this is the important thing that i'm finishing on That it's a major drive to productivity. This is what a textbook says If we look at feed quality across the bottom measured by digestibility and how much does an animal eat This is real data of people feeding a particular feed To animals for a month or so They measure how much they eat and you plot it on a graph and that's what you get The higher the quality you feed the more the animals eat. Hopefully that That make common sense to you It's more they want to eat and it's more that they can eat So the better quality feed the more they eat The textbook, you know, you can go to that and say well Feed quality on my station at this point, you know, it's 55 percent digestibility Animals will eat this much But the data from france from the shepherds When they measured intake these dots that are appearing on your screen now and they're a bit pale. Sorry, they're Purple and blue. I hope the lighting where you are you can see them And if my cursor is showing They're up in this elevated range. What they found is that the animals were eating double to triple What the textbook said and the reason they do it we know quite a lot about it now Is that they were eating a diverse range of feed stuffs Not one single feed, which is what how the textbook gets that data But in practice animals often eat a limited range of feed stuffs because they go to a limited range of places But if we can encourage Grazing distribution broad in their diet, they will be more productive or stimulate their intake And to bring it back to the theme of the day It enables you to consider A carbon project as well because you have to be managing the timing and extent of grazing In a carbon project So i'll stop. Um These are a list of other methods. We could talk about them in question time if you like louise Over to you