 Welcome to the ITU studio in Geneva on the occasion of GSR 2018, the Global Symposium for Regulators, where I'm very pleased to be joining the studio today by Joe Enoche, who is the Director-General of the National Communications Authority of Ghana. Mr. Enoche, thank you very much indeed for joining us in the studio. Thank you, Max, for having me. It's a pleasure to be in here. Now, I'd like to just, I know this is your first GSR, perhaps you could give us a few of your first impressions of this particular event. It's been fun. It's been fun and very, very educative. It's good to meet your colleague from other countries. We're doing great. I'm learning a lot. I thought I knew more before I came here, but now I keep on learning. Now, there's been a lot of talk about AI and IoT. Why is this global dialogue important, do you think? I think it's important because you're dealing with two of the most destructive technologies out there. AI and IoT is changing. And I think it's important because of the known unknowns and unknowns of unknowns. We don't know where they're going to take us. And I had hoped that in the early 80s and the 90s, when computer technology was picking its team, we have had this opportunity to think through it, think through what cybersecurity was going to do. So I think this is great. It's great for us regulators to see if it's anything that could be done. And based on what I have actually heard since I've been here Monday, it seems like we really need to let this technology take shape. It's too early to attempt to regulate. So the more we dialogue, the more we get more positioned. Vendors will also become aware of the fact that they need to get their systems hardened. So certainly, I believe, in the end, it's going to be good for the industry. It's going to be good for humanity. If you think about it, we are told that by the end of 2020, there will be an upward of 20 billion IoT connected devices. Most of them are AI-enabled. So that certainly is a concern that we need to understand what it is we're getting ourselves into. Now you're participating in a panel session this afternoon. Perhaps you could give us a little brief insight into what you're going to be talking about. So this afternoon session is about digital identities and what effect they have in all the digital ecosystems out there. There's a lot of digitization going on in several countries. And the question is, you know, most of these digitizations have different digitized identities. How do you get them synchronized? How do you also get them the data that is acquired from all these digital services? How do you provide privacy for them? So it's more about ensuring that these digital data services are securely handled for enterprise and for countries. Talking about secure handling, what about the relationship between AI, the Internet of Things, and cybersecurity? Perhaps you could talk to us a little bit about that. Thank you, Max. So let's begin with IoT, the Internet of Things. This is one of the technologies that have come to change the way businesses run. You know, many years ago, Max, when we talk about devices connected to the Internet, it will be a router, it will be a switch, it will be a laptop, a computer, maybe your phone. But today, we have things. Things could be a fridge, a thing could be a car, a thing could be anything you can think of. And that has helped a lot. It has changed a lot of business models. It has made businesses become more efficient in terms of their operations and even customer service. But businesses have come to realize that to get the full potential of Internet of Things, you also need some integration of these advanced AI technologies. Because an IoT that is enabled with AI becomes a smart machine, right? A smart machine meaning thinking, doing things that typically a human being could do, but on a very fast and rare time basis. So that makes IoT very, very powerful. So if you're not able to integrate AI with IoT, you just get static data, right? You are not able to process the data that is coming into you. The challenge is AI also has the other side and the negatives. The same thing with IoT. I think earlier this year, Interpol reported that all IoT devices are prone to cyberattacks. So we talk about 20 billion IoT devices. So these more now become attack vectors. So it is important that we understand how cyber-wise we're going to make a cyber. We're going to make IoT that's enabled with AI more hardened. And a good chunk of it begin with having an intelligent network, right? Because you know, IoT devices are not in isolation and IoT devices connected to a network. The same way a router is connected to a network, the same way a computer is connected to a network, the same way a switch. So if you begin by making the network intelligent, more hardened, if you begin to making sure that you have visibility, and to have visibility, it will certainly make IoT much more powerful. If you can't do that and you allow the attacker to make a fridge, for example, a fridge that has IoT, that has AI on, and is turned to be a bottleneck, I mean, it turned to be an attacking vector, right? It can become a challenge. And that's why you have all these dialogue ongoing. We need to ensure that as we, more and more devices become IoT enabled, they become AI, IoT enabled as well. We want to make sure that, you know, the good doesn't turn into bad. And again, I go back to say, if we had had this dialogue in the 80s, in the 90s, I'm sure that we will have been much more prepared for the cyber attacks that, you know, years later have come up. Very wise words. Well, thank you very much for joining us in the studio today. Joe and Ajit, thank you very much indeed. And we look forward to catching up with you again sometime in the future. Thank you, Max, for giving me the opportunity. I appreciate it. And do look at our other videos on the ITU YouTube channel and listen to our podcasts on the SoundCloud channel. And thank you very much. Thank you.