 Another principle which we are going to see today is principle A that is beneficence and non-maleficence. This is very important to understand both of these concepts individually. Beneficence involves balancing the benefits of treatment against the risk and cost involved. So you know we have to see that what benefit we are going to seek out of that treatment, what benefit we are going to seek out of that therapy maybe and what are the risk and cost involved into it. For example if we design an experiment which is very costly and it has involved lot of logistics, lot of money, lot of energy and human resource and out of that to long investment we are just going to get a very minimum benefit that probably it is making someone happy you know and it is going to sustain someone's well-being. So we have to see that either we can use some alternative methods or either this is going to be the only solution for the purpose for what we are working. So whereas non-maleficence means avoiding the causation of harm, so it is purely based on another side that we have to see that no harm should be given to individual, it could be social harm, it could be economical harm, it could be any psychological or physical harm. So you know we have to see each domain, each side of experiment, each aspect that in which we are working, as many treatment involves some degree of harm. We know that there is going to be some kind of harm, but this principle would apply that harm should not be disappropriationate to benefit of treatment. The very good example these days could be the COVID vaccine. You know there are the different kind of vaccines available in the market these days and each of these vaccinations have their different efficacy level and they have their you know different kind of side effects. So we need to see that if the vaccination is giving minimum of its side effects whereas its protection is very high. So in the result of that, it is okay, three to four days other symptoms like pain, body etches and things like that, they are acceptable in return to what we are actually achieving. We are seeking protection from a very deadly virus. So you know this is how the principle of beneficence and non-maleficence work. The beneficence and non-maleficence principle guides the psychologists to protect rights and welfare of those whom they work professionally. Now in professional work, all stakeholders engage, whether they are our subjects, co-workers, state, law agencies, guardians of a minor or government. So you need to see that in your specific scenario, what agencies, what stakeholders are involved. So one need to see the protection for everyone. This includes their clients in clinical practice, animals are involved in research and experiments and anyone else with whom they engage in professional interaction. At times they could be the co-workers who we are referral, if there is a client who has some kind of pathological personality or adjustment, during therapy, non-compliance behavior show. So just because he is a difficult client, it would be inappropriate behavior to refer someone. This could be considered into maleficence, because if professional competencies are lacking and we refer him because of that, then if there is no knowledge of the subject area, then that referral is appropriate. Otherwise, this is also an ethically wrong practice to be considered. Then again, this principle encourages psychologists to strive to be aware of the possible effect of their own physical and mental health and their ability to help those with whom they work. So it's not only that they are protecting others from any kind of professional harm, but they need to see that either their own self is on stake, either their own self is being protected, or in what way. For instance, the one who is giving treatment to others because at that time that person is very much important, because the principles of beneficence says that you should give them the treatment as soon as possible, you should give them the vaccine as soon as possible, because if they are protected, then the protection of the general masses can be ensured. Now this also includes acting independently in research and not allowing affiliations and sponsorships to influence results. Now another domain of that very much principle is that an independent researcher can do very good research, publish it, and not only influence an industrial partner, but maybe influence a worker, and not include other people in the results of their research. For instance, multiple authors publish a paper saying that if there is no due publication credit, which we will discuss in the next lecture, then this is also called unethical, and in these days this is too much into debate that why different people working on the same project finally collide their work and that they are doing this with each other, that not all of them are actually working, so we need to see these things as well. It may be necessary to provide treatment that is not desired in order to prevent the development of a future, more serious health problems. This also includes at times a treatment like chemotherapy because for cancer protection a very difficult, harmful treatment is justified because otherwise the cancer is going to kill the person. The treatment might be unpleasant, uncomfortable, and even painful, but this might involve less harm to the patient than if they do have the actual problem, same as I have given you the example. Also talking about the statement of value, psychologists focus on avoiding of harm and prevention of misuse and abuse of their contribution to society. By all means, psychologists are not supposed to use their intelligence, their expertise, their knowledge to misuse in society, but to benefit the society. Except for the welfare, human, non-human, and the living world, do not cause pain or suffering and do not cause offense to others. So in this scenario, I must say that these days, which are very malpracticed by psychologists, we have seen in many recent social cases that the individuals who are not experts of psychology are working as psychologists in the community and they are producing offensive behavior, they are causing pain and suffering to other people because they are not expert in their area and they do not really respect and welfare other human beings. So we need to cater these things very seriously and by these statement of values, the principle of beneficence and non-beneficence carries a huge weight in community of psychology.