 None of this research shows that vaping is safe, and it doesn't rule out the possibility of negative health effects that haven't been found yet. But in public policy, the most important question is, instead of what? In real life, there are no solutions, only trade-offs. There's overwhelming evidence that if the alternative to vaping is cigarette smoking, vaping represents a huge improvement for public health. Government officials generally fail to reason in these terms. They tax, ban, and regulate as if their policies exist in a vacuum, setting statistically dubious studies to support their preconceived policies.