 This is the Shingu Park which I took a few examples of. It's a quite big territory 23,000 square kilometers But for the Indians, they still feel the limits. They cannot expand their system. They cannot go beyond the borders so a lot of the intensification of I mean the shortening of the fellow cycles so that you don't allow Nature to regrow before you come back is based on too little space too many people and that is Because a wide range of reasons Somebody has stolen your land government has taken it But also on the positive side land recognition for ethnic groups is still a confined Definite territory, so you have to adapt to the territory you have even in the best of circumstances Also internal logic changes people need money now So they have to grow cash crops cash crops Then put you on a sort of different logic than subsistence Just to have enough to eat is relatively easy in the rainforest to make money from it. It's a new challenge But it is fully possible to integrate some cash crops into a traditional system and it's done many places in the old days You move your village Now almost nobody moves their village anymore. Why? Because now you have a little school there now you may have a health station there now Maybe there is a road going there to give you access to the market So people get sedentary rest they stay in the same place That changes the system. You cannot go Eight hours to a field far away in the old days you move the village so the new field become close But now villages are stable and also the young people want more They actually want their mobile phones And to have access to facebook even in the middle of the amazon And they want sunglasses and tennis shoes So how to meet those challenges Well When space is limited you have to go for some agroforestry system You have to stay and cultivate In the same plot over a long over many many years We in the rainforest foundation norway Supported that project one of the first projects in brazil from 1991 to 2004 We started with a two-hectare totally degraded plot in a rubber tapper area Using no external input just putting leaves and branches on the soil planting some trees making shadow And over these 14 years Production increased and increased and increased and increased because of crop rotation Some plants that fix nitrogen etc. There is no time to go into it, but it's it's fully possible With some extra work With some extra work to make that work You can meet monetary needs through the production of honey Spices essences for cosmetics, etc. You see the honey from the shingoo It's a huge demand. It's one of the best hones in brazil They Everything they produce They sell immediately demand is much higher than What they can deliver But you cannot leave only on honey and the income from chili There needs to be a government policy of rewarding those who protect the forest There needs to be a kind of basic support It's I put payment in I don't know what that's called. I mean, it's not really payment. It's Rewarding the communities who maintain the forest and maintain the ecosystem services There needs to be a basic government investment sort of thanking Those who protect the forest for continuing to maintain the forest There needs to be a kind of social investments in school in some support, etc Doesn't have to be individual payment But the system cannot continue in our century without some recognition So here's just one example from the chili from the Baniwa Indians They sell their pimenta The chili and it has become the highest fashion. There is not one top chef in san paolo who doesn't use this now And it's even sold in the most expensive stores because that's marvelous chili So you can find these opportunities, but you cannot only depend on them So my recommendations stop demonizing shifting cultivators Acknowledge the rationality and benefits of the system because it's a system That maintains forest landscapes That is basic for maintaining cultural knowledge and adaptation It's basic for these people not to go hungry but to have food security And work with the local communities So that they can develop the system especially When that system is under stress For high population or lack of space, etc. It is fully possible To make very viable innovative productive system based on shifting cultivation with an addition And respect these communities customary and collective land rights When we talk about rights based Systems we are not talking about the individual right to the individual plot that doesn't maintain a forest landscape It is the customary view Of a large space together The collective approach Which protects the forest And these people have a right to free pride and informed consent When governments or NGOs or others who want to Have action in their territories collective rights protect forests And you want forests to be like this in the future. So thank you so much Thank you very much. It was a very comprehensive presentation This is also the kind of advocacy that indigenous peoples are doing in the context of climate change and climate change mitigations So now I would like to invite Edward to give his presentation Thank you very much. Uh My name is Edward Porokwa and I'm from uh past royalist indigenous uh NGO forum And I'm going to present Another very contraversion contested livelihood just like shifting cultivation, which is pastoralism and Looking at it in the context of food security When when we start talking about and my case study is Tanzania So I'm going to do it in the context of Tanzania But it is very similar to what is happening in different parts of Africa and other places where uh pastoralist Are working are existing So indigenous people in Tanzania are primarily pastoralists and hunter gatherers for And uh for that context I will only present much about pastoralists They are community that are may marginalized from the mainstream society They are economy or national their contribution to the national economy is not recognized and uh, normally the government Say that they don't contribute to to national economy So always there's uh attempts by government to Bring the so-called a more productive system than pastoralism To replace pastoralism, which is not quite understood by many many people and As a result of that uh non recognition of uh their livelihood They have a lot of characteristic related to forceful eviction marginalization by and In provision of basic social services and many others And in most of the kind of the time there's a lot of land grab that is taking place I can see a lot of similarity between what you are presenting in terms of shifting cultivation and pastoralism and how The governments and probably even the international community Try to displace that livelihood in the argument that it is not a productive system It is a cake. It is uncivilized. It is uh System that is not going to exist In the current 20th century challenges, but forgetting that It is a system that existed for million years and that have passed the test of time And the which have always been One that can exist in the ecosystem that it is existing It doesn't work Yeah, it is working now When we look at pastoralism, you can see that it employ multiple Techniques in order to exist And among the techniques that pastoralism use is Employing multiple head management techniques to buffer their losses in difficult time and ensure food security And the the in in doing that for example the pastoralist in Tanzania Try to diversify the kind of lifestyle that they they feed They they keep in a like ghetto goats and sheep to allow them to take maximum advantage of available resources in different Ecological niche So the goats can Be easily they can they can be able to get the grass in shorter grass and And even in using small trees and whatever but livestock need taller grass And those are the techniques that in the pastoralists use to ensure that They have the buffer the losses in difficult time and ensure the food security in the areas If you look at what is trending now in the pastoralist areas, you can see that there's a lot of land grabbing Uh For farming tourism and invest them investment that disrupt largely the livelihood of pastoralism making food insecure There's a lot of uh foreign and uh local investment on land Because one of the things that um the similarity between pastoralism and the last presentation is that Where they use the land commonly? It is not the land that is owned by individuals It is the land that is used by the community and they move also mobility is a very important important part of the pastoralism It and um, and that is all that is for different management Uh reasons one is in order to to take advantage of differences that Uh are available in the areas secondly in order to um to to to uh to to escape Existence of diseases in different types of the year and thirdly in order to uh to to to to allow The ecosystem to regenerate And um the same thing happened as the last presentation that In so doing when doing their mobility It is easily to save it is easy to say that the land is vacant And that is when other people are allocated to the land that pastoralists have and as a result Um lose their land and increase poverty and food insecurity to the community Um climate change is one of the issue that is affecting a Pastoralist in Tanzania And uh, this is by caused by increased variability of season caused by long term drought Leading to serious deaths of livestock And decreased amount of grazing and water sources and increase of livestock diseases And this is due to the political interpolice interventions that are made by governments Not only in Tanzania, but different other government of forcing Pastoralists to stay in one place and refusing them access to their diverse resources All the resources for livestock are not available in one Location they need different resources salt lakes are only available in some kind of areas Grass is available in a different ecosystem water is not available throughout the year in one area and of course Because they live in In the plains and also in forests Sometimes they use the forest to escape diseases caused by Wildlife because the wildlife is also using the same same they are using the same same techniques that Pastoralists are all livestock are using Like in our area because we are bordering one of the big forest in Tarangiri national park There is uh, I don't know if without any of you know the wild animal called wildebeest Yes, they are we have a very big population of wildebeest and wildebeest cause Um, it is serious disease to livestock called malignant catalogue So the wildebeest when delivering from january To march they move into the plains to avoid the predators So when they move into the plains where pastoralists are the pastoralists have to move to the forest To avoid the disease caused by those animal So the the there's a close interrelationship between the wildlife themselves And the and the and the and the livestock and pastoralists with When these Problems are coupled with our restricted life of the life of mobility and eviction This lead to food insecurity to the pastoralists Now when you try to look at the general contribution of pastoralism to the national economy, which is not really captured by the the government data But some of the research has shown that Uh In Tanzania for example, they constitute 15 around 15 household which is 0.0 percent of the total household in Tanzania That practice pastoralism about 40 percent of the household sort of in Tanzania are both pastoralists and agriculturalists the Pastoralism contribute to their gross domestic product 45 percent of which 30 Or 13.5 of GDP was contributed by pastoralism Pastoralists are still subsist only or in part upon animal They make use of variable resources in dry land by using livestock to convert grasses and browser into animal protein To be consumed by people. This is there's a very famous research by brad and And again, which show all these things and how this scientifically pastoralism contribute to the protein that is consumed not only by pastoralists, but the majority of the population in Tanzania and I haven't seen any any Any cow or Kettle here in Lima, but I have eaten a lot of meat. So there's a very Close linkage between the protein that you're consuming here In Lima and the production that is made by pastoralists elsewhere I don't know what kind of livestock keeping you have here, but um also as I will say later and in for example There are a lot of tested Ways of making pastoralism sedentary By fencing areas, which has proved Really failure because it is a we in 1975 for example in Tanzania We have established different ranches and first the pastoralists to live in ranches as a result We denied Livestock to access the same ecosystem that wildlife to access the same ecosystem That they are using together with livestock and at the same time by we built The government built some dams inside the ranches, but as a result Really the all the projects that were established through what they call Tanzania national ranch incorporation narco All the ranchers have died and we have They have broken all the ranches and the pastoralists are continuing to live in that way But with a lot of these challenges coming in livestock set many role in the pastoral society they are The means of outcome production The source of food they are they are used for commodity exchange they are the source and objects of labor as value and They are associated with cultural and capital goods, but on this issue of labor When one of the things that we don't look at in the national datas I don't know here in Peru only another part of the world is that the the the the amount of contribution Of this system and particularly pastoralism In providing employment More than 10 percent of Tanzanians are engaged In pastoralism, but still we don't see it as a contribution to that uh sector Ecosystem function and sustainability of the pastoral system is dependent upon a reliability of adequate land to distribute In wet and dry season the grazing pressure. You cannot keep all the livestock in one area The if you try to keep them and that is how the the ranching system fail in Tanzania We brought all the livestock and put them in one ranching system. Definitely. They will cause erosion so you can only Distribute and allow them to move from one place to another so that they consume the different resources Which are not in abandoned in one place in different parts in different Seasons of the year if the less can become fragmented or in habitat Is lost pastoral movement become restricted to a smaller area in which resources may be inadequate Unpredictable and not diverse enough Even in the ranches that we have established. We have killed some species of grass. We have just remained with a few Grass so definitely that is another issue that is important to look at pastoral mobility allow pasture that have even graze Have been graze to recover before they are needed again Just like how we was presenting on the shifting cultivation that When you leave that place of which with the policy makers they think that is an empty land and that you have abandoned the land It to allow regeneration climate change is increasing I think I'm told that I have Only two minutes the changes in pastoral access to grazing land Are occurring throughout Tanzania as a result of government policies political boundaries. That is a very serious problem land tenure changes Including we are talking about protecting the land and creating a lot of conservation areas in Tanzania With 38 percent of the land of Tanzania is conservation area And we try to separate conservation with people And that is a very serious problem because they can cause a they can coexist and they have been co-existing For centuries so it is possible to conserve and at the same time people use the same same Resources that are is available for them life livelihood diversification. That is another Change that is taking place. There's an increase agriculture among Pastoralism self because of the constant that they get in staying in one place and resulting into Serious problem with a community traditional social network and institution may break down as a Community become less involved in decision making regarding land management and decision making That is what is happening now we we give a lot of powers to the government The government see also an opportunity to use the land and get Money for the national treasury So they get into agreement with foreigners and different companies And the people get less and less involved in management of the natural resources population growth also Interactive with these changes to impact on the per capita land base So climate change is a reality, but at the same time it is more Serious for indigenous people because of all these challenges that we can see above The concept Of pastoralism is really not Supported by many decision makers Extensive extensive views of landscape for pastoralism is crucial to accessing well-spread But necessary resources from equilibrium of the system the equilibrium of say of the system Depends on how you manage and use the resources that is available The need for pastoralism for land grazing area is complementary with the need for many well Engulfed I think I mentioned about that point that the other animals would need the same same land that we are using Changes in left landscape Structure may also make this more subsetable to extreme events In my life in my life in my last slide You can see also that the spatial Isolation of grazing system limit the ability of the people both And domestic animal to exploit heterogeneity and vegetation And this is another study that has proved that if you limit the use of the people and Engrazing in ecosystem you limit the ability of the people and while Wild and domestic animal to exploit the resources Cultivation may affect the accessibility of and Availability of two resources is semi-arid landscape because we are also bordering the semi-arid areas So if you allow agriculture so much in an area that people need to go from the forest to the plane From time to time because they need both the forest and the and the plane you will Definitely kill The habitat lots of habitat to alternative land uses poses a risk of both domestic and wildlife species And I think I have used more than the time I'm supposed to use. Thank you very much Thank you Edward for presenting the realities from Tanzania. So now we'd like to move to II from Yanma thank you very much for Having a chance like this to present about our country and shifting cultivation My presentation Will be more focused on the social aspect of the current shifting cultivation system of our indigenous people in Myanmar the first Just to introduce because I met some people who don't know Myanmar yet. Where is it? So this is Myanmar and the Background on shifting cultivation in our country. We call it should be on down. Yeah, it's a Down is hill and yeah, it's farm. So it's a kind of Should be on is shifting. So it's a kind of shifting hill from Mostly we can see in Kachinkaya Keyin chin and shanste all of them are at this minority Who of Myanmar? So estimated there is 15 000 hectare per year according to the recent red roadmap. They estimate the Hector of shifting cultivation area in the country and it is the total length 22.8% of the total land area of the country and 15% of the forest area because Uh 40% of the country land area is for a area out of that 15% is shifting cultivation area fellow period is ranging from zero to seven years because there are some area that Has very limited land that they cannot rotate any longer And there are still some area of practice seven year actually in the past is used to be 10 to 12 year of fellow period And one 10 of population relying on shifting cultivation Accounting to the 2004 data actually if we look at to 9088 in the it is 110 is half in 2004. So it's used to be two 10 of population relying on shifting cultivation in the past in the country And it's reduced year by year with the more land grabbing and all the social issue coming up and limited Land area also from the government in the sheative on Irritugation of those shifting cultivation land area in the country government policy in terms of So generally all type of land belong to the state. We have All the land can be grabbed anytime according To this law. So most of the people in the country The nationality they they have used right for land, but do not own the land Although we might have like land tenure or a kind of document They are not valid actually according to the Current until now no the land law so So they mentioned like pioneer or unsustainable shifting cultivation are listed as the main driver of forest degradation Although we still have a lot of illegal logging going on in the country for deforestation as well And according to miama forest policy 1995 they mentioned that They to they mentioned shifting cultivation to discourage its practices causing Extensive damage to the forest through adoption of improved practices for better food production and a better quality of life for shifting cultivator is what they plan so One more thing along With this is 90 to 92 land use ag they Actually most of the shifting cultivation land are categorized under the wasteland We have 10 types of land in the country and shifting cultivation land is under wasteland and vacant land That's why in that wasteland and vacant land They can the government Because it's mentioned as vacant land the government say that any private sector who want to get the land to replenish it or To replant to do replantation. They can come and Apply for it. They give 5,000 acres 5,000 acres will be around 2,500 hectare per private sector If they want to apply and they can get ownership up to 30 years. So there are many Uh Private sector who grab the land with this vacant land law But doing nothing just to wait for the good time to sell it with a better price and the gaps in the law we have as Actually our shifting cultivation should be under the farm law, but it's not categorized under that And in the farm law farm land law customary land tenure is not recognized So and specifically communal collective tenure is not allowed under the law And rotational agricultural system shifting cultivation is not recognized as a legal land use under the law Land cannot be registered for shifting cultivator And another one vacant fellow and virgin land law In that as well grazing and forest land cannot be communally tighter and no independent legal redress in council of complex Is very strong law So we for us one thing is we Have very weak research done in the past to do research is very risky. We are not allowed So just recently we come up with some social research and we need more research for the country for sure And the case 31 that we study is in baguio mark current people region I'm also karan and it is two community and in the nut lane township of a goal and Estimated household of this two community is hundra household Actually, they used to be one community together But because of they have limited land some family moved to a deeper forest But wherever they moved the illegal logger also followed them so So actually it's very far trip From yangon to five hour work by bus two hour by motorbike and two hour walking and another community is five hour walking There is no car Can go apart from the logger car So sometimes the villager also have to rely on for transportation to the loggers car passing by to go to the city And it is this community is one thing Interesting is they still you but the economy sometimes they produce chili They exchange with the rice nearby community And sometimes people from the city they bring rice and go to that community to get their product because their product is really Faulty and really good product So their main crop is chili sesame cotton for exchange And also petty tomato So petty and corn are for family consumption and also they grow like tomato egg plants for consumption as well So in this area, they still have five to seven fellow period reduce from 10 to 12 because they have limited land They cannot speak burmese language And they don't know how to communicate with illegal logger when the logger come and grab their land And cutting down the tree and things like that So they even have to ask someone who can speak burmese to go and talk to those Company and they cannot differentiate between those are legal or illegal logger Because anybody coming in and they have limited knowledge on how to Know who are doing what so they are like very valuable and then Actually during the British colony They are allowed to do shift and cultivation and they by doing shift and cultivation the British Colony time they are asked to plant teak as well So you plant teak and you do shift and cultivation you are given permission to some extent like that Animal husbandry they are doing and in time of Um Actually, there are some Smuggling of things going on as well. They have a lot of Tuttle and the turtle eggs are Come and collected by the broker in their area Sometime when they have farming or some problem They collect those turtle egg to sell it actually To some extent there are Chinese market to because we are bordering to China as well So it's going on and also orchid are also Collected to for sale as well They also suffer from climate change a lot and one of them is red infestation Like every time in the past is every 50 year the bamboo flower Grow and at that time there are a lot of mice and just right all their farmland It's happened only 50 year one time, but he now become more and more frequent So the way they solve the problem is they have a kind of Roots So it's because all their crops are just right. They eat those root and Those roots and yum seed for food When they have that those kind of certain disaster and they also have wild pig who come and eat the Bamboo flower and at the same time they got meat because they Catch the wild pig who come and eat those flower and also they Bring more and more cats in in that time to eat mice And they themselves also trap use the trap and they also collectively hunt those Reds to solve the problem and in time of like that time they also go and collect orchid to extinct rice because their crops are just right and In the past they have to 600 jet is like half dollar for tax For tax to Do shipment cultivation now a day with the 1992 landlord they Don't need to pay any tax and also they don't own any land So this is the photo the way they solve the problem of reds Actually, they make the reds dry and eat it. So in the and those seeds they collect Maybe you will not be if you will be afraid to eat So they they eat it is their way of solving problem And another community it is Thailand of chin people chin people Dying is one of the ethnic group Of chin people chin ethnic minority group. So it's a one dialect So we look at to the five villages in the township of gampele And there's also more than 100 household. We look at two and ask many question about Poverty How because in this area fellow periods is very shortened And we find out what is the reason and what they are they are facing in time of food security and livelihood security so their area is Very far chinstay and 24 for our hour on food And very transportation is very bad. So there is one Community leader mentioned to me that we thanks to the logger who come to our community because they also Oh Prepare the land along with logging Because they have very bad role. So Actually, it's not It's not what they want But they have no other choice to get better transportation things like that And their main crop is right corn pickle tree leaves sweet potato potato eggplant tomato chili similar to former one And they also do hunting because Their area has a lot of wild animal and g-sat tiger wild pet rabbit wolf and butterfly butterfly is sometimes There is a market for that people come and ask for them to catch butterfly So there are like those um when the community don't know anything people come and show Certain species that we want to bind this pride this pride. So they they sometime Connected to that kind of thing and they also are near to the river. So they do fishing seasonally So they are fair little periods because of population increase and also limited land available Become like one to three years so However Compared to the former community they have stronger customary practice So the community leader decide who will get the land For what year so that all the community will equally get better land next year Not uh, so they divide like equally so that all get rotated in different way And um, there are a high rate of migration in that area for better education or also become refugees for many reasons along with the country civil war and saturation So they they also have selling or an plantation of emc Five to six usd per vis is a lot of money for them And family income per man. Actually the first Community they don't have that money, but the second community they unlike per month 20 to 50 usd So actually Oh So according to the government the causes of the government also acknowledge some of the causes of Unstable or pioneering shifting cultivation In the red roadmap they identify as shortening fellow period and reduced practices due to many reasons loss of traditional land due to investment hydro power agricultural Growing population lack of land tenure over shifting cultivation land and Surrounding forests lack of viable alternative to shifting cultivation and acceptable technology or practices to improve our diversity fine slash and burn agricultural so Our country is now ongoing This consultation for national land new policy because there are a lot of land issue Going to national human rights commission. So from this national land new policy They plan to go up to national land law which include in that policy as they will consider again of those those land tenure for ethnic minority However, we need to walk hard so that it is really improving The social life of the Indigenous people in Myanmar So my key recommendation actually I would like to say that the previous key recommendation from Others are really good. So so my key recommendation will be the previous one plus More research and documentation on shifting cultivation and related study for Our community acknowledgement land tenure for sustainable shifting cultivator And support services for indigenous people to enhance their livelihood Capacity building on innovation especially for women and youth scale on agro forestry 19 for forest product and also biodiversity conservation and enhancement And protection against biopriority and unfair and illegal Tending. Thank you very much Thank you. Now we move to the final presentation number five Okay We're shifting now to from local to international My name is Susan Bratz and I work for the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations There is a very strong international framework to support indigenous indigenous people's rights The UN declaration on the rights of indigenous people provide a framework of Legal or legal framework for rights. There's also a very powerful Forum for discussion with a permanent forum on indigenous issues Out of out of the UN So what I will talk about today is how do we translate this very strong support for indigenous people at international level To support for national level and then action on the ground Next one So just very quickly so an overview global overview of indigenous people There's an estimated 370 million indigenous people spread across 70 countries worldwide Although five percent of the world's total population consists of indigenous people It's also a population that's poor. So an estimated 15 percent of indigenous people are poor Sorry 15 percent of the global population Is Okay, 15 percent of the global poor are indigenous people We know and we've heard some wonderful examples today. They're holders of unique languages knowledge systems and beliefs and the this is invaluable for For sustainable management of natural resources and food security We've also heard today the special relation between the people and their lands and territories and resources And it's of fundamental importance for their collective collective physical and cultural survival as people They're diverse concepts of development Among indigenous people based upon traditional values visions needs and priorities Now that leads us to The main issues and challenges many of which we've talked about today, which is lack of political representation and participation of indigenous people in national forum and decision making Economic marginalization and poverty And lack of access to social services and also discrimination Now there are a number of core principles that indigenous representatives have Brought forth to international Discussions on indigenous people and these are then reflected in the un declaration on indigenous rights These core principles are self-determination development with identity Free prior and informed consent, which is fundamental Participation and inclusion The rights over the land and natural resources all of which you've talked about today cultural rights collective rights and collective management of collective land resources And also gender equality Now i'm turning to What FAO has been doing to help translate these strong principles that are enshrined in international law To support countries and people in country to actually actualize these these principles FAO Prepared a policy on indigenous and tribal peoples in 2010 Now that lays out the rationale for work with indigenous people the global context and also the Different priority areas in which FAO will work and these are listed here. So we've got natural resources environment and genetic resources Support for climate change bioenergy land and territories food security and nutrition and the right to food communication and knowledge systems culture and biological diversity And economic opportunity for sustainable livelihoods So in other words FAO is saying these are the areas in which we Will support work Our work in countries and also at international level We work through a number of different means Both raising awareness of indigenous people issues Helping to support capacity development including through development of tools that would be useful for for use And then support direct support to countries through our field program We also work in in partnership with others and we work to strengthen partnerships so that together These issues can be addressed now in Uh, well FAO has developed a set of guidelines on tenure And we've heard today about the the critical importance of tenure tenure issues for indigenous people Um, so We worked um Oops, yeah So we work to develop a uh set of guidelines. Um, and it's an impossibly Long title which we can never ever remember. So we just call it the voluntary guidelines The full title is the voluntary guidelines on the responsible government governance Of tenure of land fisheries and forests In the context of national food security now This is a set of guidelines that has been adopted by 124 countries under the The commission on world food security um, as well as a number of of uh stakeholders non-governmental stakeholders that work in this commission This is a governing body of FAO and it basically sets out Um, a soft law for tenure that these 124 countries have have Aligned themselves to so this is the first set of Legal guidance on land tenure and land tenure and resource tenure So adopted across these these different stakeholders countries and stakeholders There is one section of the voluntary guidelines that deals specifically with indigenous people And so the key principles of those are aligned to the un declaration on the rights of indigenous people as well as the cbd standards on um Free prior and informed or sorry cbd standards on um indigenous people and it basically um Supports the call for recognizing protecting promoting and implement implementing people's rights These guidelines also call upon states and other parties To hold in good faith consultation with indigenous peoples Before initiating any project or measures affecting the resources for which they hold rights And that's all in line with free prior and informed consent The guidelines recognize the right for self-determination and self-governance of tenure It also they also say that states should recognize and protect the legitimate tenure rights of indigenous people And consider adapting their policy legal and organizational frameworks to recognize tenure systems of indigenous people We've this morning. We've had some great examples of how their perverse policy incentives Or perverse policies in government that actually work against the rights of indigenous people And then another key Um element of these guidelines is to encourage participation of indigenous peoples in the development of laws and policies related to their tenure systems It calls For the assistance to go to communities to increase the capacity of their members to participate fully in decision making and governance of their tenure systems Next slide So what we are doing is to help translate those principles that are laid out in the the These guidelines To work on the ground. So we're working with various countries in developing national workshops That look at these guidelines in the national context And those include indigenous peoples representatives that are interacting with other stakeholder groups To analyze the main issues related to land tenure in the countries We're also under undergoing a study on the assessment of the voluntary guidelines And their relevance and usefulness for indigenous people So taking Those elements in the guidelines and then saying, okay, how does it actually translate into indigenous peoples needs on the ground And we're collecting examples of the implementation of the voluntary guidelines in countries We're also Working on a governance Or a guide to help translate these principles In the voluntary guidelines to actions on the ground in countries And so it's taking broad principles and then applying those to national circumstances And then also with AIPP There are the development of seven case studies on shifting cultivation livelihood and food security This summer in august in in asia. There was a workshop to look at these At the the case studies We're also developing technical guidelines That are relevant for indigenous people So here are some examples governing land for women and men so the gender issues In uh related to indigenous people We also have one in improving governance of forest tenure And then also some guidance on on the respecting free prior and informed consent Also underway is a technical guide on pastoral pastoralism and rangelands So here two colleagues who are working Very much with indigenous people. I work more on the margins of indigenous people, but they are they've They're in a group that deals specifically with these issues and they're working with the departments on developing these guidance tools Now just to close I want to highlight just three challenges and recommendations First is strengthening capacity at national level to implement these voluntary guidelines on the responsible governance of tenure these voluntary guidelines um and to um Basically to strengthen the capacity to implement these so to take these from international level and provide a means to to implement them on the ground respecting indigenous rights and uh customary tenure systems The second recommendation Is that government agencies need to adopt policies and practices that respect and protect the uh free prior informed consent And civil society organizations land unit land users and private investors globally must comply with their responsibilities In relation to f pic this has been internationally accepted adopted And now the challenge is to to actually actualize that on the ground And then lastly all Stakeholders need to continue to work to raise awareness and indigenous knowledge and traditional practices or assets Rather than barriers to efforts to achieve universal food security So we need to turn the whole thinking around and the discourse around from seeing indigenous people as hindering to actually as A very valuable source of knowledge and expertise That will help meet the global challenges of food security and environmental sustainability Thank you Thank you, so then We have just five minutes left. So we'll just limit to three questions. We'll just go for the first round Okay, one two three, please introduce yourself and the questions you want to refer to Good morning, and thank you for a very interesting panel. My name is barba frazier. I'm a journalist and I'd like to ask in places where you've Where there have there's been successful implementation of alternative production that Is based on local local products and doesn't require Traditional agriculture where you're using the the one in brazil comes to mind How do you go about implementing those things and building the capacity for people to actually Usually identify the products produce High-quality products and be able to get them to market Next question Is Is Sensing Access and benefit sharing So Thank you I think the the first question was definitely to me how to identify Products with potential market Value and how to ensure that these products are actually high quality Satisfy market requirements and all that stuff and First let me say that there has been an enormous amount of so-called economic alternative projects that have failed So it's not easy At the same time in rainforest foundation norway and in our colleagues We also have a series of experiments and tests which have been successful So You need to work with the groups. I think that's the essence. That's the first lesson governments and NGOs Cannot just Leave it to them. I mean you must work with the people they don't have Market special knowledge. They don't really know the markets All systems have Hygienic requirements You cannot just sell anything. Well, you can on the local market, but you cannot like in san paulo Etc etc so We have seen for instance in the shingoo park in brazil That honey Is very easy to adapt to a kind of Traditional lifestyle. You don't have to watch the bees every day I mean you can leave it to the bees for a while and then you can you know, collect the honey You need to invest in hygienic conditions You need this, you know, you need to have Sterile glasses To put the honey on you need, you know labels There's a whole process of training To understand the market at the same time this honey became the second Ecologically certified honey in brazil And it is Made in the middle of a huge territory where there is Like kilometers and kilometers from any pesticides. I mean it's it's it's really really Both ecological and extremely good Which is why it can sell for very good prices on the market and if they were willing to produce more But these indians are not capitalists So they eat half of the honey And they don't produce more than they think is Okay, so for a capitalist This is a crazy approach Because they could have sell 10 times more Relatively easily if they were willing to spend more time In dealing with the bees and the honey Okay The same goes to some extent for the chili example Uh In shingu there has been identified a series of palm oils and other Vegetable oils that are of interest to the cosmetics industry Some negotiations failed the indians didn't get what they wanted. They didn't want to sell So that there is no business At the same time in other areas Even with traditional products like rubber Natural rubber has a low price But our partners in brazil have been able to get some companies To pay an extra price And to market that this rubber comes from well protected areas Managed by rubber tappers and extractivists So the companies have also been willing to give an extra premium On traditional products you have to work on an understanding of the market and the producer In order to also achieve this kind of extra value linked to maintaining forest and ecosystem services So it is a long-term investment Many years investment In finding the products refining the production cycle and getting it to the market and some of that will fail The colonists coming down from the andes And clearing forests for annual Repetitive production of maize and manioc and so on is not shifting cultivation It is contributing to deforestation and it's a huge problem And also we work in congo And if you see the satellite maps of congo and if you see the The congo analysis of drivers of deforestation the government has identified shifting cultivation as a main driver of Of deforestation we don't agree with that analysis not especially especially not for the future But of course shifting cultivation temporarily also has Means non-forest But in the traditional cycle That is a temporary approach, but with increasing population The problem increases this is obvious I cannot Probably don't do more access and benefit sharing Personally, I believe That There is a potential there. We have seen very few cases in real world But I don't see a problem in recognizing and paying for Knowledge Even it is for coming from a system, which was originally a non-market based Muchas gracias Yo voy a responder a una primera pregunta de la hermana fresher en relación A las experiencias En el caso nuestro Con la población que retorna después de casi 15 años fuera de la comunidad Quisiera que se tome en cuenta que el salir y conocer otras experiencias También nos da un valor agregado por ejemplo venimos de una comunidad donde no no había fruta Pero descubrimos que la palta Tenía mucho nutriente para la para la comunidad y entonces Introdujimos la palta en la comunidad Y se adapta perfectamente hecho por la misma gente de la comunidad que ya había comido palta afuera Entonces eso es una una experiencia concreta Que responde a la necesidad de otros nutrientes En el caso nuestro todo lo hacemos desde la comunidad con la comunidad para la comunidad Principalmente recuperando conocimientos apropiados La la otra pregunta en relación a conservación de suelos Justamente La calidad del suelo y el agua son lo más importante en la parteandina Y dependemos de la lluvia y del agua dulce que la naturaleza nos da porque no hay otra Entonces por eso usamos Los sabonos naturales Recuperados del propio conocimiento Por ejemplo como podríamos imaginar que chancar la penca de la tuna Mezclarlo con el rocoto que es tan picante Sirve para matar los gusanitos que se comen la plantación en flor Pero eso es un conocimiento propio y tratamos de no usar de ninguna manera los Los sabonos o O pesticidas que dañan la tierra y ese es otro problema El el tema del De la agricultura migratoria Personalmente como activista de derecho de pueblos indígenas mucho tiempo estuve con sentimiento de culpa Porque los andinos Uyendo de la violencia Fui mozadar a la parte amazónica de nuestras regiones como en el caso de ayacucho a la parte de la selva con los aciánicas En Sin embargo a través del tiempo podemos ver cómo se ha dado una relación intercultural entre nosotros cuando una hermana Ayánenka que Antes se podía trasladar de un lugar a otro con su familia para comer Sea animales de bosque o peces de río O los gusanitos del árbol Ahora no tiene a dónde ir Y saben que su testimonio Es que ha aprendido cosas Que son aplicables ahora para ella, por ejemplo, criar animales menores En la casa y luego aprender a cocinarlos combinando con su propio conocimiento Y que eso le genera economía para la educación de sus hijos Son experiencias que se dan a lo largo del tiempo, pero es verdad O sea, aquí también el racismo y la discriminación Hizo que los andinos y los amazónicos no nos conozcamos, no nos respetemos Y se y reproduzcamos esa ese racismo y discriminación Que que hay en nuestro país, no entonces pero hay experiencias positivas Y creemos que en el plano de derechos todavía tenemos mucho que trabajar para poder reconocernos Como tales, no en en un medio donde las diferencias no nos separen Si no nos puedan apoyar a construir En la repartición de beneficios Yo también soy de la corriente Que estamos discutiendo en un sistema de mercado Y que más bien nuestros conocimientos y nuestra cosmovisión y práctica De la del compartir No puede convertirse en un en un sistema para que el otro se siga apropiando gratuitamente de nuestros conocimientos Entonces sí creemos que los conocimientos y los aportes que damos desde este sistema Debería reconocerse Actualmente no hay experiencia al menos que yo conozca Que se esté en la práctica reconociendo económicamente y distribuyéndose los conocimientos Por ejemplo, ayer en la conferencia de prensa nos hizo la entrevista, la revista Xingu de la china Yo le dije que no estamos de acuerdo con la biopiratería y que el estado tiene la responsabilidad De defender y de hacer respetar frente a terceros Toda esa maravilla que tenemos para todos intercambiado en un sistema equitativo Y saben que como como china se llevó la maca y ha puesto 40 y tantos mil hectáreas de maca entonces No pone nada de esto en la revista Entonces Hay mucho que discutir y paso el micro alguno de ustedes Just a short one. I think it is very important to protect the indigenous Plants and seed because there is a big Market black market in our country that They are not without realizing the bamboo seeds are come and buy with very cheese price cheap price And also the harbor Very precious harbor are also come and buy with very cheese Price for them. They just don't know but after a long after a certain period of time they realize that They already have lost their Indigenous seeds and Plants in their area So they started worry and they would like to protect and they don't know how and I guess in that reason I think it is very important for biodiversity conservation as well to protect the Indigenous seeds and plants for indigenous people. Thank you I would like to draw because it's almost the time for other side events. So I would like to stop here But then before we end I would like to request all the Different examples of indigenous practices in Asia in Africa in Latin America So the issue of the It is to discuss how to the climate change is about their rights That that will offer it into the land to discuss them So I'd like to request also who take these cases into account and also try to support the indigenous people's issues In the land it is because the land has been taken place in the climate change With that I would like to thank our our speakers and all the participants That patiently waited for so long and then we had a very good interaction But then you can personally of course our speakers We have other questions. Thank you very much