 Oni'n clynyddio. Oni'n clynyddio bod hi'n dda ni'n gwybod chy suits ac rwy'n gofio'r oeddu yn ei dda i gyd. Mae hi'n gwybod o'r dynnol yn dod wedi'u ddim yn blaen. Rwy'n meddwl yw'r gweithio'n gwneud hynny ymdryd yw gyda'r meddwl. Dyna, maewn i'r ysgrifeisio ar gyfer amddangos y dynnu. Dyn y gweithio, mae'n meddwl i'r meddwl gan y gyfrydd usiat yn Gymru, a'r ffordd yn eu gweld bwysig yw ymddangos. Felly mae'r bwysig yn ysgol iawn o'r dynol, ac mae'r dylunio'n gwrs o'r gofio'n gwrs, ac mae'n ddwy'n gwrs o'r gofio'n gwrs o'r gofio'n gwrs o'r gwrs o'r gofio'n gwrs. Ond, yna, yn 1940, y wneud y fwyaf y dyfodol i'r gwrs, ond heddiw'r ddechrau ond y cyllid o gyllidol y byd i ddechrau llwyddiadol ym eistedd a'r ddechrau ond y cyllid o gyllid o gwell sy'n fyddyl ymbyn. Felly bydd y clywed o ddechrau llwyddiadol yn olygu'r ddechrau. Felly y maes iddo o'r ddechrau llwyddiadol a'r ddechrau llwyddiadol, oherwydd mae wedi meddwl hwnnw, hynny i wneud i hiwyddiadol cael y bydd y byddwch yn cyllid o gyllid o gwell. Ond y pwynt yn mynd i fynd i ddweud i'r llwyddiadau i gael gwrthoedd yma. Rwy'n ddweud i'r ffordd o'r dddangosu, o ffwrdd y mwy fyddwch yn dweud yn ddweud i ddweud i gael gwrthodol, yn gyfwyswpethol, mae'r ffyrddau, mae'r ffyrddau o'r ddweud i'w gwaith, a'r ddweud i'w ddweud i'w ddweud i'w ddweud i gael. Mae'r ffyrddau yn ymgylcheddau a'r ddweud i'w ddweud i'w gwybr, Mae'r maen nhw i am gyda dros o'r dechrau i ddechrau, i ddechrau mynd i am fawr, rydym yn cael ei wych i wneud'r credu i fyny'r gweithio. Nid wrth gwrs yn dros o fyny, i ddweud hynny'n credu i kin, a'r rhaid chi'r credu oany rydym o'r credu. I hynny, y bethau eithaf, y ddynion ddechrau i mi, i'r cyffroffnol, i'n credu i ddiweddig i sian gyda hynny. Wel'r digon graf, that's much more complicated than that. And we have politicians to expound opposite ends of that spectrum and public policy suffers as a result. I would argue that having spent a long time in public policy that most of that actually fails because it's a simplistic approach from a complex system, but that's something we may get in the discussion. 30 yng Nghymru, rwy'n ganch chi ond gan ydych chi'n rhoi'r dweud o'r dweud. Ychydig arall y dweud. Dyna'r ddysgu yn y llyfr. Dyna'r dweud yno rydyn ni'n dweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweud. Mae'n cael ei ddweud yn ei ddweud. Mae'r ddweud yn ychydig yn llyfr. Mae'n ddweud i'w ddweud. Ac mae'n ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweud, ac yn rhaid i'w ffarn gweld i'r ddaw, gan y cyffredin iawn sydd wedi'u ddechrau'r cyfrifodau mewn cyfrifodau a gweld i gael o ffarn o'r ddweud o'r gyfrifodau, oherwydd mae'r ddweud i'w ddweud. Yn ein bod nhw'n credu y slid yn ymddangos ar gyfer y cyfrifodau, ond i'n meddwl o'r hyn o'r cyfrifodau, ond i'n meddwl o'r cyfrifodau, oherwydd mae'n credu ar gyfer y cyfrifodau, oherwydd mae'n credu'r cyfrifodau, oherwydd mae'n credu'r cyfrifodau. I was once showing this slide in our business school, and in the front loader was the Professor of Strategic Management, immediately put up his hand and said, I'd say for Hill Street in Black Hill, I was born in those spots. So you can come from those backgrounds and see, as long as you think that being a Professor of Strategic Management. The other point about that slide is the, whoops, I don't know why, the other point about that slide is the mural on the game land. Someone in the City Council obviously thought that a good way of improving the quality of life was to paint a mural of a corporation by a second game land. Maybe if they asked the guy what needed, they would have got a much more appropriate solution. Anyway, more of this along. So over the years I've worked very closely with colleagues at Glasgow University, with colleagues at the Glasgow Centre for Population Health and so on. A lot of what I'm going to distract you is what these organisations have generated. To put things in context, this is what the newspapers tell us about Scotland's health. This is, we are talking in the sense that we are unhealthy, we're unhealthy because it's not too much. We don't care the truth, we drink too much. If only we get a grip of ourselves and do the right thing, we'd be healthy. It's all about our decisions, the decisions we make on a day-to-day basis. Well, in fact, only one of those statements is true when you subject them to close scrutiny. And regrettably, the one that's true, you think about going out to pop out of the list. So, is Scotland an unhealthy place? This slide shows life expectancy in 16 Western European countries going back to 1851. There is a 160 years worth of data on that slide, and you can see that for most of that time, Scottish life expectancy has been at the middle, the Western European countries. No better than the Western than anyone else. It's only in the past five or six decades that we have drifted to the back of the pack. And if you look at the rate of growth in life expectancy in the richest 20% of the population, you can see that they have found significant benefit over the new year in the United States. The rate of growth in life expectancy in the poorest 20% of the population, however, has that since the 1950s. This is unhealthy, isn't it? No, you have to see it to believe it. You don't believe it. You don't see it. You don't see it too soon. So you can see that the rate of growth in life expectancy in the poorest 20% of the population has that since the 1950s. There has been a divergence in life expectancy between the rich and the poor. It's not the people of Brexit. It's the top 20% versus the bottom 20%. And that decline in rate of growth in life expectancy in the poorest 20% has been what has slowed down in the Scottish average. So only to some of the population is unhealthy. And it's not due to smoking. This slide shows smoking rates in 15-year-old teenagers in the countries of the European region of the World Health Organization. Scottish teenagers are the fifth-lowest smokers in Europe. All these countries have higher life expectancy than a certain age of smoke for them. Scottish males in this study were the third-lowest smokers in Europe, not only by the Thins and Stits. Scottish females left us chaps down a bit by being told what happened. But we're not there we are because we're the worst smokers in Europe. How about diet? OK. So the classic population intervention to improve diet, to improve health was carried out in Finland, the North Korea layer project. In the 1960s, they concluded here, this is, they have to take death rates in many of the major 75 in Finland. And in the 1960s, they had a very high death rate and they decided it was all due to too much fat in the diet. So they decided to change the diet. And I once asked the director of the Finnish Institute of Public Health how did he change the diet and what he said to me, and this is verbatim, what he said was, well the Finnish Institute of Public Health told the Finnish government what to do. The Finnish government told the Finnish people what to do and the Finnish people did it. My response was, well that's Scotland's stuff then. What they did was they took the subsidies away from dairy farmers to discourage them from producing milk, butter, cream, cheese, etc. thereby making the Finns the most miserable people in Europe. So they gave them subsidies back and they switched to growing fruit and vegetables to make fruit and pea salads compulsory and all sorts of workplaces and then they stood by it and marveled at the results. Okay, significant reductions. Must they do to change the diet? Well, that line is Scotland. The Finnish Institute ran a question to change the diet. The Scots invented the E-prime Mars bar and we dropped the same results. Actually, this is post what Ergo, Proctor, what fallacy. We did something and something happened there so what happened was due to what we did. Actually, the main thing that led to that significant reduction was men gave up smoking in enormous numbers in the 1960s. That was a decade where the penny dropped with men who gave up smoking and also we began to see the introduction of better therapies in every western country and seen a significant reduction in death rates from heart disease. The Boons, what about the Boons? This slide shows death rates in 16 Western European countries going back in 1958. The line at the top is the highest mortality any country reached into the first couple of decades that's France. The line at the bottom is the lowest mortality any country reached and the line in the middle is the mean of our 16 Western European countries. From 1950 to 1970, Scotland had one of the most alcoholic cirrhosis death rates in Western Europe. This notion of the Scots as happy dogs is a myth apart from making me also a never happy. From 1970 to 1998 all of that was so below the European average. And then from 1990 for both men and women who went from being one of the worst to being the highest in Western Europe. When you think about the drinking culture in the 1950s or who drank, then drank, what did they drink to you? Where did they drink to you? In the pot, when did they drink to you? After what kind of drinks? Now who drinks? Everyone. What did they drink? Everything if you get the answer. What did they drink to you? Everywhere, when did they drink to you? Saturdays or weeks? The culture has changed and we've embraced that culture. That's the main thing that we have embraced at the moment. Dallas y Llefans, Watsach Mwysig University, Dan, Llywodraeth, Iesawas, to question this. What is causing this inequality? Most people would assume that the inequality in death rates between rich and poor is due to the fact that poor people tend to die without heart and eating cancer. That's what most folk die of. Therefore that's presumably what's driving inequality. But I was still when the stage followed to probe in some detail what was causing it. He did a clever thing with the data. What he did was, for each five-year age group for men and women, he plotted death rates by deprivation category. So the death rate for the most affluent people here, and men in that are part of a 16-year age band, about 1,500 deaths in the year for 100,000 population in that age group, all the way down to the poor stage group. By subtracting the best from the worst and dividing by the mean, you come up with a single number called the slope index of inequality that reflects the differences between rich and poor. By plotting the slope index of inequality by the age band, you can see that inequality in death rates in Scotland are largely driven by inequalities in deaths in teenagers, people in their 20s, 30s, and it starts to come down in their 40s. Young or teenage people, well, teenagers, these are not the people dying of heart and eating cancer. So he went to the stage further, he plotted death rates for individual causes of death. This is heart disease, they calculated the slope index of inequality, and you can plot that on the thing, and you can see that heart disease barely contributes to inequalities in survival. It does a bit in people in their 50s in that space, but it's not in the mean driver. So what's the mean driver of this inequality, white mean inequality in Scottish mortality and white expectancy? It's drugs, suicide, diseases due to alcohol, violence and accidents. Drugs, alcohol, suicide and violence. We're not going to fix that by persuading people to reduce the saturated fat content. This is a complex, socially driven problem. And we need to be thinking quite cleverly to make some difference occur. Now that gave people the excuse to start talking about the Glasgow effect, and that was a term I needed, because it didn't seem to me that there was anything special about Glasgow. Glasgow was a city where in the 50s and 60s it collapsed the heavy industry, lots of them lost their jobs, it collapsed the community as a traditional housing school, houses were not found in gargles and so on, and people were translated to Easter house to Cumbernauld, to Erbyn, the New Towns and so on. And what I used to say was, Glasgow got a city 50 years before anyone else. And then a couple of years ago, proof emerged. I'm just eating a Scott who's a Nobel Prize winning economist working in Princeton, and he wished they taught him what he called deaths of despair. What he found was that men in their 50s, white blue collar workers, non African American, non Hispanic workers in America without college education, between the year 2000 and 2014, saw a 240% increase in deaths from drugs, alcohol and suicide. The Glasgow effect, but only this wasn't happening. The Glasgow effect was happening all the way across America. The Brookings Institution in Washington recently published that graph which showed that the counties that have voted for Trump were the counties that saw the highest incidence of deaths of despair. What we're seeing as a result of our survey is the rise of right wing French parties across Europe. People are turning away from conventional political discourse to think that, well, maybe man, maybe I'll do something different very well. So, with that kind of background that maybe challenges what the concept of wellness are, what causes it? And I mentioned to what pathogenesis at the start, the causes of disease, the origins of disease, so logogenesis is a term that's been coined to describe the causes of well-being. Salus of the Roman goddess of well-being and safety and colleagues in the Nordic School of Public Health to produce this slide which clusters 25 different bees under the umbrella of some of the genesis, and obviously I'm going to take it to the moment by one. If you will not, just to mention a comment or even not mention a comment, I'll mention one. If you take those 25 different bees and you're still undoubtedly the common features of the model of ease, people tend to do well in difficult circumstances if they are required to not mystic out and come with. If they feel that they are in control of their lives, not other people, they can take control and if they have a sense of purpose, they have a reason for saying well, if they feel confident in their ability to deal with the problems that their circumstances go at them, in particular way if they have a supportive network of people and as we will discuss if they come from a nurturing family. Now I'll just mention two of those theories, one big for Frankel, an Austrian psychotherapist who spent four or five years of the war in Amsterdam and survived a new open man's search for meaning. He and the men with whom he survived the horrors of Auschwitz had to stay alive because they had a purpose and their purpose was usually family. The wife had been taken away from them, they did it with her children where they had to stay alive in order to go and find their family. They had a not mystic outlook that everything would be okay and they knew what to do to survive and they did it. And what he said was if you have a whiter life you could cope with almost any problem. Aaron Antonossi, an American sociologist who also investigated Holocaust survivors went to Israel to study the health of adults who had children using concentration camps. Even children who acquired the correct view of the world when they were young had this proper field given control. What Aaron Antonossi said, he described it as a sense of coherence. It's a sense that you find that the social and physical one round about it has been understandable, manageable and meaningful. And what he said that really made sense to me was unless you found the one round about it's understandable then you go and find the one round about it's meaningful and you need to say chronic stress. Now, as soon as I read it, and remember, vividly reading those two words on the set won't apply, because I've been a surgeon and as Alan says, they're what will work with the biochemists. A surgeon's job is to create a few stress on people. The stress response is the body's advanced mechanism. When it's threatened whether socially or in terrible circumstances, or whether it's threatened by the surgeon's knife, the body has to repair itself. So it produces cortisol, with adrenaline and so on to allow energy to flow through the body and it simulates various proteins in order to start the human process. What Antonossi was saying, well actually if you have a difficult childhood, you switch on the stress response and it stays on permanently. This is the missing line. This is what links the social circumstances to physical health. Now there's only part that I present, is the start of a whole chain of problems that showed what the process was. We started to look for evidence that cortisol, one of the main stress hormones, was elevated and we found thousands of studies that showed that. This is Canadian data that puts the cortisol levels in children and off the bus. The longer a child is absent from a single significant adult to relate to the more stress it becomes. This is the Whitehall study. This is Michael Martin's study of 30,000 civil servants carried out for many, many years. What this shows is that in an occupational hierarchy, the higher up you are in the hierarchy, the less stressed you are. This is the day type of cortisol profiles. Cortisol is highest in the morning, when it's down before you go to sleep at night. Higher grade civil servants in the particle line are less stressed throughout the day than more grade civil servants in the red line. The least stressed person in any government is the partner of the secretary. They used a lot of clinical. The reason is that, if a minister asks a permanent secretary to do something he doesn't fancy doing, what does he do? Is somebody else to do it? If they don't fancy it, they get someone else to do it. It goes down on the hierarchy to the person before he gets all the crap nobody else wants to do. It's not going to be too many. Control is the lesson from this. The more control you have over your life, the less stressed you are. Of course life expect and see of parents that can choose grades with money and see of people at the bottom of the civil servants hierarchy. Control, this is another example. Control, Martin Woback, from university college London went round the countries of the form of Soviet law, ten years after the political downward law, and asked people how much control they felt they had of their lives and related that annual death rate in the country. Russians reported the most level of control at the highest death rate, polls and checks, high levels of control. Most death rates, you see they are hungry, it's a bit higher than the polls and checks, they have high levels of control too, but they have an interesting way of doing this. To make their own, to make their path. So I'm told that's my opinion to tell me that. And this, this, this is optimistic outlook. Again there's lots of evidence, auditory, there's one Susan Everson who's an American lady who went to study the health of these adults with children, these adults, these adults, males rather, who were at the highest of death from heart disease. We should measure that very respectfully to keep up, to measure the smoking and alcohol consumption, their weight, their educational attainment, so on. And one of the things she also measured was hopelessness. She had a scoring system allowed her to split men into few groups, those that were very, very hopeless, just that the market was hopeless, those that were absolutely hopeless, because I was a woman, they knew that all men are hopeless. But what she found was that men who are the most negative mindset were four times more likely to die of heart disease and two and a half times more likely to die of cancer were then more optimistic. And she couldn't explain that by a virtue of the fact that the smoke were available, she was able to adjust for all these other risk factors in a statistical analysis. So positive outlook, I know that can be hard when you're a Scotland sport or something, positive outlook is very important to well-being. So the next bit of the jigsaw came when I'm trying to piece together the weight between social circumstances and premature mortality. The next piece of the jigsaw came when I saw an experiment in the psychology department of a New York university, and the experiment was to make baby monkeys depressed. That's clearly not a happy baby monkey. And the way they made the baby monkeys depressed was all down to the way they let mum feed the baby. One half of the animal house mum and baby are playing and are swinging about and so on. If the baby anything to be hungry, mum could bend down and pick up the food to feed the baby. The other half of the animal house he took the food away and hid it. So that when the baby anything to be needed could mum had to go away and forage for it so she was away all on her time. And she also was stressed because she'd fight with other mums to get access to it. So if we'll ask you which group of babies do you think became depressed was it once a month very easy to feed them? Or once a month was a way a lot and stressed by being away? You'd probably think it was a second boom wouldn't it? And you just haven't asked that question if you can spot who the working mums are in a room. Well ladies, do you needn't worry? It made no difference. These were the stress hormone levels for the month of eating to feed the babies and those were the stress hormone levels for the month of that heart to feed the babies and they were the same. But those were the stress hormone levels in the babies where they randomly changed the feeding pattern from one day to the next. But once it mum being there or mum not being there it was baby not knowing what was happening at this time. And if you think about it first thing a human being feels first stress when he feels what to do he cries mum picks him up, cuddles him, talks to him he doesn't stress at all. This is the start of a tennis match where he'll cry, resolve the stress and by the time that's happened a thousand times baby don't say one was structured predictable and he's in control. To do the crying thing this doesn't come a long case today no problem. He develops that sense of coherence that I'm going on to talk about. A contrast that takes things of a baby who when he cries sometimes gets fed but sometimes doesn't because mum's drunk or under the influence of dogs and even once a boyfriend picks baby up and shakes him and slaps him because he doesn't moment hand baby loves a woman is not structured, is not predictable he has no control and when he does the one thing he's programmed to do in the sponsor stress there are hearts no sense of coherence there. The next stage was the people who were doing this study began to examine the brains of the stress and on stress stages and what they found was that chronic stress in early life led to significant changes in brain roles in pre-principal areas the prefrontal cortex which is a bit of the brain are ones you can make cover decisions so you take in new information you process it in the prefrontal cortex and you respond the amygdala so the prefrontal cortex does not develop so well in stress stages the amygdala is a bit of the brain associated with emotional arousal and that becomes more active in these babies and the hippocampus is a bit of the brain associated with memory so these babies are less well able to learn so what you've got is a kid potentially in a human situation who goes through less well able to learn is more emotionally aroused more anxious, aggressive, fearful and less well able to control himself so when he gets bullied for being stupid he's likely to lash out and he's likely to be excluded from school now we took that that was all experimental stuff and we didn't want to take experiment in animals as being applicable to your average glass surgeon so we went out into the streets of Glasgow and we scanned things and I was slightly worried about going down these same amygdala we scanned your brain but I mean I'm worried but Amy you're going to tell me I'll go away you're going to get a certificate I mean these guys have spent my life being told they're stupid so and we found it, we measured hippocampal volume, we measured cell density in the prefrontal cortex when the stage further and it was exactly as the animal study suggested when the stage further we measured the performance of these centres the choice reaction time measures your prefrontal cortex activity what the choice reaction time showed here was that on average if you present some evidence to people and ask them to press a button on your computer quickly in response to it people coming from the most deprived parts of Glasgow to Carnegie to about 200 ms longer to hit the right button so that doesn't sound very much there if you think of two cars being driven through by site, one by Sunday with our cohesive upbringing one by someone coming from a difficult upbringing being driven 50 miles an hour and a child walks out of the trunk of them a car being driven by the guy who was a difficult upbringing will take about two car lengths longer to stop the disadvantage accruws in all sorts of ways that you can understand at first so why does the cortisol level become chronic well and this is the final piece of the jigsaw the final chain in the evidence and it's epigenetic actually epigenetic you know we get to inherit all these genes well it doesn't matter so much what genes we inherit what really matters is when they're turned on and turned off and that's the study of epigenetics and what we find this is the molecular biology of a cuddle in the case of what happens when you cuddle a baby probably what happens when you cuddle me but that depends on the history of the country whenever you feel comforted and nurtured you're happy and there's a chemical messenger called 5-hydoxyptic which is also known as serotonin it's released in the brain and circulates in the bloodstream when it's picked up by a transport mechanism can go into the cell chromosome 5 is a genome it's called the aptococococococucet when it bites on to serotonin and gets activated and it produces a protein that allows the brain to recognise that clapidol is high ac yn OF omega i gyda gael eu cyfwyr ad liquoru yn gwybod unig i ddim yn ffgrifoedd, y ni wedi gwybod gan fyddiwch, gan dweud y glurau cawcifio'r uch, ac dyna'r parnau yn ddefnyddio gyda'r gwybod dddoron, a dyna, yna'n gwybod y rhaid i gwybod ddwybing, ac dyna, yna, yna mae'n ffordd sy'n ei gweithio'n gwybod i gwybod y pwg. Ac mae'n ymddun i'n gweithio'n gwybod yn ei bwyddoch yn ddeifanol i obi yn gyfwysggfaen, Mae'r bwysig iawn yn oedd yn y gwir o gen, fel y mynd i gymryd yn unigol, a'r bwysig i'n gweithio'r llyfridd. Wrth gwrs, mae'r bwysig iawn yn ei ddweud i'r cefnodd gyda Llyfridd Fyllgr inni a'r Llyfridd yn ôl i'r bwysig i'r llyfridd mewn bwysig iawn. Yn y gweithio'r llyfridd, efallai'r bwysig iawn wedi ddod. Yn y bwysig i'r bwysig iawn? Something with a basement etc. And they catch it. They get the president. We tried to get the logical software and I'm sitting there thinking. So, there's two hundred financial comparisons and there's a boy in the basement from Paisley. There are no context. So, sure enough, he makes the one. So, the warrior seems a real thing and it's. They call it the warrior. When we discovered it, gwait? Diolch yn gallu y cyflwyn. A ydych chi'n credu gwaith mwybeth hwnnw yn y bwyllt? Roedd yn eistedd i'raporei cyngor, mae'r mae hwnnw yn ymgyrch, wedi'u cyntafol, mae'r mae cyntafol o'r cyngor yng nghay mwyw yng Nghymru. Ac e'n cynnwys i'ch hyn sylfa wahanol yng nghymru. Mae'r wych i dda i'r bynnag am y ddechreu cymdeithasol i'r unig yw'r gweithio yn yr hynny. Mae'r gweithio i'r cymdeithasol i'r bynnig, a sut mae'r cymdeithasol i'r bynnig, daeth gwych, cymdeithasol i'r gweithio, a'r gyfwyr, ac i'r gwleid, ac i'r gyfwyr gydaeth am y ddechrau, a'r cymdeithasol i'r gyfwyr. Yng Nghymru, ydych chi'n hynny'n hyn i'w amhael iawn i California, o'r oeddaethol i am에isio, ac mor awt thumbs o'r gwahodd, mae eisiau cynllun cyd-mae wedi'i diwylltio gyda unrhyw... rydym yn ôl i dyfodol a rydym yn ni'n ymwneud i gael y ffordd, ac wedi gael y bydd Ieithi Gwyddi, yn ôl Ieithi Gwyddi, Ac eich 잘ion, dyna yno'r jall iawn, Byddwch yn gweithio, mae'r ddweud yn ystyried. Ond, y gallwn ei iawn i gyd yn ei c ning ar gael, mae'r bobl ar y exploitation o'ch pari gwyloedd tydd y ffrifau yn i, mae'r llei, tyrποι, yn unig. Yn unig, dyna'r gwirach, y burgenolau, yr hynny i'n mwyaf, ac oherwydd mae'r mwyaf yn gwirach a'r mwyaf yma, a llwydlaf sydFA oedd y rhain yn y byth, fe ddyliawc yn dweud o'r ddweud, mae'n dechrau yn ei bnog foolishu, dweud yn ei ddechrau ni nid. Mae'r ddweud Ym Miynoedd, 11 mwy o'r 1% o'r grwp yng Nghymru, 12 mwy o'r 4% o'r mwy o arfer. Efallai hefyd yn ychynig oír 4 o aml Lithuidd. Ie, gwelianai eich ranc yw 5 o'n миro. Whywch 5 o'n dongweithio chi'n hanesill i an Hyntafal Parliament, alcohol, café newydd, benysig atŷ. If you look at the pattern about their south carbon in the average of the experience they study, it's all the increased risk of premature death of heart disease and cancer, and then these are all the drugs that are called suicide mental health problems. That's the pattern of excess mortality between the blasts, compared to kinds of cases like the one from Manchester. Could it be that the turmoil that afflicted blasts in the 1950s and 60s have created that breakdown in family structure that led to these outcomes that we're seeing now? Possibly. In South Island of New Zealand carried out several studies, these are studies that identified 1,000 children in the early 70s. They identified a simple risk because of chaotic circumstances in which they were living. In the 40s now they're more likely to be unemployed, criminal convictions for violence, experienced teenage pregnancy, have a substance-less use problem, and they are showing signs of the metabolic changes of the diabetes and heart disease. This is what happens if you have a poor childhood. The economic cost of one year's worth of childhood rate, that more of children born in 1960s, by the time they die, they will have cost the American economy $124 billion in terms of increased costs of health care, increased costs of caring for women aid, when their families break down, increased costs of caring for women with big tail. The fact that they do badly at school and never work, they never pay taxes, and they have increased risks of chronic disease later on in life, and they need some of this stuff on the way and I'm calling to the maintenance to guess it out. I don't think we're going to go on to maybe a very simple thing. So the cost to our society of poor childhood, disrupted families, are astronomical. This is what happens. It's not just the first few months of life that are a problem. This life, which comes from the Venetian study, they looked at children who scored an age two on the 90th centile for developmental progress for cognitive function. So here you have upward children on the 90th centile, who by the time you reach 10, were still pretty much, they were still about the 70th centile in terms of cognitive performance. If you came from a poor home, by an age two you were on the 90th centile, your performance degraded over the next eight years. If you came from an affluent home and you were on the 10th centile, your more or less recovered over the next few years, whereas if you were poor, you'd never actually recovered. This is not just the first few months of life that's that grinding down of kids over the first ten years. So, when we think about policy to reduce things like heart disease and diabetes and lung cancer and so on, what we tend to think of is that it's the behaviours that we adopt. If only we would stop smoking and take exercise and change our diet, we would reduce those. But actually, our ability to choose the right things to do and our ability to commit ourselves to the right things depends very much on having that sense of well-being, having that sense of purpose, sense of control and so on. And if you don't acquire that in early life, you're up against it in later life. What I would argue we have seen in Scotland over the past 50 years is a cycle of alienation, kids living in chaotic circumstances, significant increased risk of mental health problems, things like violent behaviour, inconsistent behaviour attributed to mental health problems. They go to school, they cause problems, they get excluded from school, they get into fights, they go to jail, and I go to jail quite often. Usually they let me out. But yes, these 18-year-olds, what are you going to do when you get out? I'll never get a job, I've got a criminal record. So what are you going to do if you're a codisitor old, a work teller when you're down? What you never say is, by the way, you'll probably have a couple of babies. So you have that, no sense of self-esteem, no sense of control, and the baby is born into a worthless home and the cycle competes. And of course, the man I first heard talk about alienation was this man, Jerry. In 1971, he lived on Lord Beckhamshire University, a directorial address was reprinted and told in the New York Times, which described that it's the single most important public seat since the Gettysburg address. And to those of us in the room like me, that comparison of Jimmie Lee with Abraham Lincoln was very flattering to Abraham Lincoln. It was about alienation. The cry of men feel themselves the victims of the right economic forces beyond their control. The frustration of ordinary people excluded from the process of decision making, feeling of disfairing forces that relates people to a justification of no citizenship and accountability in their own histories. He nailed that. That's the death of despair that we have seen in Glasgow and are now seeing them in. And if we're going to fix it, we've got to tackle the circumstances that lead to the death of despair. And I'm hoping that a load of things have been done for the years that produced change. Minimum income, universal basic income, trialled initially in Canada in the United States, reduced aniseate violence, reduced hospitalisation significantly, increased high school graduating. However, Richard Nixon was about to take a bill to Congress to make universal basic income along with North America, would you believe? But it was torpedoed by the report that in the city of Seattle, universal basic income led to a 50% increase in the vote rate. It appeared to them that this is what happens when you give women financial independence. So the head bells suffered, and a few years later, they found out it was a lie. It was state news. It was manufactured in order to view the idea. Another experiment that began to show me, well, what must we do to make it better? The Broadway experiment was carried out in the city of London. They had 14 draft sleepers who were carrying on draft sleepers. Between them, they had a fort. The shortest time anyone had been on sleepers for years, the longest time was 45 years, which is pretty good going on. 45 years is about it's life expectancy. And these folk had cost them about a million pounds a year over the three years in terms of different benefits and things that they tried to do. So they decided to do things differently. Instead of going to them and saying, right, there's a voucher for that, also, Lord, you know. Instead of telling them what to do, they decided to ask them what do you need, what matters to you in achieving a better life style. And that process built a sense of trust between the individual and the social worker who was doing it. She wasn't telling them what you should say. What do you need? Let's work together, let's build that sense of control. When the results came in, the economists concluded this, the most efficient way to spend money on what might be given. What the city of London did was, they gave each of the 13 months that was about a pound of 3,000 pounds in it. The social worker asked them what did they need, and she was surprised by the responses. One guy asked, what are you giving me? One guy asked her, a spare set of clothes. One guy said, the only time in my life I've ever been happy was when I used to go with a holiday with my premises, caravan park and tent. Could you see if I was going to use the caravan that I might go and take? By the end of the year, 11 of the 13 were in permanent accommodation, and the average spend per litre of the bank accounts was 700 and 80 pounds. Here in Glasgow, the Quatwick Group, Martin Armstrong and the Chief Executive, and the Quatwick Group in Scotland's Large Housing Association developed the Glasgow Housing Association. Martin Armstrong and the Chief Executive, in the Saturday's programme, fit yes in which every single member of each group is told, if a member of the public comes to you with a problem you work with some picks a problem don't knock me over to that after some consults. Don't rechpwg at all. Work with some picks a problem. Now all came about because he was asked by a counselor to go and see around with his suicidal and he went into the house and said it was a problem in five minutes to his suicidal relationship with two or two children who had to be kept in the house Ie ddweud ymateb hwnnw yn ddiweddol, a ddysgwch yn ychydig i'w ddweud o'r ddweud, ddysgwch yn y ddweud, ddysgwch yn y ddweud, ddysgwch yn y ddweud, i ddysgwch yn y ddweud. Felly, mae'n ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweudio'n ymgyrchol fath o datblygu'r cyhoeddiol. Ie ddweud y ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweud, o'r ddweud o'r ddweud? Mae'r gweithio'r cyffredinol yn ystafell medicinal yn ddif rhyngwys, mae'n ddifud i'w ddifud o'r pethau yma. Yn wych yn cymwyntio'r bod yn ddifud o'r hun, ac mae'n ddifud o'r ddifud o'r ddifud o'r cyffredinol. Mae'n ddifud o'r ddifud o'r pasion, o'r ddifud o'r ddifud o'r ddifud o'r ddifud o'r ddifudio. Mae'r ddifud o'r cyffredinol yn gweithio i hallu ei ddifudio. it used their data to cement the population to those who were managing perfectly well, those that were starting to get it, and they identified 1,500 people who were chaotic. They then calculated how much they were sending on each of these 1,500 people, and it came out at about £100,000 each, mainly in social work, local authority, having broken windows fixed, and so on. Y dynion yma, y dynion yma yn ymwyno, a lle'r dynion yma yw'r gwrthoedd wedi'i gwneud y cyfnod o'r newid, maen nhw'n clywed ar gyfer i'r cyfnodau. Y dynion yma, 100,000 pwn yn cyhoeddol i'r 2,000 pwn ar gyfer hyn. Yn ymwyno'n gyrfaeth, argymau a'r dynion, y dynion ymwyno, y dynion ymwyno, y dynion ymwyno, y dynion yw'r cyfnodau'r gyrfaeth, The only bit of the public discourse that's standing on my name is education because the kids were going to somewhere else. So we need to be thinking about doing things differently. Joseph Townsend was a church member in the cleric who, when he alive today, would probably be working for the department of working pensions. He was also a medical doctor. There's a graduate of Glasgow University. Delighted to tell you he was a medical graduate at the Browning High School. That is still the attitude that is out there in many individuals. These people make this choice so we have to give them incentives. So we have packed children. Let's tax sugar. That will fix the problem. Well actually when you look at the biochemistry, the centres in the brain associated with the brain foam are resistant to the effects of insulin. So they eat and the brain never gets the signals that says we're full. So they can't actually control their appetite. The problem with policy is we've jumped to simplistic solutions without due attention we've paid to the science and the complexity of the nation that underlies it. Just finished with a quote or two. This guy is a Catholic priest who about 30 years ago was sent to work in the most violent parish in the West Coast of America, South Central Los Angeles, where LEDE told him he would be killed if he tried to interfere with the business of the Latino gangs. He went to the church house today, was there, he dumped his bag and he decided to go and work in the parish and he stopped doing it. He counted down and he said, well that's his job to do. And off he went. And he talked and he found out what he was thinking and just generally defended him. And 30 years on, you can see him here with the Latino gang members, what he did was he realized, he asked somebody he needed and they said, well we need a job, but we're going to give up the fighting and the problems and so on, we need a job. They got this guy who was a film producer to buy at this year's bakery and he started homeboy bakeries. And he told me once that he needed, that within a few weeks he realized he needed to start a second business that was homeboy cast. Who did we go with? He said that really came with him. One day he was sitting there and then came one of the homeboys, sat down and said, Greg, you're really going to help me. I'm trying to get a job, but nobody will pay any attention to me. I'm going to introduce Chuck Roshow, he said he has a body. And Greg said, I looked at my piercings, my nose, my ears, my lips and so on. But what really drew your attention was the tattoo across his forehead and large letters which said, fuck the one. And Greg said, I think you're going to make a problem. The last time I said, Chuck, you're going to come, you're going to lay down in the trash community. And 30 years later, Greg has literally, by defending people to transform thousands of violence. He comes in last but in the case of the violent production unit that have adopted some of his approaches. And I think he comes to schools occasionally and what he tells the school kids and I'm really proud to talk about this. It wasn't the Daily Mail which applied for it, it was a new one on Sunday. It was about compassion, not what you see often in the Daily Mail. There's what we see, a compassion that stands in all at the barterons that put an application. How, when it stands in justice, how they carry them. But we see people in difficulty. Yeah, we should help them, but more importantly, we should try to help them help themselves. Because that's what transforms the violence, that's what the science tells us. And just another quote from a 9th century Confucianist. He indicated on that for us that rather than transition countries' grievances, he said that there's a poverty of the multitude to relieve their misery. Criminals won't disappear. In my opinion, white value comes from the inability to survive. There's no criminality in the country but a waste of natural resources, 9th century. The reason why it's going to come down to classes are not policies, because our rulers should be honest and not. What we are taught to do is to intervene and do things to people. The paradigm of life as a river and what the health services is a rescue system I mean, because I talked a lot about healthy places, they made me an honour to develop their island corporation of architects and stuff, and I asked them what did that mean, and they said, well, it means you can drop rates with a house in the heart of all money. So, the health services, the guy who lives at the top of the waterfall, and what he does is he goes out and rescues drowning people. And the public health system says, why are all these people falling into the river? We'll go upstream and we'll fix the whole of the fence. That is the wrong paradigm to think about health and wellbeing. The correct paradigm is this. We're all in the river all the time. And one side of the river is sunny, and there's a guy handing out the air and the heaters and things, and you can float along and it's very pleasant. The other side of the river is where the crocodiles and sharks and mongs are. And the challenge is to teach people to navigate the river, teach them how to stay on the right side, and we do that by thinking way, way before they're born even. So, the question is how do we create wellbeing? Well, it's complicated. But it's much more important to support people in ways that allow them to be able to make the right choices. So, it's a big term in this thing. It's the environment we find ourselves in, but free will comes in because if we teach people in ways that allow them to analyse the problem to make the right decisions, then we're all a lot better off. So, my final word here is... Just stand with me and start with me and start with me.