 Hello, I welcome you all once again to my channel, Explore Education and I am Dr. Rashmi Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Education, S.S. Khanna Girls to be College, University of Alabad. And it is my email ID to subscribe my channel, the lecture will be in bilingual mode as is always, there will be and this lecture will be very useful for various teaching examinations because what we are going to discuss today, Thondike's theory of learning. There is a topic on which a lot of questions are asked and in learning, some special theories such as Thondike Pavlov Skinner's behaviorism are asked a lot, a lot, a lot of questions are asked on this topic. So today in learning theories, the main propagators of behaviorism, Thondike Pavlov and Skinner will cover them carefully and after that there will be Hull and Tallman. Hull is the birthplace of deductive behaviorism and Tallman is the birthplace of purposive behaviorism. So we will pick up on them one by one, but first these are pure behaviorists who have gone through them. So let's start with Thondike. Okay, look, a special thing, the theory of Thondike or the one that he has presented in psychology is connectionism. So you don't confuse it with connectivism at all. Connectivism. We had recently read what is connectivism? The theory of digital age, the theory of new age learning, latest theory and connectionism you can say is the oldest of behaviorism. So the name is connection-connective, so you won't confuse it at all. What is connectionism? I mean we have to make connections. Connectivism also has to be a connection, but both of them have a lot of connections. Connectionism is a learning theory that is based on the concept of bonds formed between stimulus and response. What they are saying is that what is connectionism? It is the same learning theory, the principle of Adhigam which is based on this concept of bonds. Means it is said that bonds are formed, how do bonds form between stimulus and response? So we have to make a bond between stimulus and response, how do bonds form between stimulus and response? That is, natural connections between stimulus and response and they are later on strengthened. Means they are saying that what we get from addiction, addiction can be anything. Suppose we give a good answer according to the classroom, we give a good answer and we get good for it. So the question was to be asked, it was Uddippan, it was Uddippak, we gave an answer to it, it was our response. So this kind of natural connection was formed, it was the most popular common example that I have shared with you. So the connection between stimulus and response was based on the same connectionism. These stimulus affects the organism that responds to it. They are saying that the stimulus that is S affects the organism, it affects the organism and then the organism gives it a treatment. The theory of learning is related to conditioning that utilizes the concept of association of connection. See conditioning name will come many times and if you cannot understand conditioning in simple, simple words, then try to understand it as much as possible. Now what is the type of learning that behaviorism tells according to itself? It is saying that theory of learning is related to conditioning. This is a kind of conditioning that utilizes the concept of association of connection. The more connections there are between S and R, the more it is the concept of association. The concept of association is related to the connection of conditioning. Then it emphasizes that the behavior begins with conditioned reflexes and natural responses and new behaviors result from the acquisition of new bonds through experience. It is saying that since the behavior is related, then only the behavior is related to it. We also know that since we have read the behaviorism, we also know that the behaviorist only emphasizes on observable behavior. No one is taking it from their internal, mental processes. So they are saying that conditioned reflexes and natural responses. That is, we did some reflex section, we did some reflection and we did some response which was natural, natural and new behavior. And what happens with this? How does a new behavior occur? Because the new bonds are formed between S and R and we get the experience of strengthening the bond. This is saying that learning is the result of associations forming between stimuli and responses. When I started studying behaviorism, I had told you that the definition of learning is different. We will give behaviorism in a different way. We will give cognitiveism in a different way. We will give constructiveism in a different way. We will give connectivism in a different way. Why? Because what we have hypothesized is that learning is like this. So connectionism or behaviorism believes that learning, what is being learned, what is being learned, how is it being learned? Because it becomes association. The relationship between S and R is very important. Such associations are all habits. These are habits. Becomes strengthen and weaken by the nature and the frequency of the SR. What is the nature of the SR bond? What is its frequency? How many times is it being formed? Is this SR bond being formed again and again? It depends on whether our association is strong or weak at the end of time. The hallmark of connectionism, like all behavioral theories. They say that if we look at all the behaviorism, then what is the hallmark of connectionism? Learning could be adequately explained without referring to any unobservable internal states. They say that we are only paying attention to the things that are not. We cannot say that we are not paying attention to internal states, that is, cognition, memory, perception. We cannot say that we are not observing it. So we do not have to pay attention to it. Who says that this is behaviorism? And connectionism also says that we can fully explain Adhigam without referring to any unobservable internal states. We can change Adhigam without paying attention to any other mental states. Okay, experiment. When I ask you a subjective question, you get a complete theory. Tell me the theory of thondite. Discuss thondite's laws of learning or discuss thondite's experiment in this way. So you should know everything. But when I ask you an objective question, you can ask anything. What is the theory of connectionism? What did thondite talk about? What is the learning according to thondite? What experiment did thondite do? What did thondite experiment? So we have to pay attention to all this. One more thing I would like to say is that when we are reading a theory, as we are reading thondite, it will be very easy to understand what is the difficulty in it. It is said that there is a bond between S and R. There is an association and the strength and the weakness will depend on its nature and frequency. What is the problem? When we read thondite, then we read pablov, then we read skinner, then we start getting all the theories. So we have to keep the distinction between thondite, pablov and skinner. There are three behaviors, but they differ from each other. So you have to understand this distinction. You have to read it again and again. Only then you will be able to remember. Otherwise, you will get all the theories later. So what is the classic example of thondite? What is the theory of S and R? Cat. It was a cat learning to escape from a puzzle box. They have made a puzzle box. This is their box, this is the cat, this is the pull string that opens the trap door. If you pull the string, the rope, the thread, it will open the door. So if the door opens, what will happen? It will run away, it will escape, it will find a way to survive. So the classic example of thondite theory was a cat. There was a cat learning to escape from a puzzle box. She got trapped in the puzzle box and she wants to escape from it. By pressing a lever inside the box. This is a lever inside the box. This means that if you press it, the box will open. You have to press it and learn it. So what does it do? After much trial and error mechanism. I mean, it always says here and there, here and there. It doesn't read the right place. It always says trial and error, trial and error. The cat learns to associate pressing the lever with opening the door. What does it learn? It sometimes reads the hand on the lever by mistake. So the door opens. Then again and again when the association learns that when the lever will press, the door will open. The SR connection is established because it results in a satisfying set of affairs. It says that the SR connection, the stimulus response connection, is established. Why is it established? Why? Because the reason behind this establishment is that we are getting a satisfying set of affairs. The door is opening. She wants to escape. The door is opening. This means this is a satisfying set of affairs. This is why this SR bond association happened. Okay. So the contract has given some primary laws. It has given three primary laws. It has given some secondary laws. Often we get material from somewhere. So just after talking about the primary laws, we leave. We also have primary laws in our examination. Only then our work will be done. But we should at least know the secondary laws. From the name itself. Even if you don't know its description, it will also work. Because it is not very important. It is a little bit like this. The primary laws are more important. The theory is more important. You will understand the theory from this. Law of effect. Law of readiness and law of exercise. These are the three. The third slide will be about law of effect. Law of readiness and law of exercise. Law of effect means influence, law of readiness means education, and law of exercise means practice. These three are the three primary laws that we will talk about in a little while. Now we will tell you that the law of effect. Based on this, Skinner took care of his operant conditioning. And his operant conditioning became very famous. From there, he took out the concept of our program instruction. Program learning. So what is law of effect? Responses to a situation that are followed by a rewarding state of affairs will be strengthened and become habitual responses to that situation. He is saying that responses to a situation. That means we have a situation or a situation that we practice. After practicing, we get a rewarding state of affairs. We get a reward, we get a chance, we get something good. His reward. So that becomes a trend. That becomes a strength and becomes habitual responses to that situation. And that becomes a part of our habit. Whenever that situation comes to us, we will respond in the same way. The trial and steps leading to satisfaction stamps in the bond or connection. Bond becomes a connection. Satisfying states leads to consolidation and strengthening of connections. If we have a law of effect, what is the effect? What is the reward? If the effect is good, then it will be strengthening. If the effect is bad, then it won't be strengthening and it will be weakening. He is saying this. Whereas dissatisfaction, annoyance and pain lead to the weakening or stamping out of the connection. He is saying that if we are getting more satisfaction, if we are getting anger, if we are getting pain, then we learn that the SR bond will be weakening and it will come out of our memory. Then, law of readiness. It is a matter of determination or preparation. He is saying that when the mind is ready to learn, then it learns. Then it learns better. A series of responses can be changed together to satisfy some goal which will result in annoyance if blocked. He is saying that there are many responses that can be shrunk. They can be a series. They can be a chain. So, if we satisfy some goal, we are satisfying our goal, but if we stop it, then there is annoyance. This means that when the child was ready, then this chain is being formed. Readiness means preparation for action. That is, child or learner is ready for action or ready for learning. If a person is not prepared to learn, then learning cannot be instilled in him or her. He is saying that if a person is not ready to learn, then you cannot teach him. That is why we are talking about child interest or child centered or learner centered. Why? Because the child is ready to learn. To learn. Then, law of exercise. Law of exercise means practicing. That is what comes out of this. Practice makes a man perfect. In Hindi, Karat Karat Abhiyasate Jarbathotsu Jaan. As we practice more and more, we become sure of it. Our area is getting improved. Or more in Hindi, YouTube doesn't ever know something. But check it. Whatever you may have or anything that your application is on Apple or Apple's goods, whatever looks at it, The law of use states when a modifiable connection is made between a situation and a response, the connection's strength is being increased. That means the connection between a situation and a response is increasing. When it comes to use and disuse, the connection's strength is decreasing. The connection's strength is decreased. Okay, so these three primary laws should be on the tip. You should always remember that the law of effect, law of exercise, and the three primary laws of law of readiness are in the third eye. The second law is the name of the second law. The same is true for you. Law of multiple responses, law of set of attitude, pre-potency of elements, law of response by analogy, and law of associated shifting. These are the same. Educational regulations. Will there be a shared shift? Will there be a third eye? Have they given us such a psychology that we have experienced, which we have made educational psychology like this? Have they come forward? How have they supported it? Which BS has been provided? So I have told you that the law of effect, the law of behavior, the law of behavior, the law of behavior, the law of behavior, the law of behavior, the law of behavior, the law of behavior, the law of behavior, how can we start it from the easiest aspect towards the difficult aspect? The first thing that came out of the third eye is that we have to make it easy to complex. The kids who read and have studied in the media department say that in the essence of each thing it is said that it's easy to complex. We have to make it easy first and then it has to be difficult to make it difficult. Tryららра, can you teach me, if we show this in several ways, we can show this in the same way, we can do this in other ways, There are many methods and strategies that the teacher should have. Rewards and punishment affect the learning of the child. We are talking about law effect. They are saying that if this trend is in progress, when we get reward, when we get weekend, when we get punishment, when we get an annoyance or pain. So we use this in teaching. And habits are a formless result of repression. Let me tell you that when we are talking about habits, when we are talking about 12 times the age of the child, when we are talking about 12 times, it is in progress in the age of the child. And practice is the main feature of the trial and error method. Sometimes people of Thondai are learning, they are also called trial and error learning. So you have to understand trial and error. You have to directly connect with Thondai. And they say that practice is the main feature, the main feature of trial and error method. And it is a conclusion. How do we conclude? What is their conclusion? So Thondai contributed all animals learned solely by trial and error and reward and punishment. Because they are the same, so they have to be followed. So they have said that the more they learn, the more they behave. So they have to learn that the behaviorists have experimented on animal and have to generalize on human beings. So they have to think about their criticism. How do you do a much complex behavior of human beings? How do you simplify it? But still a lot of aspects of behaviorism are proven by each party. Thondai concluded that all animals learned solely by trial and error and reward and punishment. So he used the cat's behavior in the puzzle box to describe what happens when all the beings learn together. All learning involves the formation of connections and connections to a standard reportedly law. So all the things that happen are connected to the human being. And the connection is a standard when there is no good effect. When there is no good effect, we get an effect. And intelligence is a job. I remember Thondai did not have intelligence. He had a lot of work. He had a lot of prizes and I got him. I took him on a route. But his work is in psychology. He defined social intelligence, mechanical intelligence and abstract intelligence. From there, we get the concept of social intelligence which means emotional intelligence. So how did he define intelligence? Intelligence is the ability to form connections. What is the essence? How many connections can be made? And humans are the most important animals because they form more conditions than any other animals. How do we differentiate human and animal? Animal connection is more important than human. Because humans are more intelligent. Why are they more intelligent? Because they are making more connections in comparison to other animals. Okay. That's it. That's it. I want to tell you a lot about Thondai. Take care that Thondai is a behaviorist. His connections are learned. He talks about SR. He talks about strength. He talks about body and effect. He talks about weakness. He talks about annoyance. He talks about pain. He talks about disturbance. There are three primary laws. There are five, I think. Okay. So I completed Thondai's law of learning. So thank you all. And don't forget to like and subscribe my channel too.