 Water sustains life on Earth. Our ancient civilizations flourished alongside reliable freshwater sources. From ancient times to modern days, agricultural and livestock production depend on this key natural resource. Agriculture is the world's largest water user, accounting for 70% of global withdrawals. But pressure on freshwater resources is increasing rapidly. In the past two decades, annual freshwater resources have declined by more than 20%. Population growth is a key driver of water scarcity. Socioeconomic development is another important driver, increasing water demands and shifting diets to more water-intensive foods. Moreover, rising competition for scarce water, alongside the effects of climate change, can lead to tensions and conflicts, jeopardizing access to water. Inevitably, vulnerable populations are the most severely affected. Fortunately, we know what needs to be done to achieve sustainable water resource management. Guaranteeing environmental flow requirements to sustain ecosystem functions is crucial. Expanding and improving water harvesting and water conservation techniques can greatly benefit farmers in rain-fed agriculture. Rehabilitating and modernizing irrigation systems and adopting innovative technologies bolster water productivity in irrigated cropland and will be key to water-stressed areas. To be most effective, all improved water management practices must be combined with the best agronomic practices, such as cultivating drought-tolerant crop varieties. Non-consumptive water users such as aquaculture and non-conventional water sources, including water reuse and desalination, offer further opportunities for more responsible water resource management. Effective and coordinated policies and governance can lead to more efficient, equitable and sustainable water resource management. Our water resources are precious. Together, we can ensure equitable access for all and can serve this crucial natural resource for future generations.