 Anteaters, armadillos, and other odd animals, by Maine Reed. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Recording by Caroline Shapiro. Anteaters, armadillos, and other odd animals, by Maine Reed. This is, perhaps, the most interesting of the groups. Interesting on account of the singular animals which compose it, every one of which may be termed an odd creature. In a strictly natural classification, these animals would not come together, since many of the species are unlike the others, both in appearance and habits. But in a scientific point of view, the absence of incisor teeth has caused them to be ranged together in a group known as the Edentata, or toothless animals. In this group, we shall give the first place to the true anteaters, and first speak of the anteaters of America. Of these there are four well-known species, the Great Ant Bear, or Temanwar, the Temandua, or Little Ant Bear, another Little Ant Bear, the Ring Temandua, and a very small species that differs much from the other three. They are all inhabitants of tropical America, and there are varieties of them in different districts. The Temanwar is by far the largest, often intaining the size of a Newfoundland dog, and the long hair which covers its sides, together with its immense, bushy tail, give to it the appearance of being much bulkier than it is. Its habits are tolerably well known, constituting a very curious chapter in natural history, which we have not space to give. Suffice it to say that its food consists entirely of ants and termites, which of themselves form a strange feature in the zoology of tropical countries. These it eats, not with teeth, but by means of its long, slimy tongue, by which it is enabled to draw into its mouth hundreds of the little creatures at a time. The two species of smaller ant bears, or Temanduas, obtain their sustenance in a similar manner, and in other respects are like their Great Conjuner. But they possess a power with which the latter is not gifted, that of climbing trees and making their nests high up in the cavities of the trunks. They have the further power of being able to suspend themselves from the branches with their tails, which, like those of the opossums, are highly prehensile. The Temanduas do not live solely upon ant diet. The wild bees that build nests among the branches are also objects of their attention, and their thick hairy skinned appear to protect them from the stings of these insects. The smallest species, called the Watiri or two-toed anteater, differs altogether from the three above mentioned. It more resembles a little monkey and is covered all over with a thick coat of soft woolly hair of a yellowish color. It is also a tree climber, possesses a naked prehensile tail and makes its nest in a hole in the trunk, or in one of the larger branches. In Africa the anteaters are represented by several kinds of animals, differing essentially from each other in outward appearance, though all agreeing in their habits or rather in the nature of their food. The aardvark or earthhog of the Cape Colonus is the most noted kind. This animal is a long, low-bodied creature with sharp pointed snout and an immense whip-like tongue, which he is capable of projecting to a great distance in the same manner as the Temanuar. His body is covered with a dense shock of reddish-brown hair and he dwells in a burrow which he can cleverly make for himself, hence his trivial name of ground hog. The other African anteaters are usually called pangolins or manis. These are covered with scales that resemble suits of ancient armor and on this account they have sometimes been confounded with the armadillos, though the two kinds of creatures are altogether different in their habits. The pangolins possess, in common with the armadillos, the power of rolling themselves into a ball whenever attacked by an enemy, a fashion not peculiar to pangolins and armadillos, but also practiced by our own well-known hedgehog. The sloths belong to this group of mammalia, not that they have the slightest resemblance to the anteaters in any respect, but simply, as before stated, because they want the cutting teeth. They are not absolutely toothless, however, since they possess both canines and molars. With these they are unable to masticate their food, which consists of the leaves and tender shoots of trees. The name sloth is derived from the sluggishness of their movements, amounting almost to complete inactivity. They scare stir from the spot in which they may be placed, or at all events move so slowly as to be a whole hour in getting from one tree to another, or even from one limb to another. They spend most part of their time upon the trees. The sacropia peltata is their favorite, usually clinging to the branches with their backs downward, and in this way they crawl from one to another, uttering at intervals a plaintive cry, which resembles the syllable I, uttered several times in succession. From this they derive one of their trivial names of I or II. The sloths are all inhabitants of tropical America, dwellers in the great forests of Guiana and Brazil. As natural curiosities in the animal kingdom, the armadillos do not yield to any of the four-footed creatures, and in account of their habits, wood-space permit could not be otherwise than extremely interesting. They are exclusively inhabitants of America, but many species, both in North and South America, are found far beyond the limits of the torrid zone. There are great many species known, and these are of all sizes, from that of an ordinary rat to the giant tattoo which sometimes attains the enormous dimensions of a moderate-sized sheep. It may be mentioned that they are subdivided into a number of genera, as the sloths, etc., and here again without any very sufficient reason since they all possess the scaly armor from which the name armadillo is derived, and their habits are nearly identical. The dwelling burrows which they make for themselves, in fact they are more than ordinarily clever at excavating and have been blamed for carrying their tunnels into graveyards and feeding upon the bodies they are deposited. Of some of the species, this charge is but too true, and one would think that an animal of such habit would be regarded with disgust. On the contrary, the flesh of the armadillo is in much esteem as an article of food, both among the white colonists and the natives, and men and dogs are employed in many parts of South America to procure it for the table. Several species of armadillos possess the power of cluing themselves up, a la hedgehog, and thus presenting an impenetrable front to the attacks of an enemy. While others want this power, but in its stead can flatten their bodies along the ground in such a way that neither dog nor jaguar can set tooth upon anything softer than their scales, and these are as impenetrable as if they were plates of steel. The more noted species are known by different names. As the tattoo polu, the giant tattoo, the peba, the pitchy siego, the pitchy, the hairy tattoo, the mataco, the apara, and such like designations. It may be added that the armadillos dwell in districts very dissimilar. According to the species, they inhabit low marshes, thick forests, or dry open hills, and several kinds are indigenous to the high table lands of the Andes. Their usual food consists of fruits, legumes, and roots, but they are nearly all omnivorous and will eat carrion whatever it falls in their way. To this group belong two very singular animals that have only of late years become known. These are the mullingong, better known as the ornithorhynchus, and the echidna, or anteating hedgehog. Both are natives of what may be termed the New World of Australasia. To give an account of the peculiar confirmation or appearance of the mullingong would require many pages, and only the artist can convey any idea of what the creature is like. Suffice it to say that it is a sort of triangular cross between a bird, a quadruped, and a fish. Having the bill of a duck, the hair, skin, and legs of a quadruped and the aquatic habits of a fish or rather of a seal. In general appearance it is perhaps more like to a beaver than to any other animal. It dwells upon the banks of rivers, lakes, or marshes, brows in the ground like a badger, swims and dives well and feeds chiefly on aquatic insects. The echidna is altogether a different sort of creature, both in appearance and habits. It is in reality an anteater with the body of a porcupine, having a long slender snout and an extental tongue, just like that of other anteaters. It brows in the ground where it can remain for a long period without food, and it is supposed to issue forth only during the season It also possesses the power of rolling itself into a ball like the hedgehog, hence its name among the colonists of anteating hedgehog. But by far the most appropriate appellation for it is the porcupine anteater, since in general appearance it is exceedingly like several species of porcupines. The porcupines and hedgehogs, though usually classed elsewhere on account of their teeth, their food and a few other reasons not very natural should certainly stand in this group of animals, and here let us place them. We have not space to say much about either of them and can only remark of the porcupines that there are nearly a dozen known species inhabiting different parts of the world, as usual separated into a great number of genera. Europe, Asia, Africa, the Asiatic Islands, North and South America all have their porcupines. Some of them entirely covered with quills, others with hair intermingled with the spines, and still others in which the spinous processes are so small as to be scarcely perceptible, yet all partaking of the habits and character of the true porcupines. It may be further remarked that the American porcupines are tree climbers and feed upon twigs and bark, in fact lead a life very much resembling that of the sloths. The hedgehogs about which so much has been said should also go with this group, though it is usual to place them among carnivorous animals. Of hedgehogs there are also several species and they are found in most countries of Europe and in many parts of Asia and Africa. No true hedgehog has yet been discovered in North or South America, but they have their representatives there and other species of worm-eating animals. It would not be proper to conclude these sketches without remarking that there are still a few other odd animals which we have not an opportunity of introducing here. As an instance we may mention the little Daman, or Hyrax, a native of Africa and Asia Minor, in which there are two or three distinct species. This is the animal over which Monsieur Frederick Cuvier and other learned anatomists have raised such a peon of triumph. Having discovered that notwithstanding its great resemblance to a rabbit, the little creature was in reality a rhinoceros. Monsieur Cuvier and his followers seem to have omitted their reflection that this wonderful discovery very naturally suggests. Putting it interrogatively we may ask how is it that the hyrax whose anatomical structure proves it to be a rhinoceros is not a rhinoceros in habits, appearance, nor in fact in anything but the shape of its bones. If then we were to take osteology for our guide I fear we should often arrive at very erroneous conclusions. And were the little hyrax an extinct animal and not known to us by actual observation, we should be led by anatomical theorists to ascribe to the timid creature a very different set of manners from what it has got. Despite anatomic theories then, we shall continue to regard the hyrax, the coney of the scriptures as a rabbit and not a rhinoceros. End of Anteaters, Armadillos, and Other Odd Animals by Maine Reed Recording by Caroline Shapiro Oakland, California, USA Are you a bromide or the sulfitic theory expounded and exemplified according to the most recent researches into the psychology of Borodom including many well-known bromidiums now in use by Jelit Burgess, SB This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer please visit LibriVox.org Note, this essay is reprinted with revisions and enlargement editions from the sulfitic theory published in the smart set for April 1906 by Consent of the Editors to Gertrude McCall, Chattelaine of Mack Manor and discoverer of the sulfitic theory Are you a bromide? The terms bromide and sulfite as applied to psychological rather than chemical analysis have already become among the Illuminati so widely adopted that these denominations now stand in considerable danger of being weakened in significance through a too careless use. The adjective bromidic is at present adopted as a general vehicle a common carrier for the thoughtless damnation of the Philistine. The time has come to formulate authoritatively the precise scope of intellect which such distinctions suggest and to define the shorthand of conversation which their use has made practicable. The rapid spread of the theory traveling from sulfite to sulfite like a spark of a pyrotechnic set piece till the thinking world has been over violently illuminated has obscured its genesis and diverted attention from the simplicity and force of its fundamental principles. Footnote it was in April that I first heard of the theory from the Chattelaine the following August in Venice a lady said to me this is a great deal more sulfitic in their decay than they were originally during the Renaissance and footnote. In this its progress has been like that of slang which gaining in popularity must inevitably decrease in aptness and definiteness. In attempting to solve the problem which for so long was the despair of philosophers I have made modest use of the word theory but to the sulfite this simple convincing comprehensive explanation is more it is an opinion even a belief if not a cradle it is the crux by which society is tested but as I shall proceed scientifically my conclusion will I trust effect rational proof of what was an a priori hypothesis. The history of the origin of the theory is brief the Chattelaine of a certain sugar plantation in Louisiana sharing a list of guests for her house party discovered in one of those explosive moments of inspiration that all people were easily divided into two fundamental groups or families the sulfites and the bromides the revelation was apodictic convincing it made life a different thing it made society almost plausible so too it simplified human relationship and gave the first hint of a method to adjust and equalize affinities the primary theorems spring quickly into her mind and such is their power they have attained almost the nature of axioms the discovery indeed was greater more far reaching than she knew for having undergone the test of philosophical analysis as well as practical application it stands now a vital convincing interpretation of the mysteries of human nature we have all tried our hands at categories philosophy is itself but a system of definitions what then made the Chattelaine's theory remarkable when civilization has wearied itself with distinctions the attempt to classify one's acquaintance is the common sport of the thinker from the fastidious who says there are two kinds of persons those who like olives and those who don't to the fatuous immemorial lover who says there are two kinds of women daisy and the other kind previous attempts less fantastic have had this fault in common their categories were susceptible of gradation extremes fused one into the other what thinking person has not felt the need of some definite final absolute classification we speak of my kind and the other sort of those who understand of impossibles and outsiders some of these categories have attained considerable vogue there is the bohemian versus the philistine the radical versus the conservative the interesting versus the bores and so on but always there is shifting population at the vague frontier the types intermingle and lose identity your philistine is the very one who says this is liberty hall and one must drink beer whether one likes it or not it is the conservative businessman hard headed stubborn who is converted by the mind reader or the spiritualistic medium one extreme flying to the other it is the bore who at times unconsciously to himself amuses you to the point of repressed laughter these terms are fluent your friends have a way of escaping from the labeled boxes into which you have put them they seem to defy your definitions your orders in genre 15 minutes consideration of the great solfatic theory will as the patent medicines say convince one of its efficacy a bromide will never jump out of his box into that ticketed sulfite so much comment has been made upon the terminology of this theory that it should be stated frankly at the start that the words sulfite and bromide and their derivatives sulfitic and bromidic are themselves so sulfitic that they are not susceptible of explanation in a word they are empirical although accidentally it might seem they do appeal and convince the most skeptical I myself walked at first at these inconsequent names I would have suggested the terms gothic and classic to describe the fundamental types of mind but it took but a short conversation with the shadow lane to demonstrate the fact that these words were inevitable and the rapid increase in their use has proved them something more real than slang an acceptable and accepted terminology swallow them whole therefore and you will be so much better for the dose that upon finishing this thesis you will say why of course there are no other words possible let us therefore first proceed with a general statement of the theory and then develop some of its corollaries comparatively easy to define the bromide let us consider his traits and then classify the sulfite by a mere process of exclusion in this our world the bromides constitute alas by far the larger group in this the type resembles the primary bodies or other systems of classification such as the philistines the conservatives the boars and so on ad nauseam the bromide does his thinking a syndicate he follows the main traveled roads he goes with the crowd in a word they all think and talk alike one may predicate their opinion on any given subject they follow custom and costume they obey the law of averages they are intellectually all peas in the same conventional pod unenlightened prosaic living by rule and rote they have their hair cut every month and their minds keep regular office hours their habits of thought are already made proper sober befitting the average man they worship dogma the bromide conforms to everything sanctioned by the majority and may be depended upon to be trite, venal and arbitrary so much has a mere name already done for us that we may say boldly and this is our first theorem that all bromides are bromitic every manifestation of their being but a better comprehension of the term and one which will perhaps remove the taint of malediction will be attained if we examine in detail a few essential bromitic tendencies the adjective is used more in pity than in anger or disgust the bromide can't possibly help being bromitic though on the other hand he wouldn't if he could the chief characteristic then seems to be a certain reflex psychological action of the bromitic brain this is evidenced by the accepted bromitic belief that each of the ordinary acts of life is and necessarily must be accompanied by its own special remark or opinion it is an association of ideas intensified in each generation by the continual correlation of certain groups of brain cells it has become not only unnecessary for him to think but almost impossible deeply these well-worn paths of thought have become his intellectual processes are automatic his train of thought can never get off the track a single illustration will suffice for analysis you have heard it often enough fight upon you if you have said it if you saw that sunset painted in a picture you'd never believe it would be possible it must be born distinctly in mind that it is not because this remark is trite that it is bromitic it is because that with the bromide the remark is inevitable one expects it from him and one is never disappointed and moreover it is always offered by the bromide as a fresh new apt and rather clever thing to say he really believes no doubt that it is original it is at any rate neat as he indicates by his evident expectation the remark follows upon the physical or mental stimulus as night the day he cannot then be true to any other impulse originality was inhibited in him since his great-grandmother's time he has got the habit accepting his irresponsibility and with all charity to his undeveloped personality we may note a few other examples of his mental reflexes the list is long but it would take a large encyclopedia to exhaust the subject the pastime recently come into vogue of collecting bromidiums footnote for this apt and cleverly coined word I am indebted to Mr. Frank O'Malley of the New York Sun who has been one of the most ardent and discriminating collectors of bromidiums and footnote is a pursuit by itself worthy enough of practice if one appreciates the subtleties of the game and does not merely collate hackneyed phrases irrespective of their true bromidic quality for our purpose in elucidating the thesis at hand however we need call but a few specimens leaving the list to be completed by the reader at his leisure if you both happen to know Mr. Smith of Des Moines the bromide inevitably will say this world is such a small place after all isn't it the bromide never mentions such a vulgar thing as a birth but the year baby came the bromides euphemisms are the slang of her cast when she departs from her visit she says I've had a perfectly charming time it is so good of you to have asked me now do come and see us and when her collar leaves her mind springs with a snap to fasten the time worn farewell now you have found the way do come often and this piece of ancient cynicism has run through a thousand changes of course if you leave your umbrella at home it is sure to rain but comment to the sulfite is unnecessary these remarks would all be in his index of purgatorious if one were necessary except in jest it would never even occur to him to use any of the following remarks one I don't know much about art but I know what I like 2 my mother is 70 years old but she doesn't look a day over 50 3 that dog understands every word I say 4 you'll feel differently about these things when you're married 5 it isn't money it's the principle of the thing I object to 6 why aren't there any good stories in the magazines nowadays 7 I'm afraid I'm not educated up to Japanese prints 8 the Japanese are such an interesting little people 9 no I don't play chess I haven't got that kind of a brain 10 no I never intend to be married 11 I thought I loved him at the time but of course it wasn't really love 12 funny how some people can never intend to spell 13 if you'd only come yesterday this room was in perfect order 14 I don't care for money it's what I can do with it 15 I really oughtn't to tell this but I know you understand 16 why I know you better than you know yourself 17 now this thing really happened 18 it's a great compliment to have a child fond of you 19 the Salvation Army reaches a class of people that churches never do 20 it's bad enough to see a man drunk but oh a woman 21 it's a mistake for a woman to marry a man younger than herself women age so much faster than men think what she'll be when he is 50 22 of course when you happen to want a policeman there's never one within miles of you 23 it isn't so much the heat or the cold as the humidity in the air 24 this tipping system is terrible but what can one do about it 25 I don't know what we ever did without the telephone 26 after I've shampooed my hair I can't do a thing with it 27 I never read serials 28 no let me pay I've got to change this bill anyway 29 you're a sight for sore eyes 30 come up and see us anytime you'll have to take pot luck but you're always welcome 31 there are as many chances to get rich in real estate as there ever were if you only knew where to find them 32 I'd rather have a good horse than all the automobiles made 33 the price of autos is bound to come down sooner or later and then you won't see horses except in menageries 34 I'd rather go to a dentist than have my photograph taken 35 did you ever know of a famous man's son who amounted to anything 36 the most ignorant Italian laborer seems to be able to appreciate art 37 I want to see my own country before I go abroad 38 yes but you can live in Europe for half what you can at home 39 you can live 20 years in New York and never know who your next door neighbor is 40 no I just as leaf stand I've been sitting down all day 41 funny how people always confide their love affairs to me 42 I'd rather be blind than deaf it's such a tax on your friends 43 I haven't played a game of billiards for two years but I'll try just for the fun of it 44 if you could only write stories the way you tell them you'd make your fortune as an author 45 nothing can stop a cold unless you take it right at the start 46 he's told that lie so often that he believes it himself now 47 if you stay here a year you'll never want to go back 48 don't worry that won't help matters any cell fights are agreed on most of the basic facts of life and this common understanding makes it possible for them to eliminate the obvious from their conversation they have found for instance that green is restful to the eyes and the fact goes without saying in a hint in a mere word they are aware that he does more disagreeable when accompanied by a high degree of humidity and do not put forth this axiom as a sensational discovery they have noticed the coincidences known as mental telepathy usual in correspondence and have long been more than mildly amused at the occurrence of the phenomenon they do not speak in a stroke voices of supernatural apparitions for of all fiction the ghost story is the most apt to be bromitic nor do they expect others to be impressed by their strange dreams any more than with their pathological symptoms hypnotism they are convinced has attained the standing of a science whose rationale is pretty well understood and established and the subject is no longer an affording subject for anecdote sulfites can even listen to tales of oriental magic miraculously growing trees disappearing boys and what not without suggesting that the audience was mesmerized above all the sulfite recognizes as a principle that if a story is really funny it is probably untrue and he does not seek to given a dubent relish to it by dilating with verisimilitude authenticity of the facts of the case but your bromide is impressive and asserts I knew the man that died the sulfite too has little need for euphemisms he can speak of birth and death without metaphor but to the bromide all such matters of fact and fancy are perpetually picturesque and a discoverer he leaps up and shouts out enthusiastically that two and two are four and defends his statement with eloquent logic each scene each incident has its magic spell like the little woolly toy lamb he presses the fact and the appropriate sentiment comes forth does he have back in the shadows of his mind perhaps the ghost of a perception that the thing has been said before who can tell but if he does his vanity exercises the spirit bromide seldom listen to one another they are content with talk for talk's sake and so escape all chance of education it is this fact most likely which has endowed the bromidium with immortality never heard it seems always new appropriate clever no it isn't so much the things they say as the way they say them do you not recall a smug confident look the assurance of having said a particularly happy thing they come inevitably as the alarm clock when the hands of circumstance touch the hour the bromidic remark will surely go off but lest one make too much of this particular symptom let us consider a few other tendencies the bromide has no surprises for you when you see one enter a room you must reconcile yourself to the inevitable no hope for flashes of original thought no illuminating newer point of view no sulfitic flashes of fancy the steady glow of bromidic conversation and action is all one can hope for he may be wise and good he may be loved and respected but he lives inland he puts not forth to see he is there when you want him always the same bromides also enjoy pathological symptoms they are fond of describing sickness and deathbed scenes his face swelled up to twice its natural size they say in odd whispers they attend funerals with interest and scrutiny we are all born with certain bromidic tendencies and children are the greatest bromides in the world what boy of ten will wear a collar different from what his schoolmates are all wearing he must conform to the rule and custom of the majority or he suffers fearfully but if he has a sulfitic leaven in his soul adolescents freeze him from the tyrannical traditions of thought in costume perhaps men are still more bromidic than women a man has for choice a narrow range in garments for every day wear at most but four coats, three collars and two pairs of shoes fewer women become sulfites the confession is un-gallant and painful but it must be made we have only to watch them to listen and to pity but stay if there is anything in heredity women should be the most sulfitic for of all bromides Adam was the progenitor while Eve was a sulfite from the first Alice in Wonderland however is the modern type a bromide amidst sulfites what then is a sulfite ah that is harder to define a sulfite is a person who does his own thinking he is a person who has surprises up his sleeve he is explosive one can never foresee what he will do except that it will be a direct and spontaneous manifestation of his own personality you cannot tell them by the looks sulfites come together like drops of mercury in this bromidic world unknown unsuspected groups of them are scattered over the earth and we never know where we are going to meet them like fireflies in summer like Americans in Europe the bromide we have always with us predicating the obvious the sulfite appears uncalled but you must not jump to the conclusion that all sulfites are agreeable company this is no classification as of desirable and undesirable people the sulfite from his very nature must continually surprise you by an unexpected course of action he must explode you never know what he will say or do he is always self-critic but as often impossible he will not bore you but he may shock you you find yourself watching him to see what is coming next and it may be a subtle just a paradox or a natrocious violation of etiquette all cranks all reformers and most artists are self-critic the insane asylums are full of sulfites they not only do ordinary things in unusual ways but they do unusual things in ordinary ways what is more intensely self-critic then when you have said your farewells to go immediately or as you swim out to rescue a drowning girl to keep your pipe burning all the while they do not attempt to entertain you but let you choose your own pastime when they present a gift it has either rhyme or reason to it their letters are not passed about to be read by the family Hamlet was a sulfite Polonius a bromide Becky Sharp was sulfitic Amelia Sedley bromitic so we might follow the line of cleavage between the two groups in art, religion and politics compare for instance President Roosevelt with his predecessor in office the unexpected versus the sedate thermometer of public opinion compare Bernard Shaw with Marie Corelli one would swear that their very brains were differently colored their epigrams and platitudes are merely the symptoms of different methods of thought one need not consult one's prejudice affection or taste the sulfitic theory explains without either condemning or approving the leopard cannot change his spots but if along with these contrasts we take for example Lewis Carroll as opposed to Dr. Johnson we are brought up against an extraordinary inconsistency it is however only an apparent paradox beneath it lies a vital principle Dr. Johnson was himself a sulfite of the sulfites but how intensely bromitic were his writings one yawns to think of them as for Lewis Carroll in his classic nonsense so sulfitic as often to be accused by bromides of having a secret meaning his private life was that of a bromide read his biography and learn the terrors of his formal set entertainments to the little girls whom he patronized they knew what to expect of him and he never however agreeably disappointed them no unfortunately a sulfite does not always produce sulfitic art how many writers we know who are more interesting than their work how many who are infinitely less so our professional humorist is usually a dulled melancholy fellow in his private life and a clergyman may preach infant damnation and be a merry father at home such considerations point inevitably to the truth that our theory depends essentially not upon action or talk but upon the quality and rationale of thought it is a question of potentiality rather than of dynamics it is the process of reasoning which concerns not its translation into conduct a man may be a devoted supporter of mrs. Grundy and yet be a sulfite if he has in his own mind reached an original conclusion that society needs her safeguards he may be the wildest hide of anarchists and yet gromitic if he has accepted another's reasons and swallowed the propaganda whole it will be doubtless through a misconception of this principle that the first schism in the logic theory arises already the cult has become so important that a newer heretic sect threatens it these protestants cannot believe that there is a definite line to be drawn between sulfites and bromides and hold that one may partake of a dual nature all such logic is factuous and founded upon a misconception of the theory there is however a subtlety which has perhaps had something to do with confusing right it is this sulfitism and bromidism are symbolically the two halves of a circle and their extremes meet one may be so extremely bromidic that one becomes at a leap sulfitic and vice versa this may be easily illustrated miss herford's inimitable monologues being each the apotheosis of some typical bromide a shop girl a country dressmaker a bargain to enter in so on become through her art intensely sulfitic they are excruciatingly funny just because she represents type so common that we recognize them instantly each expresses the crystallized thought of her particular bromidic group done then by a person who is herself a sulfite par excellence the result is droll one has says emerson but to remove an object from its instantly it becomes comic the same thing is done less artistically every day upon the vaudeville stage we love to recognize types and what browning said of beauty quote were made so that we love first when we see them painted things we have passed perhaps a hundred times nor cared to see and quote can be easily extended to our sense of humor in caricature a recent hit upon the variety stage does still more to illustrate the problem the cherry sisters aroused immense curiosity by an act so bromidic as to be ridiculous were they rank amateurs doing their simple best or were they clever artists simulating the awkward crudeness of country girls that was the question in a word were they sulfites or bromides what such artists have done histrionically hillar bellock inquisitely for literature in his story of man well burden this tale affecting to be a serious and comium upon a middle-class british merchant shows plainly that all satire is in its essence a sulfitic juggling with romantic topics it is done unconsciously by many a simple rhyme stir whose verses are bought by sulfites and read with glee in the terminology of our theory we must therefore terms describing the variation of intensity of these two different states of mind the extremes meet at the points of nitro bromidism and hyposulphatism respectively intensity of bromidism becomes then nitro bromidism and we have seen how through the artists or through a sulfite's subtle point of view such nitro bromide becomes immediately sulfitic by a similar reasoning a hypo sulfite can at a step become romantic the illustration most obvious is that of insanity we are not much amused usually by the quaint modes of thought exhibited by lunatics and mad men it cannot be denied however that their processes of thought are sulfitic indeed they are so wildly original so fanciful that we must denominate all such crazed brains hypo sulfites such persons are so surprising that they end by having no surprises left for us we accept their mania and cease to regard it it in a word becomes bromitic so in their ways are all cranks and eccentrics all whose set purpose is to astonish or to shock we end by being bored at their attitudes and poses the sulfite has the true gothic spirit the bromide the impulse of the classic wonders relishing the impossible manifesting himself in characteristics spontaneous ways the other delights in rule and rhythm in ordered sequences in authority and precedent following the law one carves the gargoyle and ogrillian working in paths on trot the other limits himself to harmonic ratios balanced compositions and to predestined fenestration one has a grim nape the other a dead even beauty one is hot the other cold the dark ages were sulfitic there were wild deeds then men exploded the renaissance was essentially bromitic art danced in fetters men looked back at the past for inspiration and chewed the cut of Greek thought for the sulfite fancy for the bromide imagination from the 15th century on however the wave of sulfatism rose steadily gradually dropping at times into little depressions of euphoristic manners and intervals of sensibility but climbing with the advance of science and the emancipation of thought to an ideal the personal original interpretation of life the 19th century showed curiously erratic variations of the curve from its beginning till 1815 sulfatism was upon the increase while from that year till 1870 there was a sickening drop to the various depths of bromitic thought then the bromide infested the earth with his black walnut furniture his jigsaw and turning lathe methods of decoration his lincrusto waltin and pressed terracotta his cromos wax flowers hoop skirts chokers side whiskers and pantalettes went a horrific revival of mock modesty inspired by the dying efforts of old formulated religious thought and then when steam had had its day impressing its materialism upon the world making what should be hard easy and what should be easy hard came electricity a new science almost approaching a spiritual force and with a rush the telephone that made the common place bristle with romance the curve of sulfatism arose a wave of oriental thought lifted many to a curious idealism and as so many other centuries had done before there came to the 19th a fiendesique lake glow that lifted up the curve still higher the renaissance of thought came came the cult of simplicity and mission furniture corsets were abandoned the automobile freed us from the earth the yellow book began mrs. eddie appeared radium was discovered and appendicitis flourished so there are bromidic vegetables like cabbage and sulfitic ones like garlic the distinction once understood applies to almost everything thinkable there are bromidic titles to books and stories and titles sulfitic the something of somebody is at present the commonest bromidic form once as in the courting of dynashad and the damnation of fair and where such a title was sulfitic but one cannot pick up a magazine because without coming across the blank of blank as most magazines are edited for middle-western bromides such titles are inevitable I know of one with a million circulation which accepted a story with the sulfitic title thin ice and changed it to the bromidic words because other girls were free one of oh Henry's first successful stories and perhaps his best humorous tale had its title so changed from cupidala cart to agathri wooing this is one of the few exceptions to the rule that a sulfitic thing can become bromidic time alone can accomplish this effect literature itself is either bromidic or sulfidic the dime novel and melodrama with hackneyed situations once provocative are so easily nitro bromidic that they become sulfidic in burlesque and parody metaphysically sulfatism is easily explained by the theory of absolute age we have all seen children who seem to be mentally with greater possibility of growth than their parents we see persons who understand without experience it is as if they lived before it is as if they had a definite absolute age we recognize and feel sympathetic with those of our cast with those of the same age with the same wisdom now the standard of spiritual insight is the person of a thousand years of age he knows the relative importance of things and it might be said then that bromides are individuals of less than 500 years sulfites those who are over that age in some dim future incarnation perhaps the bromide will leap into sulfitic apprehension of existence it is the person who is absolutely young who says I never had a youth I don't understand what it is to be young and he who is absolutely old remarks blithely oh dear I can't seem to grow up at all one is a bromide and the other a sulfite and this explanation illuminates the paradox the sulfite brings a fresh eye to life he sees everything as if for the first time and not through the blue glasses of convention as if he were a Martian when he comes to earth he sees things separated from their environment tradition precedent the dowager without her money the politician without his power the sage without his poverty he sees men and women for himself he prefers his own observation to any a priori theories of society he knows how to work but he knows too what the bromide does never how to play with life and his own particular game though his view be eccentric it is his own view and though you may avoid him you can never forget or ignore him and so too using an optical symbolism we may speak of the sulfite as being refractive every impression made upon him is split up into component rays of thought he sees beauty, humor pathos, horror and sublimity the bromide is reflective and the object is thrown back unchanged, unanalyzed it is accepted without interrogation the mirrored bromidic mind gives back only what it has taken to use the phraseology of harvard and radcliffe the sulfite is connotative the bromide denotative but the theory is constructive rather than destructive it makes for content and peace by this philosophy one sees one's friends revealed though the bromide will never say whether he prefers dark or white meat though he inflict upon you the words why if two hundred years ago people had been told that you could talk through a wire they would have hanged the profit for witchcraft though he repeats the point of his story rolling it over on his tongue seeking for a second laugh though he says dinner is my best meal he cannot help it you know he is a bromide no more you will notice also in discussing this theory with your friends that the bromide will take up with interest only the bromidic aspect of life the term will amuse him and never thinking that it should be applied to himself he will use the term bromide in season and out of it to the sulfite however sulfatism is a thing to be watched for cultivated and treasured he will search long for the needle in the haystack and leave the bromidium to be observed by the careless, thoughtless bromide and as the supreme test it may be remarked that should buttons be put on the market bearing the names bromide and sulfite in blue and red a few minutes reflection will convince the sulfite that before along all the bromides would be wearing the red sulfite buttons and all the sulfites the blue bromide such is the rationale of the perverse bromides we may love and even marry your own mother, your sister your sweetheart may be bromidic but you are not less affectionate they are restful and so horrific you may not have understood them before you heard of the sulfitic theory you were annoyed at their dullness, their dogmas but with this white flight illuminating them you accept them now for what they are and expecting nothing original from them you will find a new peace and a new joy in their society you may estimate your capacity for the comic, says Meredith and the statement might be applied as well to the bromidic by being able to detect the ridicule of them you love without loving them less the bromide has no salt nor spice nor savor but he is the bread of society the various staff of life and if like little Jack Horner you can occasionally put in your thumb and pull out a sulfitic plum from your acquaintance be thankful for that too and of are you a bromide or the sulfitic theory by Jellit Burgess S.B. British North America Act 1949 Youth and Land Act this is a LibriVox recording all LibriVox recordings are in the public domain for more information or to volunteer please visit LibriVox.org 12 and 13 George VI Chapter 22 UK an act to confirm and give effect to terms of union agreed between Canada and Newfoundland 23rd March 1949 whereas by means of a referendum the people of Newfoundland have by a majority signified their wish to enter into confederation with Canada and whereas the agreement containing terms of union between Canada set out in the schedule to this act has been duly approved by the Parliament of Canada and by the Government of Newfoundland and whereas Canada has requested and consented to the enactment of an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom to confirm and give effect to the set agreement and the Senate and House of Commons of Canada in Parliament assembled have submitted an address to His Majesty praying that His Majesty may graciously be pleased to cause a bill to be laid before the Parliament of the United Kingdom for that purpose be it therefore enacted by the King's most excellent Majesty by and with the advice and consent of the Lord's spiritual and temporal and Commons in this present Parliament assembled and by the authority of the same as follows 1. The agreement containing terms of union between Canada and Newfoundland set out in the schedule to this act is hereby confirmed 2. In accordance with the preceding section the provisions of the Newfoundland Act 1933 other than Section 3 thereof which relates to guarantee of certain securities of Newfoundland shall be repealed as from a coming into force of the said terms of union 3. This act may be cited as the British North America Act 1949 and the British North America Act of the United Kingdom of the United Kingdom and the British North America Act 1867 to 1946 and this act may be cited together as the British North America Act 1867 to 1949 4. Schedule terms of union of Newfoundland with Canada 1. The agreement containing terms of union between Canada and Newfoundland set out in the schedule to this act is hereby confirmed and shall have the force of law concerning anything in the British North America Act 1867 to 1946 Schedule terms of union of Newfoundland with Canada 2. Memorandum of agreement entered into on the 11th day of December 1948 between Canada and Newfoundland 3. Whereas a delegation appointed from its members by the National Convention of Newfoundland a body elected by the people of Newfoundland consulted in 1947 the Government of Canada to ascertain what fair and equitable basis might exist for the union of Newfoundland with Canada Whereas following discussions with the delegation the Government of Canada sent to His Excellency the Governor of Newfoundland for submission to the National Convention a statement of terms which the Government of Canada would be prepared to recommend to the Parliament of Canada as a fair and equitable basis for union should the people of Newfoundland desire to enter into confederation Whereas the proposed terms were debated in the National Convention in Newfoundland and were before the people of Newfoundland when by a majority at a referendum held on the 22nd day of July 1948 they expressed their desire to enter into confederation with Canada Whereas the Governments of the United Kingdom Canada and Newfoundland agreed after the referendum that representatives of Canada and Newfoundland should meet and settle the final terms and arrangements for the union of Newfoundland with Canada And whereas authorized representatives of Canada and authorized representatives of Newfoundland have settled the terms here and after set forth as the terms of union of Newfoundland with Canada it is therefore agreed as follows Terms of Union Union on, from and after the coming into force of these terms, here and after referred to as the date of union, Newfoundland shall form part of Canada and shall be a province thereof to be called and known as the province of Newfoundland and Labrador Two, the province of Newfoundland and Labrador shall comprise the same territory as at the date of union that is to say the island of Newfoundland and the islands adjacent there too the coast of Labrador as delimited in a report delivered by the judicial committee of His Majesty's Privy Council on the first day of March 1927 and approved by His Majesty in His Privy Council on the 22nd day of March 1927 and the islands adjacent to the said coast of Labrador Application of the Constitution Acts Three, the British North America Acts 1867 to 1946 shall apply to the province of Newfoundland and Labrador in the same way and to the like extent as they apply to the provinces here to for comprised as if the province of Newfoundland and Labrador had been one of the provinces originally united except in so far as varied by these terms and except such provisions as are in terms made or by reasonable intendement may be held to be especially applicable to or only to effect one or more and not all of the provinces originally united Representation in Parliament Four, the province of Newfoundland and Labrador shall be entitled to be represented in the Senate by six members and in the House of Commons by seven members out of a total membership of 262 Five, representation in the Senate and in the House of Commons shall from time to time be altered or readjusted in accordance with the British North America Acts 1867 to 1946 Six, paragraph one Until the Parliament of Canada otherwise provides the province of Newfoundland and Labrador shall for the purposes of the election of members to serve in the House of Commons be divided into the electoral divisions named and delimited in the schedule to these terms and each such division shall be entitled to return one member Paragraph two For the first election of members to serve in the House of Commons, if held otherwise than as part of a general election the Governor General in Council may cause rits to be issued and may fix the day upon which the polls shall be held and subject to the foregoing the laws of Canada relating to by-elections shall apply to an election held pursuant to any writ issued under this term Paragraph three The Chief Electoral Officer shall have authority to adapt the provisions of the Dominion Elections Act 1938 to conditions existing in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador so as to conduct effectually the first election of members to serve in the House of Commons Provincial Constitution Seven The Constitution of Newfoundland, as it existed immediately prior to the 16th day of February in 1934, is revived at the date of Union and shall, subject to these terms and the British North America Acts 1867 to 1946 continue as the Constitution of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador from and after the date of Union until altered under the authority of the said Acts Executive Eight For the province of Newfoundland and Labrador there shall be an officer styled the Lieutenant Governor appointed by the Governor General in Council by instrument under the great seal of Canada Paragraph two Pending the first appointment of a Lieutenant Governor for the province of Newfoundland and Labrador and the assumption of his duties as such the Chief Justice, or if the office of Chief Justice is vacant, the senior judge of the Supreme Court of Newfoundland shall execute the office and functions of Lieutenant Governor under his oath of office as such Chief Justice or senior judge Nine The Constitution of the Executive Authority of Newfoundland as it existed immediately prior to the 16th day of February in 1934 shall, subject to these terms and the British North America Acts 1867 to 1946 continue as the Constitution of the Executive Authority of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador from and after the date of Union until altered under the authority of the said Acts Ten The Lieutenant Governor in Council shall as soon as may be after the date of Union adopt and provide a great seal of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador and may from time to time change such seal Eleven All powers, authorities and functions that under any statute were at or immediately prior to the date of Union vested in or exercisable by the Governor of Newfoundland individually or in Council or in Commission A. As far as they are capable of being exercised after the date of Union in relation to the Government of Canada shall be vested in and shall or may be exercised by the Governor General with the advice or with the advice and consent or in conjunction with the King's Privy Council for Canada or any member or members thereof or by the Governor General individually as the case requires subject nevertheless to be abolished or altered by the Parliament of Canada under the authority of the British North America Acts 1867 to 1946 and B. As far as they are capable of being exercised after the date of Union in relation to the Government of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador shall be vested in and shall or may be exercised by the Lieutenant Governor of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador with the advice or with the advice and consent or in conjunction with the Executive Council of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador or any member or members thereof or by the Lieutenant Governor individually as the case requires subject nevertheless to be abolished or altered by the Legislature of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador under the authority of the British North America Acts 1867 to 1946 12. Until the Parliament of Canada otherwise provides the powers, authorities and functions vested in or imposed on any member of the Commission of Government of Newfoundland as such member or as a commissioner charged with the administration of a department of the Government of Newfoundland at or immediately prior to the date of Union in relation to matters other than those coming within the classes of subjects by the British North America Acts 1867 to 1946 assigned exclusively to the Legislature of a province shall in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador be vested in as such person or persons as the Governor General in Council may appoint or designate 13. Until the Legislature of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador otherwise provides the powers, authorities and functions vested in or imposed on any member of the Commission of Government of Newfoundland as such member or as a commissioner charged with the administration of a department of the Government of Newfoundland at or immediately prior to the date of Union in relation to matters coming within the classes of subjects by the British North America Acts 1867 to 1946 assigned exclusively to the Legislature of a province shall in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador be vested in or imposed on such person or persons as the Lieutenant Governor in Council may appoint or designate Legislature 14. Paragraph 1 Subject to paragraph 2 of this term the Constitution of the Legislature of Newfoundland as it existed immediately prior to the 16th day of February 1934 shall subject to these terms and the British North America Acts 1867 to 1946 continue as the Constitution of the Legislature of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador from and after the date of Union until altered under the authority of the said Acts paragraph 2 the Constitution of the Legislature of Newfoundland in so far as it relates to the Legislative Council shall not continue but the Legislature of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador may at any time re-establish the Legislative Council or establish a new Legislative Council 15. Paragraph 1 until the Legislature of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador otherwise provides the powers, authorities and functions vested in or imposed on a minister or other public officer or functionary under any statute of Newfoundland relating to the Constitution of the Legislature of Newfoundland as it existed immediately prior to the 16th day of February 1934 shall subject to these terms and the British North America Acts 1867 to 1946 be vested in or imposed on such person or persons as the Lieutenant Governor and Council may appoint or designate paragraph 2 until the Legislature of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador otherwise provides the list of electors prepared pursuant to the List of Electors Act 1947 shall be deemed to be the list of electors for the purpose of the Election Act 1913 subject to the provisions of the Election Act 1913 respecting supplementary lists of electors B. The franchise shall be extended to female British subjects who have attained the full age of 21 years and are otherwise qualified as electors C. The coast of Labrador together with the islands adjacent to there too shall constitute an additional electoral district to be known as Labrador and to be represented by one member and residents of the said district who are otherwise qualified as electors shall be entitled to vote and D. The Lieutenant Governor and Council may by proclamation defer any election in the electoral district of Labrador for such period as may be specified in the proclamation 16. The legislature of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador shall be called together not later than four months after the date of union Education 17. In lieu of section 93 of the British North America Act 1867 the following term shall apply in respect of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador In and for the province of Newfoundland and Labrador the legislature shall have exclusive authority to make laws in relation to education but the legislature will not have authority to make laws prejudicially affecting any right or privilege with respect to denominational schools common amalgamated schools or denominational colleges that any class or classes of persons have by law in Newfoundland at the date of union and out of public funds of the province of Newfoundland provided for education A. All such schools shall receive their share of such funds in accordance with scales determined on a non-discriminatory basis from time to time by the legislature for all schools then being conducted under authority of the legislature and B. All such colleges shall receive their share of any grant from time to time voted for all colleges then being conducted under authority of the legislature such grant being distributed on a non-discriminatory basis Continuation of Laws General 18. Paragraph 1 Subject to these terms all laws enforced in Newfoundland at or immediately prior to the date of union shall continue therein as if the union had not been made subject nevertheless to be repealed abolished or altered by the Parliament of Canada or by the legislature of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador according to the authority of the Parliament or of the legislature under the British North America Acts 1867 to 1946 and all orders, rules and regulations made under any such laws shall likewise continue subject to be revoked or amended by the body or person that made such orders rules or regulations or the body or person that has power to make such orders, rules or regulations after the date of union according to their respective authority under the British North America Acts 1867 to 1946 Paragraph 2 Statutes of the Parliament of Canada enforced at the date of union or any part thereof shall come into force in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador on a day or days to be fixed by act of the Parliament of Canada or by proclamation of the Governor-General in council issued from time to time and any such proclamation may provide for the repeal of any of the laws of Newfoundland that A. are of general application B. relate to the same subject matter as the statute or pan thereof so proclaimed and C. could be repealed by the Parliament of Canada under Paragraph 1 of this term Paragraph 3 notwithstanding anything in these terms the Parliament of Canada may with the consent of the legislature of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador repeal any law in force in Newfoundland at the date of union Paragraph 4 except as otherwise provided by these terms all courts of civil and criminal jurisdiction and all legal commissions powers, authorities and functions and all officers and functionaries judicial, administrative and ministerial existing in Newfoundland at or immediately prior to the date of union shall continue in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador as if the union had not been made until altered, abolished, revoked terminated or dismissed by the appropriate authority under the British North America Acts from 1867 to 1946 Supply 19 any statute of Newfoundland enacted prior to the date of union for granting to His Majesty sums of money for defraying expenses of and for other purposes relating to the public service of Newfoundland for the financial year ending the 31st day of March 1950 shall have effect after the date of union according to its terms unless otherwise provided by the legislature of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador Patents 20 Paragraph 1 Subject to this term Canada will provide that letters patent for inventions issued under the laws of Newfoundland prior to the date of union shall be deemed to have been issued under the laws of Canada as of the date and for the term thereof Paragraph 2 Canada will provide further that in the event of conflict between the letters patent for an invention issued under the laws of Newfoundland prior to the date of union and letters patent for an invention issued under the laws of Canada prior to the date of union A. The letters patent issued under the laws of Newfoundland shall have the same force and effect in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador as if the union had not been made and all rights and privileges acquired under or by virtue thereof may continue to be exercised or enjoyed in any part of Canada other than the province of Newfoundland and Labrador as if the union had not been made Paragraph 3 Canada will provide further that in the event of conflict between the laws of Newfoundland and Labrador as if the union had not been made and all rights and privileges acquired under or by virtue thereof may continue to be exercised or enjoyed in any part of Canada other than the province of Newfoundland and Labrador as if the union Paragraph 3 The laws of Newfoundland existing at the date of union shall continue to apply in respective applications for the grant of letters patent for inventions under the laws of Newfoundland pending at the date of union and any letters patent for inventions issued upon such applications shall, for the purposes of this term be deemed to have been issued under the laws of Newfoundland prior to the date of union and letters patent for inventions issued under the laws of Canada upon applications pending at the date of union shall, for the purposes of this term be deemed to have been issued under the laws of Canada prior to the date of union Paragraph 4 Nothing in this term shall be construed to prevent the Parliament of Canada from providing that no claims for infringement of a patent issued in Canada prior to the date of union shall be entertained by any court against any person for anything done in Canada prior to the date of union in respect of the invention protected by such patent and that no claims for infringement of a patent issued in Newfoundland prior to the date of union shall be entertained by any court against any person for anything done in Canada prior to the date of union in respect of the invention protected by such patent Trademarks under the laws of Newfoundland prior to the date of union shall have the same force and effect in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador as if the union had not been made and all rights and privileges acquired under or by virtue thereof may continue to be exercised or enjoyed in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador as if the union had not been made Paragraph 2 The laws of Newfoundland existing at the date of union shall continue to apply in respect of applications under the laws of Newfoundland pending at the date of union and any trademarks registered upon such applications shall for the purposes of this term be deemed to have been registered under the laws of Newfoundland prior to the date of union Fisheries 22 Paragraph 1 In this term, the expression Fisheries Laws means the Act No. 11 of 1936 entitled An Act for the Creation of the Newfoundland Fisheries Board Act No. 14 of 1936 entitled An Act to Prevent the Export of Fish Without Licence Act No. 32 of 1936 entitled An Act to Amend the Newfoundland Fisheries Board Act No. 11 of 1936 Act No. 37 of 1938 entitled An Act Further to Amend the Newfoundland Fisheries Board Act 1936 Act No. 10 of 1942 entitled An Act Further to Amend the Newfoundland Fisheries Board Act 1936 Act No. 16 of 1944 entitled an act further to amend the Newfoundland Fisheries Board Act 133638 and the Act No. 42 of 1944 entitled Board Act, 1936, in so far as they relate to the export marketing of salted fish from Newfoundland to other countries or to any provinces of Canada. Paragraph 2. Subject to this term, all fisheries laws and all orders, rules, and regulations made thereunder shall continue in force in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador as if the Union had not been made, for a period of five years from the date of Union and thereafter until the Parliament of Canada otherwise provides, and shall continue to be administered by the Newfoundland Fisheries Board, and the costs involved in the maintenance of the Board and the administration of the fisheries laws shall be borne by the Government of Canada. Paragraph 3. The powers, authorities, and functions vested in or imposed on the Governor in commission or the Commissioner for Natural Resources under any of the fisheries laws shall after the date of Union respectively be vested in or imposed on the Governor General in Council and the Minister of Fisheries of Canada or such other minister as the Governor General in Council may designate. Paragraph 4. Any of the fisheries laws may be repealed or altered at any time within the period of five years from the date of Union by the Parliament of Canada with the consent of the Lieutenant Governor in Council of the Province of Newfoundland and Labrador, and all orders, rules, and regulations made under the authority of any fisheries laws may be revoked or altered by the body or person that made them or, in relation to matters to which paragraph 3 of this term applies, by the body or person that under the said paragraph 3 has power to make such orders, rules, or regulations under the fisheries laws after the date of Union. Paragraph 5. The Chairman of the Newfoundland Fisheries Board, or such other member of the Newfoundland Fisheries Board as the Governor General in Council may designate, shall perform in the Province of Newfoundland and Labrador the duties of Chief Supervisor and Chief Inspector of the Department of Fisheries of the Government of Canada, and employees of the Newfoundland Fisheries Board shall become employees in that department in positions comparable to those of the employees in that department in other parts of Canada. Paragraph 6. Terms 11, 12, 13, and 18 are subject to this term. Financial Terms. Debt. 23. Canada will assume and provide for the servicing and retirement of the stock issued or to be issued on the security of Newfoundland pursuant to the Loan Act 1933 of Newfoundland and will take over the sinking fund established under that act. Financial Surplus. 24. Paragraph 1. In this term, the expression Financial Surplus means the balance is standing to the credit of the Newfoundland Exchequer at the date of Union, lest such sums as may be required to discharge accounts payable at the date of Union in respect of appropriations for the public services. And any public monies or public revenue, including loans and advances referred to in term 25, in respect of any matter, thing or period prior to the date of Union recovered by the government of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador subsequent to the date of Union. Paragraph 2. Newfoundland will retain its financial surplus subject to the following conditions. A. One third of the surplus shall be set aside during the first eight years from the date of Union on deposit with the government of Canada to be withdrawn by the government of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador only for expenditures on current account to facilitate the maintenance and improvement of Newfoundland public services. At any portion of this one third of the surplus remaining unspent at the end of the eight year period shall become available to the province of Newfoundland and Labrador without the foregoing restriction. B. The remaining two thirds of the surplus shall be available to the government of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador for the development of resources and for the establishment or extension of public services within the province of Newfoundland and Labrador. And C. No part of the surplus shall be used to subsidize the production or sale of products of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador in unfair competition with similar products of other provinces in Canada. But nothing in this paragraph shall preclude the province of Newfoundland and Labrador from assisting industry by developmental loans on reasonable conditions or by ordinary provincial administrative services. Paragraph 3. The government of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador will have the right within one year from the date of union to deposit with the government of Canada all or any part of its financial surplus held in dollars and on the 31st day of March and the 30th day of September in each year to receive with respect to their two interest at the rate of two and five eighths percent per annum during a maximum period of ten years from the date of union on the minimum balance outstanding at any time during the six month period preceding payment of interest. Loans. 25. Paragraph 1. The province of Newfoundland and Labrador will retain its interest in and any securities arising from or attaching to any loans or advances of public funds made by the government of Newfoundland prior to the date of union. Paragraph 2. Unless otherwise agreed to by the government of Canada, paragraph 1 of this term shall not apply to any loans or advances relating to any works, property, or services taken over by Canada pursuant to term 31 or term 33. Subsidies. 26. Canada will pay to the province of Newfoundland and Labrador the following subsidies. A. An annual subsidy of one hundred eighty thousand dollars and an annual subsidy equal to eighty cents per head of the population of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador being taken at three hundred twenty-five thousand until the first decennial census after the date of union. Subject to be increased to conform to the scale of grants authorized by the British North America Act 1907 for the local purposes of the province and support of its government and legislature. But in no year shall sums payable under this paragraph be less than those payable in the first year after the date of union. And. B. An additional annual subsidy of one million one hundred thousand dollars payable for the like purposes as the various fixed annual allowances and subsidies provided by statutes of the Parliament of Canada from time to time. For the provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island, or any of them, and in recognition of the special problems of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador by reason of geography and its sparse and scattered population. Tax Agreement. 27. Paragraph 1. The government of Canada will forthwith after the date of union make an offer to the government of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador to enter into a tax agreement for the rental to the government of Canada of the income, corporation income, and corporation tax fields, and the succession duties tax field. Paragraph 2. The offer to be made under this term will be similar to the offers to enter into tax agreements made to other provinces. Necessary changes being made to adapt to the offer to circumstances arising out of the union, except that the offer will provide that the agreement may be entered into either for a number of fiscal years expiring at the end of the fiscal year in 1952, as is the case of other provinces, or for a number of fiscal years expiring at the end of the fiscal year in 1957, at the option of the government of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador. But if the government of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador accepts the latter option, the agreement will provide that the subsequent entry into a tax agreement by the government of Canada with any other province will not entitle the government of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador to any alteration in the terms of its agreement. Paragraph 3. The offer of the government of Canada to be made under this term may be accepted by the government of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador within nine months after the date of the offer, but if it is not so accepted, will thereupon expire? Paragraph 4. The government of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador shall not, by any agreement entered into pursuant to this term, be required to impose on any person or corporation taxation repugnant to the provisions of any contract entered into with such person or corporation before the date of the agreement and subsisting at the date of the agreement. Paragraph 5. If the province of Newfoundland and Labrador enters into a tax agreement pursuant to this term, the subsidies payable under term 26 will, as in the case of similar subsidies to other provinces, be included in the computation of tax agreement payments. Transitional Grants. 28. Paragraph 1. In order to facilitate the adjustment of Newfoundland to the status of a province of Canada and the development by the province of Newfoundland and Labrador of revenue producing services, Canada will pay to the province of Newfoundland and Labrador each year during the first twelve years after the date of union, a transitional grant, as follows, payment in each year to be made in equal quarterly installments commencing on the first day of April, namely, first year $6,500,000, second year $6,500,000, third year $6,500,000, fourth year $5,650,000, fifth year $4,800,000, sixth year $3,950,000, seventh year $3,100,000, eighth year $2,250,000, ninth year $1,400,000, tenth year $1,050,000, eleventh year $700,000, twelfth year $350,000. Paragraph 2. The government of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador will have the right to leave on deposit with the government of Canada any portion of the transitional grant for the first eight years with the right to withdraw all or any portion thereof in any subsequent year and on the 31st day of March and the 30th day of September in each year to receive in respect of any amount so left on deposit interest at the rate of two and five eighths per cent per annum up to a maximum period of 10 years from the date of union on the minimum balance outstanding at any time during the six-month period preceding payment of interest. Review of financial position 29. In view of the difficulty of predicting with sufficient accuracy the financial consequences to Newfoundland of becoming a province of Canada the government of Canada will appoint a royal commission within eight years from the date of union to review the financial position of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador and to recommend the form and scale of additional financial assistance if any that may be required by the government of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador to enable it to continue public services at the levels and standards reached subsequent to the date of union without resorting to taxation more burdensome having regard to capacity to pay than that obtaining generally in the region comprising the maritime provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island. 30. The salary of the lieutenant governor and the salaries allowances and pensions of judges of such superior district and county courts as are now or may hereafter be constituted in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador shall be fixed and provided by the parliament of Canada. Public services works and property. 31. At the date of union or as soon thereafter as practicable Canada will take over the following services and will as from the date of union relieve the province of Newfoundland and Labrador of the public costs incurred in respect of each service taken over namely A. The Newfoundland Railway including steamship and other marine services B. The Newfoundland Hotel if requested by the government of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador within six months from the date of union C. Postal and publicly owned telecommunication services D. Civil Aviation including Gander Airport E. Customs and Exis F. Defense G. Protection and encouragement of fisheries and operation of bait services H. Geological, topographical, geodetic and hydrographic surveys I. Lighthouses, fog alarms, buoys, beacons and other public works and services in native navigation and shipping J. Marine hospitals, quarantine and the care of shipwrecked crews K. The public radio broadcasting system and L. Other public services similar and kind to those provided at the date of union for the people of Canada generally 32. Paragraph 1 Canada will maintain in accordance with traffic offering a freight and passenger steamship service between North Sydney and Port-A-Basque which on completion of a motor highway between Cornerbrook and Port-A-Basque will include suitable provision for the carriage of motor vehicles Paragraph 2 For the purpose of railway rate regulation the island of Newfoundland will be included in the Maritime Region of Canada and through traffic moving between North Sydney and Port-A-Basque will be treated as all real traffic Paragraph 3 All legislation of the Parliament of Canada providing for special rates on traffic moving within, into or out of the Maritime Region will as far as appropriate be made applicable to the island of Newfoundland 33 The following public works and property of Newfoundland shall become the property of Canada when the service concerned is taken over by Canada subject to any trusts existing in respect thereof and to any interest other than that of Newfoundland in the same, namely A. The Newfoundland Railway including rights of way, wards, dry docks and other real property, rolling stock, equipment, ships and other personal property B. The Newfoundland Airport at Gander including buildings and equipment together with any other property used for the operation of the airport C. The Newfoundland Hotel and equipment D. Public harbors, wharves, breakwaters and aged navigation E. Bait depots and the motor vessel Malikov F. Military and naval property, stores and equipment G. Public dredges and vessels except those used for services that remain the responsibility of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador and accept the nine motor vessels known as the Clarenville boats H. The public telecommunication system including rights of way, landlines, cables, telephones, radio stations and other real and personal property I. Real and personal property of the broadcast and corporation of Newfoundland and J. Subject to the provisions of term 34, customs houses and post offices and generally all public works and property, real and personal, used primarily for services taken over by Canada 34. Where at the date of union any public buildings of Newfoundland included in paragraph I of term 33 are used partly for services taken over by Canada and partly for services of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador the following provisions shall apply A. Where more than half the floor space of a building is used for services taken over by Canada the building shall become the property of Canada and where more than half the floor space of a building is used for services of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador the building shall remain the property of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, b. Canada shall be entitled to rent from the Province of Newfoundland and Labrador on terms to be mutually agreed, such space in the buildings owned by the Province of Newfoundland and Labrador as is used for the services taken over by Canada, and the Province of Newfoundland and Labrador shall be entitled to rent from Canada on terms to be mutually agreed, such space in the buildings owned by Canada as is used for the services of the Province of of Newfoundland and Labrador. C. The division of buildings for the purposes of this term shall be made by agreement between the Government of Canada and the Government of the Province of Newfoundland and Labrador as soon as practicable after the date of union. And D. If the division in accordance with the foregoing provisions results in either Canada or the Province of Newfoundland and Labrador, having a total ownership that is substantially out of proportion to the total floor space used for its services, an adjustment of the division will be made by mutual agreement between the two Governments. 35. Newfoundland's public works and property not transferred to Canada by or under these terms will remain the property of the Province of Newfoundland and Labrador. 36. Without prejudice to the legislative authority of the Parliament of Canada under the British North America Acts 1867-1946, any works, property, or services taken over by Canada pursuant to these terms shall thereupon be subject to the legislative authority of the Parliament of Canada. 19. Natural resources. 37. All lands, mines, minerals, and royalties belonging to Newfoundland at the date of union, and all sums then do or payable for any lands, mines, minerals, or royalties shall belong to the Province of Newfoundland and Labrador, subject to any trusts existing in respect thereof, and to any interest other than that of the Province in the same. 18. Veterans. 38. Canada will make available to Newfoundland and Labrador Veterans the following benefits on the same basis as they are from time to time available to Canadian veterans, as if the Newfoundland and Labrador veterans had served in His Majesty's Canadian forces, namely, A. The War Veterans Allowance Act, 1946, free hospitalization and treatment, and civil service preference will be extended to Newfoundland and Labrador veterans who served in the First World War, or the Second World War, or both. B. Canada will assume, as from the date of union, the Newfoundland pension liability in respect of the First World War, and in respect of the Second World War, Canada will assume as from the date of union the cost of supplementing disability and dependence pensions paid by the Government of the United Kingdom, or an Allied country to Newfoundland and Labrador veterans up to the level of the Canadian rates of pensions, and, in addition, Canada will pay pensions arising from disabilities that are pensionable under Canadian law, but not pensionable either under the laws of the United Kingdom or under the laws of an Allied country. C. The Veterans Land Act, 1942, part four of the Unemployment Insurance Act, 1940, the Veterans Business and Professional Loans Act, and the Veterans Insurance Act, will be extended to Newfoundland and Labrador veterans who served in the Second World War. D. A re-establishment credit will be made available to Newfoundland and Labrador veterans who served in the Second World War, equal to the re-establishment credit that might have been made available to them under the War Service Grants Act, 1944, if their service in the Second World War had been service in the Canadian forces, lest the amount of any pecuniary benefits of the same nature granted or paid by the Government of any country other than Canada. E. Canada will assume, as from the date of union, the cost of vocational and educational training of Newfoundland and Labrador veterans of the Second World War on the same basis as if they had served in His Majesty's Canadian forces, and F. Sections 6, 7, and 8 of the Veterans Rehabilitation Act will be extended to Newfoundland and Labrador veterans of the Second World War who have not received similar benefits from the Government of any country other than Canada. Public Servants 39, Paragraph 1. Employees of the Government of Newfoundland in the services taken over by Canada, pursuant to these terms, will be offered employment in these services or in similar Canadian services under the terms and conditions from time to time governing employment in those services, but without reduction in salary or loss of pension rights acquired by reason of service in Newfoundland. Canada will provide the pensions for such employees so that the employees will not be prejudiced, and the Government of the Province of Newfoundland and Labrador will reimburse Canada for the pensions for, or at its option make to Canada contributions in respect of, the service of these employees with the Government of Newfoundland prior to the date of union. But these payments or contributions will be such that the burden on the Government of the Province of Newfoundland and Labrador in respect of pension rights acquired by reason of service in Newfoundland will not be increased by reason of the transfer. Paragraph 3. Pensions of employees of the Government of Newfoundland who are retired on pension before the service concerned is taken over by Canada will remain the responsibility of the Province of Newfoundland and Labrador. Welfare and Other Public Services 40. Subject to these terms, Canada will extend to the Province of Newfoundland and Labrador on the same basis and subject to the same terms and conditions as in the case of other provinces of Canada. The Welfare and Other Public Services provided from time to time by Canada for the people of Canada generally, which in addition to the Veterans Benefits, Unemployment Insurance Benefits, and Merchant Seaman Benefits set out in terms 38, 41, and 42 respectively include Family Alliances under the Family Alliances Act, 1944, Unemployment Insurance under the Unemployment Insurance Act, 1940, Sick Mariners Benefits for Merchant Seaman and Fisherman under the Canada Shipping Act, 1934, Assistance for Housing under the National Housing Act, 1944, and Subject to the Province of Newfoundland and Labrador entering into the necessary agreements or making the necessary contributions, Financial Assistance under the National Physical Fitness Act for carrying out plans of physical fitness, health grants, and contributions under the Old Age Pensions Act for Old Age Pensions and Pensions for the Blind. Unemployment Insurance, 1941, Paragraph 1 Subject to this term, Canada will provide that residents of the Province of Newfoundland and Labrador in insurable employment who lose their employment within six months prior to the date of union and are still unemployed at that date, or who lose their employment within a two-year period after that date, will be entitled for a period of six months from the date of union or six months from the date of unemployment, whichever is the later, to assistance on the same scale and under the same conditions as unemployment insurance benefits. Paragraph 2 The rates of payment will be based on the individual's wage record for the three months preceding his loss of employment, and to qualify for assistance a person must have been employed in insurable employment for at least 30% of the working days within the period of three months preceding his loss of employment, or 30% of the working days within the period since the date of union, whichever period is the longer. Merchant's Seaman, 42, Paragraph 1 Canada will make available to Newfoundland and Labrador Merchant's Seaman who served in the Second World War on British ships or on ships of Allied countries employed in service essential to the prosecution of the war the following benefits on the same basis as they are from time to time available to Canadian Merchant's Seaman, as if they had served on Canadian ships, namely, A, disability and dependence pensions will be paid if disability occurred as a result of enemy action or counteraction, including extraordinary marine hazards occasioned by the war, and a Newfoundland and Labrador Merchant's Seaman in receipt of a pension from the government of the United Kingdom or an Allied country will be entitled during residence in Canada to have his pension raised to the Canadian level and B, free hospitalization and treatment, vocational training, the Veterans Land Act 1942 and the Veterans Insurance Act will be extended to disability pensioners. Paragraph 2 vocational training, Part 4 of the Unemployment Insurance Act 1940 and the Veterans Insurance Act will be extended to Newfoundland and Labrador Merchant's Seaman who were eligible for a special bonus or a war service bonus on the same basis as if they were Canadian Merchant's Seaman. Paragraph 3, the Unemployment Insurance Act 1940 and the Merchant's Seaman Compensation Act will be applied to Newfoundland and Labrador Merchant's Seaman as they are applied to other Canadian Merchant's Seaman. Citizenship, 43. Suitable provision will be made for the extension of the Canadian citizenship laws to the province of Newfoundland and Labrador. Defence establishments, 44. Canada will provide for the maintenance in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador of appropriate reserve units of the Canadian Defence Forces which will include the Newfoundland Regiment. Economics Survey, 45. Paragraph 1. Should the government of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador institute an economic survey of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador with a view to determining what resources may profitably be developed and what new industries may be established or existing industries expanded, the government of Canada will make available the services of its technical employees and agencies to assist in the work. Paragraph 2. As soon as may be practicable after the date of union, the government of Canada will make a special effort to collect and make available statistical and scientific data about the natural resources and economy of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador in order to bring such information up to the standard for the other provinces of Canada. Olio Margerine, 46. Paragraph 1. Olio Margerine or Margerine may be manufactured or sold in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador after the date of the union and the parliament of Canada shall not prohibit or restrict any manufacture or sale except at the request of the legislature of the province of Newfoundland, but nothing in this term shall affect the power of the parliament of Canada to require compliance with standards of quality applicable throughout Canada. Paragraph 2. Unless the parliament of Canada otherwise provides or unless the sale and manufacture in and the interprovincial movement between all provinces of Canada other than Newfoundland and Labrador of Olio Margerine and Margerine is lawful under the laws of Canada, Olio Margerine or Margerine shall not be sent, shipped, brought or carried from the province of Newfoundland and Labrador into any other province of Canada. Income Taxes, 47. In order to assist in the transition to payment of income tax on a current basis, Canada will provide in respect of persons including corporations resident in Newfoundland at the date of union who were not resident in Canada in 1949 prior to the date of union and in respect of income that under the laws of Canada enforce immediately prior to the date of union was not liable to taxation as follows. A. That prior to the first day of July 1949, no payment will be required or deduction made from such income on account of income tax. B. That for income tax purposes no person shall be required to report such income for any period prior to the date of union. C. That no person shall be liable to Canada for income tax in respect to such income for any period prior to the date of union. And D. That for individuals an amount of income tax for the 1949 taxation year on income for the period after the date of union shall be forgiven so that the tax on all earned income and on investment income of not more than $2,250 will be reduced to one half the tax that would have been payable for the whole year if the income for the period prior to the date of union were at the same rate as that subsequent to such date. Statute of Westminster, 48. From and after the date of union, the statute of Westminster 1931 shall apply to the province of Newfoundland and Labrador as it applies to the other provinces of Canada. Saving, 49. Nothing in these terms shall be construed as relieving any person from any obligation with respect to the employment of Newfoundland labour incurred or assumed in return for any concession or privilege granted or conferred by the government of Newfoundland prior to the date of union. Coming into force, 50. These terms are agreed to subject to their being approved by the Parliament of Canada and the government of Newfoundland shall take effect notwithstanding the Newfoundland Act 1933 or any instrument issued pursuant thereto, and shall come into force immediately before the expiration of the 31st day of March 1949 if His Majesty has there to for given His consent to an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland confirming the same. Signed in duplicate at Ottawa this 11th day of December 1948, on behalf of Canada, signed Louis S. Saint Laurent. Signed Brooke Claxton. On behalf of Newfoundland, signed Albert J. Walsh. Signed F. Gordon Bradley. Signed Philip Roushey. Signed John P. McEvoy. Signed Joseph R. Smallwood. Signed G. A. Winter. Schedule. In this schedule the expression district means district as named and delimited in the Act 22, George V, Chapter 7 entitled An Act to Amend Chapter 2 of the Consolidated Statutes of Newfoundland 3rd Series, entitled of the House of Assembly. Grand Falls White Bay. Shall consist of the districts of White Bay, Green Bay and Grand Falls, and all the territory within a radius of five miles of the railway station at Gander, together with the coast of Labrador and the islands adjacent to there too. Bonavista Twillingate. Shall consist of the districts of Twillingate, Fogo, Bonavista North and Bonavista South, but shall not include any part of the territory within a radius of five miles from the railway station at Gander. Trinity Conception. Shall consist of the districts of Trinity North, Trinity South, Greater Beta Verde, Harbour Grace, and Port de Grave. St. John's East. Shall consist of the districts of Harbour Main, Bell Island, and that part of the province bounded as follows, that is to say, by a line commencing at a point where the centre line of Bexcove Hill intersects the north shore of the harbour of St. John's, thence following the centre line of Bexcove Hill to the centre of Duckworth Street, thence westerly along the centre line of Duckworth Street to the centre of Theatre Hill, thence following the centre line of Theatre Hill to the centre of Carter's Hill, thence following the centre line of Carter's Hill and Carter's Street to the centre of Freshwater Road, thence following the centre line of Freshwater Road to its intersection with the centre of Kenmount Road, and thence along the centre line of Kenmount Road to its intersection with the north-eastern boundary of the district of Harbour Main, Bell Island, thence along the said north-eastern boundary of the district of Harbour Main, Bell Island, to the shore of Conception Bay, and intense following the coastline around Cape St. Francis, and on to the narrows of St. John's Harbour, and continuing along by the north shore of St. John's Harbour, to a point on the north shore of the said harbour, intersected by the centre-line of Bex Cove Hill, the point of commencement. St. John's West Shall consist of the districts of Placentia St. Mary's and Ferryland, and that part of the province bounded as follows, that is to say, by a line commencing at the motion head of Petty Harbour, and running in a straight line to the northern Goulds Bridge, locally known as Doyle's Bridge, thence following the centre-line of Doyle's Road to Short's Road, thence in a straight line to a point one mile west of Quigley's, thence in a straight line to the point where the north-eastern boundary of the district of Harbour Main, Belle Island, intersects Kenmount Road, thence along the centre-line of Kenmount Road and Freshwater Road to Carter's Street, thence down the centre-line of Carter's Street and Carter's Hill to Theatre Hill, and thence along the centre-line of said Theatre Hill to the centre-line of Duckworth Street, and thence easterly along the centre-line of Duckworth Street to the top of Bex Cove Hill, thence from the centre-line of said Bex Cove Hill to the shore of St. John's Harbour, and thence following the shore of St. John's Harbour and passing through the narrows by the north of Fort Amherst, and thence following the coastline southerly to the motion head of Petty Harbour, the point of commencement. Burgeo shall consist of the districts of Placentia West, Buran, Fortune Bay, Hermitage, and Burgeo and LaPoil, and all the unorganized territory bounded on the north and west by the district of Grand Falls, on the south by the districts of Burgeo and LaPoil, and Fortune Bay Hermitage, on the east by the districts of Trinity North, Bonnevista South, and Bonnevista North. Humber St. George's shall consist of the districts of St. George's Port-a-Port, Humber and St. Barb, and all the unorganized territory bounded on the north by the district of Humber, on the east by the district of Grand Falls, on the south by the district of Burgeo and LaPoil, and on the west by the district of St. George's Port-a-Port. End of British North America Act, 1949, Newfoundland Act. Read by Sean Michael Hogan, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada.