 Welcome to the Hindu News Analysis by Shankar IAS Academy for the date 11th of April 2019. Displayed are the list of news articles taken up for today's analysis along with the page numbers of both the Chennai and Delhi editions. Let us now move on to our discussion session. Let's see the first news article of the day from theory to fact. This topic will be useful for prelims preparation under current affairs of international significance and general science. It remains preparation for general studies paper 3 under science and technology, developments in their applications and effects in everyday life and also under awareness in the field of space in particular. Let us start our discussion of the news article. This news article explains in detail about the image of the black hole captured and how Albert Einstein's predictions have become a reality. Let us see the news in detail. For the first time, a shadow of the black hole has been detected by the combined effort of world's astrophysicists. The image was released by the astronomers of the Event Horizon Telescope. The shadow of the supermassive black hole at the center of the galaxy Messiah 87, also called M87 in short, has been detected by the Event Horizon Telescope. This M87 galaxy lies in the Virgo constellation and it is located 55 million light-years away from the Earth. Here one light-year is 9.5 trillion kilometer. Now, let us see what the Event Horizon Telescope is. It is an international network of radio telescopes. Catching the shadow of the black hole involved eight ground telescopes around the globe, operating together as if they were one telescope the size of our entire planet. The Event Horizon Telescope set out to image both M87 galaxy and Sagittarius A, the black hole at the center of the Milky Way galaxy, which is our galaxy. M87 as a massive black hole and as said earlier, it is located 55 million light-years away from the Earth. The black hole in our galaxy is closer but much smaller, so they tend to look the same size in the sky. M87 rotates slowly, hence it was easier to take pictures of M87 galaxy. Astronomers created the picture by assembling data gathered by eight radio telescopes spread across the world on six mountains and four continents. The data was gathered by Event Horizon Telescope two years ago but it took so long to complete the image because it was a massive undertaking involving about 200 scientists and supercomputers and huge amount of data delivered by plane. Now, let us try to understand what a black hole is and how astronomers have imaged the black hole. There are many galaxies present in the universe. For every galaxy, there is a giant star present at the center of the galaxy. For example, in our Milky Way galaxy, where the Earth lies, the Sun is the giant star. When this giant star runs out of energy, black holes are born. They may be of different sizes. This black hole's gravity or the attractive force is very strong that it pulls all the objects that gets too close to it. If too much matter is crammed into one place, the cumulative force of gravity becomes overwhelming such that it becomes an eternal trap which has been termed the black hole. Even the light, which is the fastest object in the universe, does not have a high enough velocity to escape this gravitational pull of the black hole. The term black hole was coined in mid 1960s by an American physicist named John Archibald Wheeler. Now, let us see how the imaging of black hole is done. Black hole as such cannot be seen. There is an important boundary lying at a definitive distance from the black hole which is called as event horizon. It is called a point of no return meaning that any object that enters this area cannot escape once entered. Not even light can escape as we saw a short while ago. Any objects that include stars, dust, gas or even light that lies within this event horizon is sucked into this black hole. The object that lies outside this event horizon shines because they are predominantly gas that gets heated and when it gets heated it emits radiation or light. The black hole is seen as a silhouette like an outline against this shine. Now, consider this as a black hole. The stars and other massive objects close to the black hole orbit it and slowly spiral into it as you can see in the picture. There are also gases that are present outside the black hole. This gas swirls around the black hole forming an accretion disk as you can see it here. In the accretion disk, the gas gets heated and emits radiation or light. Now we know that the black hole has a strong gravitational power. This power makes the black hole to act like a lens and so this starts to bend the light that is emitted from this accretion disk. This light can escape and even reach farther distances even our earth and can be detected from earth. This is how the event horizon telescopes are able to detect the light signals. This gravitational bending and capturing of light concept has been given or explained in Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity as well. Here, Einstein has predicted a dark shadow like region which is nothing but the black hole. He has also predicted that at this point the matter, space and the time come to an end and it would vanish like a dream. Now Einstein's predictions have become a reality. This is the larger image process of M87 Galaxy where you can see the black hole at the center. If you zoom it, this one is the actual image of the black hole processed by the astronomers based on the radio wave signals received by event horizon telescopes. As we saw 8 ground based radio telescopes across different places in the globe. You can see that it looks like an uneven gold ring. The lower end here is heavier and the upper end is lighter and the matter within the dark inner circle was found rotating clockwise. It is predicted that it can either be the black hole only or the matter falling into the black hole where the matter within the dark inner circle was found to be rotating clockwise. The mass of this huge black hole is found to be 6.5 billion times the mass of the sun. And the diameter of this black hole is 100 billion kilometers. Thus Einstein's general theory of relativity has almost become a reality by capturing the black hole image. So for Tillam's preparation point of view, try to know about Galaxy M87, about Sagittarius A, the center of Milky Way Galaxy and about event horizon telescope present in the news article. Also additionally, try to understand what is a black hole, what is event horizon and what is accretion disk and the differences between them that we discussed as a part of this news article. Have a look at the practice question we shall discuss at the end. The second news article of the day is trickeries of money bill. This topic will be useful for a prelims preparation under polity and governance. And for mains preparation in your general studies paper 2 under Indian constitution, historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure. And also parliament and state legislatures, their structure, functioning, conduct of business, powers and privileges and issues arising out of these. Coming to the news article, Revenue Bar Association case has come up at Supreme Court yesterday in which the validity of the finance act of 2017 is under challenge. Two point of contention discussed in this particular article is that what and how the act was passed. Finance act of 2017 was passed as a money bill, number one. And number two, it contains rationalizing tribunals which is one of the important points of finance act. Though there are several other contentious issues, the current news article limits the discussions to these two points. Before understanding the issue in passing finance act as a money bill, let us know about the money bill in first place. Only those financial bills which contains provisions exclusively on matters listed in article 110 of the constitution of India are called money bills. On this basis, a bill is a money bill, it results in imposition, abolition, remission, alteration or regulation of any tax at union or state level, but not at the local level. Thus, money bills exist in parliament and state legislatures only. If a financial bill results in imposition, abolition, remission, alteration or regulation at local level by a local body, it is not considered to be a money bill. Second, it results in regulation of borrowing of money or results in any guarantee by government of India. Third, it results in withdrawal of money from consolidated or contingency fund. Lastly, if it results in receipt of money in consolidated fund and public account. Unlike ordinary bills, money bills have certain special features which are mentioned in the constitution. These points become important from the prelims point of view. Some of them are, a money bill can be introduced or originated only in Lokshaba or in legislative assemblies only in case of bicameral legislatures in the states if present. A money bill can be introduced only on prior recommendations of the president or governors in case of the states. There is no question of joint sitting in case of money bills because the opinion of Rajesh Abba is immaterial in this case. Even if Rajesh Abba does not return the bill in 14 days, it is still considered passed in both the houses. So, let us now understand the contention here. Question of whether a financial bill is a money bill or not is decided by the speaker and is or her decision is final. This provision exists simply to ensure that the Rajesh Abba is not allowed to bring down a government by refusing its access to the exchequer for everyday governance. However, in the recent case, the power of speaker has been used as a means to nullify the upper houses that is Rajesh Abba's democratic role in making the legislation. This is against the spirit of constitution which Dr. Ambedkar envisaged despite it being a constitutional power. This case thus becomes crucial as it brings the speaker's power under judicial review. Moving to the second contention, it is about rationalization of tribunals. Let us know about few basic points of tribunals. They were introduced through 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act and are inserted under Part 14A of Indian Constitution. Two important articles that deal with them are Article 323A and 323B while Article 323A talks about administrative tribunals. Article 323B talks about tribunals for other matters. The Finance Act of 2017 brought down the number of tribunals from 26 to 19 and also some of the tribunals were merged or in the process of getting merged. For example, Competition Appellate Tribunal will be merged with the National Company Law Tribunal. Until recently, each of these tribunals were governed by a separate statute and separate criteria to select and remove members to and from these bodies and also for salaries, allowances and other such service conditions of the members. The Finance Act has placed them under central government's control thus bringing uniform standards. There are certain issues highlighted by the author with respect to the above changes made. The increased power of central government is seen as hampering judicial independence. Similarly, executive interference in legislative matters is against the concept of separation of powers which is the basic structure of the Constitution. And lastly, there is a visible decline in the standards for selection of members. So, for prelims preparation in particular, try to know about the important aspects of money bill and about tribunals. Have a look at the practice question we shall discuss at the end of the session. The next news article is Anonymity of Poll Bonds Must Go. Says the Election Commission in page 7 of both the editions. There is also one more article under poll call section in page 9 of both the editions about what is an electoral bond. This topic will be useful for prelims preparation under current affairs of national and international significance and in Indian polity and governance. And for mains preparation, in your general studies paper 2 under Indian constitution, next silent features of representation of people's act, government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation. Under important aspects of governance, transparency and accountability. And this topic is also applicable under ethics paper which is general studies paper 4 under probability in governance. Challenges of corruption in particular and case studies on the same. This news article discusses about election commissions stand against the anonymity of the electoral bonds saying it as legalized anonymity. The election commission of India wants to let go of the anonymity saying that it is only against the anonymity not the scheme itself. The election commission has pointed out that it creates a lack of transparency hence the electoral bond system is a retrograde step. Through the electoral reforms we took a step forward from the era of huge cash transactions. But electoral bonds is like 2 steps backwards noted the election commission. And further the commission added that the political parties should put the information on donations on their websites so that people will get to know. And moreover right to vote means making an informed choice as knowing the candidate is only half of the exercise. People should also know the political parties who fund them since it is more important to know the principle than the agent. Now in context of this news article let us first know in detail about the electoral bond scheme 2018. Which is also discussed in the second article under poll call section about what is an electoral bond. An electoral bond is a barrier banking instrument to be used for funding eligible political parties. It is designed to be a barrier instrument like a promissory note in effect. It will be similar to a bank note that is payable to the barrer on demand and free of interest. The bonds will be issued in multiples of Rs. 1000, Rs. 10000, Rs. 1 lakh, Rs. 10 lakh and also Rs. 1 crore. The bonds will be available for purchase for a period of 10 days each in the beginning of every quarter. That is January, April, July and October as specified by the central government. The state bank of India is the only authorized bank by the central government for issuing electoral bonds as of now. Now who can purchase these bonds? It can be purchased by a person who is a citizen of India or incorporated or established in India. They can be bought by the donor with a KYC compliant account. A person being an individual can buy electoral bonds either singly or jointly with other individuals. Donors can donate the bonds to the party of their choice which can then be cashed in via the party's verified account within 15 days. Further, the eligible political party mentioned in the scheme is the one registered under section 29A of the Representation of the People Act of 1951 and secured not less than 1% of the votes polled in the last general election to the House of the People or the Legislative Assembly. These electoral bonds can be redeemed only by an eligible political party by depositing the same in their designated bank account maintained with authorized bank. The electoral bonds shall be valid for 15 days from the date of issue. That is if an electoral bond issued on 1st April 2019, it will be valid up to 15th of April 2019. These bonds will not bear the name of the donor. In essence, the donor and the party details will be available with the bank only but the political party may not be aware of who the donor is. The intention is to ensure that all the donations made to a party will be accounted for in the balance sheets without exposing the donor details to the public. The donor will get a deduction and the recipient or the political party will get tax exemption provided returns are filed by the political party. The amendment to Representation of the People Act allows political parties to skip recording donations received by them through electoral bonds in their contribution reports to the ECI. The amendments introduced to the Income Tax Act allows anonymous donations. Donors to political parties are not required to provide their names, address or pan card if they have contributed less than Rs 20,000. This is being taken advantage by the political parties. The Election Commission noted that many political parties have been reporting a major portion of the donations received as being less than the prescribed limit of Rs 20,000. Now, it is crucial to know the benefits of the scheme amidst this controversy which are transparent political funding, protecting donors from harassment, no disclosure of information to third parties, achieving digital India vision and bringing donations under tax purview. So, for prelims preparation in particular, try to know about the electoral bonds concept and the bank or banks authorized to issue these bonds by the central government. Now, have a look at the practice question. We shall discuss at the end of the session. The fourth news article of the day is, Forcing China's Hand. This topic will be useful for prelims preparation under current affairs of national and international significance and for mains preparation in your general studies paper too, under effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India's interests, Indian diaspora and next important international institutions, agencies and fora, their structure and mandate. Coming to the news article, U.S. opened another front in its ongoing multi-pronged tussle with China and circulated a draft resolution to the powerful 15 nation UN Security Council on March 27th to blacklist Pakistan-based Jaish-e-Mohammad chief Majood Azhar, this circumventing the 1267 Al Qaeda sanctions committee of the council. Let us know more about the UN SC 1267 sanctions committee. The United Nations Security Council's 1267 committee was established pursuant to resolution number 1267. It is also known as the Al Qaeda and Taliban sanctions committee. It was established for the purpose of overseeing the actions taken against an individual or terrorist organization which is included in this list. The actions include the implementation of sanctions, restricting their movement, imposing financial penalties and assets freeze. The committee comprises all 15 members of the United Nations Security Council and it makes its decision by census and secretly. So if a single member opposes, it means there is no consensus. That is why China's opposition to India's bid is not allowing the UN Security Council to designate Majood Azhar as an international terrorist. The committee is being criticized for being non-transparent and in recent times there is a demand for its reforms to address procedural shortcomings especially from India. Post Pulverma attacks, France's proposal to get Azhar listed as a terrorist by the UN's 1267 sanctions committee was scuttled by China despite the move having the support of 14 out of the 15 members of the UN Security Council. In a zeal to shield Pakistan, China has used its veto on Azhar's listing at the 1267 United Nations Security Council sanctions committee four times in the past decade. So the news initiative of the USA of draft resolution will give a new turn to the old efforts of combating terrorism. In this context, it is important to note the changing South Asian equilibrium in favour of India. This has been because of the improved diplomatic outreach in the last few years in which the global support has been sought to reverse Pakistan's support to terrorist organizations. But what has given this is an added sense of urgency in India's decision to up the ante after the Pulverma attacks by taking the fight to the Pakistani army. After every crisis, the international community, especially the West, would persuade India to ease tensions. But now, France moved quickly to impose sanctions on Azhar. It is working with its European partners on the matter of putting Azhar on the European Union list of terrorists as well. All these signal a changing South Asian equilibrium in favour of India and the regional peace. So, for the prelims preparation in particular, try to know about the 1267 committee of the United Nations Security Council and also about United Nations Security Council. Have a look at the practice question. We shall discuss at the end of the session. In the fifth news article of the day, May expresses regret for Jaleen Walabak firing. Two news articles have appeared on Jaleen Walabak firing in both the Chennai and Delhi editions in pages number 1 and 12. In the first news article, the United Kingdom Prime Minister Theresa May expressed regret for Jaleen Walabak firing. She has expressed regret in the British Parliament for the Jaleen Walabak massacre ahead of its 100th anniversary of killings on April 13. In this news article, Theresa May has quoted Queen Elizabeth's remarks calling the incident a distressing example of Britain's past history with India. But Theresa May failed to make a formal apology that many hoped for, instead stopped short of declaring regrets. In the second news article, Labour Party has sought a formal apology. The Labour Party wrote a letter signed by 80 MPs of different parties of UK and sent to Foreign Secretary of UK Jeremy Hunt. This letter was initiated by Labour MP Pat McFadden. We will be having a detailed discussion about Jaleen Walabak massacre in her 13th April session on its 100th anniversary. The sixth news article of the day is, Supreme Court recommends five new Chief Justices to High Courts. This article discusses about the appointment of Chief Justices to High Court. This particular topic will be useful for prelims preparation under current affairs of national and international significance and under Indian polity and governance. And for mains preparation in your general studies paper too, under Indian constitution and structure, organisation and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary. This news article talks about the appointment of Chief Justices to High Court, which is done through Collegium System. The Supreme Court Collegium has recommended five judges for the appointment as Chief Justices in Rajasthan, Kerala, Meghalaya, Andhra Pradesh and Chattisgarh. To understand about the appointments, it is important to know about the Collegium System. The detailed analysis about the Collegium System is available in the Hindu News Analysis, dated 9th of April 2019 in Shankar IAS Academy YouTube channel, done by our colleague Ms. Divya. Kindly go through the video to gain the subject clarity discussed as per the syllabus given today for this news article. The next news article is, Algeria after Botflika. This news article discusses about the long-serving President's Exit after popular unrest. How is exit as pushed Algeria into an uncharted territory and how this in turn would affect India-Algeria relations and India's role in Algeria's future? This topic will be useful for prelims preparation under current affairs of national and international significance. And, for mains preparation in your general studies, paper 2 under bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and or affecting India's interests. Let us start with some facts about Algeria from geographical point of view. Algeria is located in the northern portion of Africa, bordering Mediterranean Sea as we can see in the map. The northern part of Algeria experiences Mediterranean climate since it lies in the temperate zone. The southern part of Algeria is a part of Sahara Desert and largely experiences Saharan climate. Sirocco winds, which are the local winds, are associated with Algeria and they originate from Sahara Desert. Some other facts about Algeria is that it is a country with about 42 million population, which is next to Egypt in the Arab world. Arab world consists of countries with a predominant Muslim majority population. Algeria is rich in oil reserves and a major oil exporting nation. Also, it is a member of OPEC. Abdulaziz Borflika, ruled as the president of Algeria for the past two decades, has now resigned largely triggered by popular unrest attributed to the worsening socio-economic conditions partly due to the dwindling oil and gas reserves in the country. This popular unrest is seen as a delayed arrival of Arab Spring in India. Let us discuss important aspects of India-Algeria relations enlisted in the news article. Both nations have a strong economic relation. India largely imports oil, gas, cyclical hydrocarbons, phosphates and Mediterranean fruits from Algeria. In turn, Algeria imports foodstuffs, automobiles, farm machinery, pharmaceuticals, mobiles and cosmetics. Both nations have displayed a strong political cooperation in the past few decades under Abdulaziz Borflika's rule. One example is where Algeria has and is consistently supporting India's case against terrorism in international forums. Bilateral amity has been displayed by the leaders of both the nations through state visits and the like. Let us now see India's role post-Borflika's exit from presidency. India has a vital role to play in ensuring socio-political transition of Algeria by helping Algeria with institution building and infrastructure building, provided the successor government carries forward the smooth bilateral agenda that existed in the recent past. We saw that Algeria is a member of OPEC. In this context, let us try to know in brief about OPEC. OPEC is the organization of the petroleum exporting countries founded in Iraq in the city of Baghdad. Try to know who are the other member nations of OPEC. Some of the significant oil exporting nations that are not members of OPEC are Russia, USA and Qatar. Qatar has left OPEC very recently since January 2019. So, for prelims preparation in particular, try to know about Siroccovans and about OPEC. Have a look at the practice question we shall discuss at the end of the session. The next news article is Gubernatorial Impropriety. This article discusses about the controversy of the independence and neutrality of the office of the governor. The word gubernatorial here mentioned in the article means governor. This topic will be useful for prelims preparation under Indian polity and governance and for mains preparation in your general studies paper 2, Indian constitution, next challenges pertaining to the federal structure, devolution of powers and finally structure, organization and functioning of the executive and the judiciary in particular. Pertaining to the news article, let us first discuss about the office of the governor. The constitution of India provides provision for the office of governor in part 6 under the article 152 to article 164. He is the state executive who will act in contingencies as required by the president. Thus, he is the eye and ear of the president. The executive power of the state vested in the governor is exercised under the article 154 by him directly or through the offices subordinate to him. He is appointed by the president and holds office for a term of 5 years during the pressure of the president. Next, the qualification for appointment as governor is that he or she should be a citizen of India and should have completed the age of 35 years. Now, in relation to the news article, it is important to know the conditions of governor's office. Firstly, the governor should not be a member of the either houses of the parliament or the house of legislature of any state. Even if he or she does, it would be deemed that they have vacated their seat in that house when she or he enters upon his office as governor. And secondly, the governor should not hold any other office of profit. Like the president, the governor also has pardoning powers namely pardon, reprieve, remission, respite and commutation. And these powers are exercised where the sentence is not a death sentence. That is, governor cannot pardon a death sentence. The grant of pardon removes both the sentence and the conviction and absolves the convict from all disqualifications and punishment. Reprieve as an effect of staying the execution of punishment for the time being in order to allow the time for disposing the pending application for pardon, commutation, etc. This is a temporary conviction given to the convict from immediate execution of a sentence. Respite means awarding a lesser punishment in place of the given punishment in special cases. For example, a physically handicapped person may be given lesser punishment in place of rigorous punishment due to his special physical condition. Remission as the effect of reducing the amount of punishment without changing its character. For example, the rigorous punishment of two years may be reduced to a rigorous punishment of one year. But it will always remain a rigorous punishment because its character cannot be changed by remission. Under commutation, one form of punishment is substituted by another punishment of a lighter character coming to the removal of the office of the governor. The governor can be removed by the president sparingly in cases such as bribery, corruption, treason and in violation of the constitution. Under article 163 class 1, he exercises his executive and legislative functions with the aid and advice of his council of ministers. Thus, the executive power vested theoretically in the governor but it is really exercised by his council of ministers except in the limited sphere of his discretionary action. Now, let us move on to some observations made by the eminent persons, commissions, institutions regarding the office of governor that have been mentioned in this news article. Firstly, the Constituent Assembly desired that the governor should be a more detached figure to the acceptable province. And Mahatma Gandhi noted that the governor would be an arbiter when there was a constitutional deadlock in the state and he would be able to play an impartial role. According to Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, the governor is the representative of the people as a whole of the state and not a representative of a particular party. And also, the infamous Sarkaria Commission described the governor as a constitutional sentinel and a vital link between the union and the state. Further, SR Bomaik case in the year 1994, the Supreme Court observed that the office of governor is intended to ensure protection and sustenance of the constitutional process of the working of the constitution by the elected executive. And in Har Govind Panth v. Ragukul Tilak case of 1979, the Supreme Court affirmed that the office of governor was not subordinate or subservient to the government of India. Finally, the First Administrative Reforms Commission envisaged the governor to discharge his functions as judicially, impartially and efficiently. Next, we should know about the reports and recommendations of various commissions, namely Sarkaria Commission of 1983, Punchi Commission of 2007 and Venkatachalaya Commission of 2000. The reports of these commissions reveal that the independence and dignity of the governor's office is invariably undermined by the appointment of persons who are not suited to the post. By lack of security of tenure, the lack of an appropriate removal mechanism with no reasonable post-retirement benefits and limitations on post-retirement political ingratiation. These commissions gave some recommendations regarding the office of the governor. First, regarding the appointment of the governor, he should be an eminent person in some walk of life and he also should be a person from outside the state and he should be a detached figure and not too intimately connected with the local politics of the state. It is desirable that a politician from the ruling party at the union is not appointed as governor of a state which is being run by some other party or a combination of other part. The governor's tenure of office of five years in a state should not be disturbed except very rarely and that too for some extremely compelling reason. And there should be a proper removal mechanism like an advisory group consisting of the Vice President of India and the Speaker of the Lok Sabha or a retired Chief Justice of India who will examine the explanation given by the governor against the proposal of his or her removal from office. A governor should be provided reasonable post-retirement benefits for herself or himself and for her or his surviving spouse at the end of his tenure irrespective of its duration. As a matter of convention on demitting his office, the governor should not be eligible for any other appointment or office of profit under the union or a state government except for a second term as governor or maybe election to as Vice President or President of India. Such a convention should also require that after quitting or laying down his office, the governor shall not return to active partisan politics. These are the excerpts of this news article. So for the prelims preparation in particular, try to know about the important aspects about the office of the governor. Now have a look at the practice question we shall discuss at the end of the session. Let's move on to discuss the next article about artificial intelligence. Two news articles on artificial intelligence have appeared in both the editions. The first news article is professional significant disruptions at work which has appeared in page number 13 of both the editions. The second article is SEBI FIET 2 stock brokers using artificial intelligence applications which has appeared in page number 14 of both the editions. This topic will be useful for prelims preparation under current affairs of national importance in particular and for mains preparation in your general studies paper 3 under science and technology and their applications and effects in everyday life. The first article discusses about the MRSS 2019 global talent trends study. This study focuses about the scenarios abound about the future of work and its implications for individuals, companies and societies with the technological advances, government policies and employee expectations that are reshaping what we know as work. The pace of change continues to accelerate as artificial intelligence and automation infuse into everyday life and hence to achieve an equitable, productive and sustainable future for all. As per MRSS study, executives in India predict significant disruptions about their jobs. It has increased to 88% in 2019 compared with 40% in 2018. 76% of companies in India plan to automate more work in the next 12 months. As per the study, job security is one of the top three reasons why employees in India joined their company and it is also one of the main reasons for them to stay in that particular company. Further, according to the study, two-thirds of professionals are concerned that artificial intelligence and automation will replace their jobs. The second news article discusses about the circular shared by SEBI in January 2019 to all the recognized stock exchanges, clearing corporations and depositories to report on the artificial intelligence and machine learning applications offered or used by them. The article states that with reference to these circulars of SEBI, the Bombay Stock Exchange has asked the stock brokers to give quarterly disclosures about the compliance to the cybersecurity framework of the SEBI with respect to the applications of artificial intelligence and machine learning. It has also asked them to report on safeguards in place to prevent abnormal behavior of these applications. In addition, we shall know that the SEBI has been conducting a survey and is creating an inventory of the artificial intelligence and machine learning landscape in the Indian financial markets in order to gain an in-depth understanding of their adoption in the markets and also to ensure preparedness for any artificial intelligence and machine learning policies that may arise in the future. This is the end of the discussion of this particular news article. The final news article of the day is, High stock of non-performing assets in India. More progress needed states IMF the International Monetary Fund. This news article has appeared since the Global Financial Stability report has been released by IMF. This topic will be useful for prelims preparation under economic development and for mains preparation in your general studies paper 3 under Indian economy. First, let us see about Global Financial Stability report. The Global Financial Stability report of IMF assesses key risks facing the global financial system. It is a survey prepared by the IMF staff and it is published twice a year in the months of April and October respectively. Now, let us see the comments made by IMF about India. During the release of the report, the IMF head of monetary and capital markets stated that the high stock of non-performing assets in India is a continuing problem and that more progress is needed. Non-performing assets are those assets including a leased asset that ceases to generate income for the bank. The IMF official also insisted that India is required to support the level of capitalization to some banks, particularly the government-owned banks and to continue boosting the capital buffers in banks. We shall now know the important reports that are published by the International Monetary Fund also called IMF. They are Global Financial Stability report, World Economic Outlook and Fiscal Monitor reports. One should not confuse with the reports such as Global Economic Prospects report, World Development report and Doing Business reports as these are released by the World Bank Group. So, for prelims preparation in particular try to know about the reports of IMF and the economic reports of institutions such as World Bank Group and World Economic Forum and also try to know about the non-performing assets concepts for subject clarity. Now, have a look at the practice question. We shall discuss at the end of the session. With this, we come to the end of today's analysis of all the news articles jotted today. Let us now move on to practice question discussion session. The first question. Recently, the first image of the black hole in a galaxy called Messiah 87 has been captured. Which telescope has been used to capture this image? The correct answer is B Event Horizon Telescope which we have discussed in our very first news article of the day. Next question. Consider the following statements. Statement 1. Imposition or abolition or remission or alteration or regulation of any tax at union or state or local levels. 2. Regulation of borrowing money and the third withdrawal of money from Consolidated Fund of India. 4. Recept of money in public accounts of India. Which of the above can be considered as a part of the money bill? Here, statement 1 is wrong because all this of any tax at union or state level only not at the local level. This we have discussed in our news article. So, go for the elimination technique. If you eliminate option 1, option A, option C and option D will be gone. So, the correct answer is option B, 2, 3 and 4 only. Next question. With reference to the electoral bonds, consider the following statements. The statement 1. It is a Barrett banking instrument to be used for funding eligible political parties. Statement 2. It is valid for 30 days from the date of issue. Statement 3. It can be redeemed by the donor and the eligible political party. So, here the statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is wrong. It is valid for 15 days only. And statement 3 is also wrong. It can be redeemed only by the eligible political party not by the donor. Again, go for the elimination technique. You are eliminating statements 2 and 3 here. So, the correct answer is 1 only because the question is asked for which among the above statements is correct. Next question. 1267 sanctions committee which is sometimes seen in the news is in the context of affairs of. Correct answer is option D, United Nations Security Council. Next question. Which of the following countries are not a member of OPEC? 1. Algeria. 2. Venezuela. 3. Russia. 4. USA. 5. Qatar. In our OPEC topic discussion, we have given the list of important oil exporting countries that are not members of OPEC. So, Algeria is a member of OPEC. Also, Venezuela is a member of OPEC. Russia and USA are not members of OPEC right from the start. But Qatar was a member of OPEC but it left the OPEC in January 2019. So, Qatar is also wrong. Now, the answer is asked the question as which of the following countries are not a member of OPEC? So, here the answer is 3, 4 and 5. Option C, 3, 4 and 5 only because 1 and 2 would be eliminated. Next question. Consider the following statements. Statement 1. The governor of a state shall be appointed by the president of India. This statement is correct. Statement 2. The governor should be a member of either houses of the parliament while she or he enjoys the office of the governor. This statement is wrong because the governor cannot be a member of either of the houses of the parliament while enjoying the office of the governor post. So, the correct answer is A1 only because the question is which among the above statements are correct. Next practice question. This particular question has appeared in your civil services preliminary examination in the year 2016. It is a straightforward question. The global financial stability report is prepared by the option is B International Monetary Fund. Let us move on to discuss a practice main question. The question is define money bill and discuss the constitutional provisions of money bill. It is also a straightforward question. We have explained about what a money bill is and also the constitutional provisions that are pertinent to this money bill in our discussion today. So, just go through the content and try to answer this question. The final question, final main question of the day. The question is analyze the working of the institution of the governor in the context of observations and recommendations by the relevant commissions. The answer for this question should mention above the office of the governor followed and substantiated by the recommendations discussed in today's analysis about the office of the governor. With this, we are winding our today's analysis and discussion of the practice question. Stay focused and motivated friends. Thank you.