 The hybrid perovskite material MAPI has been found to have significantly longer carrier lifetimes than other materials due to its indirect gap structure. This is caused by the presence of spin-orbit coupling which splits the energy levels of the material into two bands, one of which is indirectly gapped. This results in slower recombination rates, allowing for greater efficiency in solar cells. This article was authored by Puyah Azerhush, Scott McKetchney, Jarvis M. Frost, and others.