 The earth disappears and you get close to the space station for some stupid reason. I'm yelling at my software engineers, but anyway. It's really gone. Well, it's, yeah, yeah. Anyway. It is, I do say it is. It is. We're lost in time. There we go. So, good evening and welcome. My name is Roland. Welcome to Hackerspace. A quick show of hands, please. It's your first time in Hackerspace. Anyone? Oh, fan number. Okay. So, we are a group. We do roughly two things. One is we operate as a community center for the community, tech community, although we have some other interesting people as you'll see later this evening. And during the day, to pay the rent, we actually operate as a co-working space. So, if you don't remember, it's actually payment. It's specifically to work at Aleppo Unions for these desks and chairs that are about to be set up differently during the day for all the reasons. We do have a supply of soft drinks at the door. Please have yourself. This is a small donation and you do so. This evening is the first episode. The first of many glorious. The first of many glorious awesome talks. The glorious talks. I like it. Let's think about awesome talks. This was, Hackerspace has sort of been almost entirely in the tech drinks in the last year or two. So, it was when I got the talking desire to do something a bit broader. And I was like, well, how about something like Blink Blank, which disappeared when Isaac moved back to Montreal. Yeah, we should talk to Joobian. And he was like, hmm, yes, let's do that. And will we call it Blink Blank? Or Blink Blink? And I sort of threw out Hackerspace awesome talks. And that's definitely the right thing to call it. So, welcome and thank you for joining us. We have two amazing speakers, right? But at this point, I will yield to Julian to explain to you who the first person is. Hey, thank you, Roland. So that was when we had the conversation. I found out what SEO fail actually meant. So welcome to Hackerspace awesome talks. None of us have had something very sad. But anyway, so Carter, we've got two speakers today. Completely different. So I'm quite excited. Carter is our very first presenter. He's been kind of talking on and off and giving us tantalizing glimpses of his work already. I'm not sure whether you know, but there is a Hollywood star that's named after the place where he worked. So you can go find that out in the break in between. It is actually true. So he's an astro-visualizer, which probably meant he invented his own job. Title, at least. Both, ideally. I think it's good to invent your own job. It means that, you know, it's quite special. And as we were chatting, as he was setting up, we figured that he was a kind of translator because he takes all this data and shows it and thinks about how to present it as a kind of experience. So if you've been to any planetarium around the world, you may well have seen the work of him and his team. He's got quite a lot of amazing stuff to show us. He made the edges of the universe. I'm going to shout out now and hand it over to Kirk. Okay. Well, thank you. And thanks for all you coming out to see this. I'm going to try to do it justice. I'm not sure if we can turn the lights down if they're off. And so, yeah, as Chile had introduced me, this has been a lifelong passion. I was born in 1961, which was the year that we first went into space. And I went to something called the 1964 World's Fair, which was in New York and Flushing Meadow in Queens, New York in 1964 and 65. My uncle flew Mustang. He was a Mustang pilot in World War II, the Mustang fighter plane. And so my brother was 10 years older than me, loved models of airplanes and hung them up. My brother later became a pilot. And so at the 1964 World's Fair, he showed me the space capsule. My brother showed me the space capsule and it didn't have any wings. And I said, how come it doesn't have wings? Because it flies. And he goes, well, you don't need wings to fly in outer space. And I didn't know what outer space was. So that really began my interest in this. So I'm hopefully going to take you through some of this on out through the database of what we call the digital universe. And we put this together to feed essentially the planetarium of the 21st century is what we were calling it as a millennium project at the time. And as you can see here showing all sorts of satellites, I am going to be interactive with you right here. I'm going to turn off the communication satellites or not. Let's see. And by the way, this software that you're seeing was developed by my students from Linshipping University in Sweden. And I started working with them thanks to meeting at SIGGRAPH in 2001. We had a course about doing dome production at SIGGRAPH in Los Angeles. And after the presentation, this rather reserved Swedish professor came up to me and gave me his card, Anders Inerman. And he mentioned Linshipping University in a town called Norshipping Sweden. It all sounded like gingerbread to me. I never heard of this place. But he was rather persistent and he offered me one of his star students. He showed up with a group of about a dozen colleagues in the spring of 2002. I had forgotten they were coming, so I was in cut-off shorts and a torn-up t-shirt that said, back off, man, I'm a scientist. And they were all in suits and ties. And I embarrassed poor Anders, I guess. But nevertheless, one of the guys that was there was Bertil Anderson, who is now the president of NTU. So I had a meeting with him the other day. And we're looking at doing a collaboration between Linshipping and NTU. And I'm here on a residency with the Singapore Science Center. And they just put in an 8K, meaning 8,000 pixel-wide, 23-meter dome, which is incredible. And the software that they bought actually runs our digital universe database. But this is different software. This is a competitor to what they bought. But still, it's not bad, because this shows all the satellites. It kind of turns the satellite action off for a second. Let's see. It's going to turn off. Let's see. Because we kind of get the gist of the satellites. I'll turn them off. I'm leaving up the ISS, so the International Space Station. It only orbits about 400 kilometers off the surface. And the atmosphere is properly represented. We see swathes of data that are collected. This was yesterday, essentially, by a NASA satellite called Terra. It's a twin satellite called Aqua, also paints a daily picture. They've been taking this picture of the Earth, not only in red, green, blue, so we get this nice view of what it looks like to us, but also in various infrared wave bands. And so it's part of NASA's Earth Observatory. And so the difference of the two satellites, one, this Terra takes sort of a morning view. And then Aqua gets kind of an afternoon view. So what we can do is we can really come down, see a quarter kilometer resolution online right now with NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. So if I come in, we might just wait and see it resolve. And also I have time running. So I'm just going to stop time. And I don't want to sit here waiting for the internet. But I do want to emphasize, as we look across perhaps the Arabian Peninsula, I'll drop this down, the thickness of the atmosphere is correct. It's only about 30 kilometers. That's about, you know, Singapore is 50 kilometers wide. So go straight up 30 kilometers. And you're where the atmosphere turns black on the day side. The atmosphere continues up. That's where the space station orbits up about 400 kilometers. But you can see how hugging the Earth that we actually do. It's almost like a high altitude airplane when you're in the space station. But you have to go, and I'm sorry I'm going to be going through, I'm used to miles an hour. So 17,500 miles an hour is the speed you have to maintain to stay in orbit up there. You go around the Earth every 90 minutes. If I come around the night side, we can see the city lights. So we see the coast of Vietnam on up to Hainan. We see here is Hong Kong, here Shanghai, and then Japan. This is Taiwan. And so I'll come back. So I'm navigating from this side. I'm not bothering you with the controls that I see up here. Okay, great. I want to pull away from this and take you out farther. So, you know, we all see the moon in the sky, but how far away is the moon? 400,000 kilometers. But to get a sense of that, you know, that's how far away the moon is. We see now it's trail. And we see the backdrop of the stars. All that's accurate. And let me just pull around so that we can see the moon. And I'm going to come a little closer to it. And if I come in and see the moon, if I see the Earth and the moon together, I'm seeing a side of the moon that we don't normally see. This is the far side of the moon. The dark side of the moon, which Pink Floyd talked about, is that's the unlit side. The moon does rotate. It takes one month, or one moon, essentially, as it goes around the Earth. And so that, whoa, I'm going to do that. Sorry, ricochet. What I need to do is kind of center on the moon. So I'm going to do that for us for a second. Moon, target it. Okay. And if I come in close, we can kind of recreate what the astronauts saw for the first time in 1968. They were not expecting it. It was not in the flight plan. When, all of a sudden, outside the window, Bill Landers said, hey, give me the camera. You saw the Earth rise. And the first shot of it was taken in black and white. And they were like, where's the color film? We actually took a lot of black and white at the moon because the moon is gray. And NASA was economizing on film. Can you believe that? $25 billion. They got to the moon. And they were still economizing. So actually, what I want to do is go online with us here. Woo. In fact, I'm going to turn on the headlight for the moon. So, okay. Oh, shut up. Okay. Here we go. Let's see. Da, da, da, da, da, da. Okay. I have to do this. And then add it and save. And then, okay. Now what I want to do is actually turn on the moon's headlight. Whoa. There we go. So now, and also, here's Messier, which is a double crater. It's down below. So it looks like a comet. That was a grazing impact. And what I'm doing, I'm sort of mentioning this as I'm flying around. I'll come in on it. This is supposed to get a lot better in a second. I'm just waiting for that. And I don't see any error messages. I think I'm just waiting for the internet here. Come on. Let me pull out, do this sort of action sometimes. That helps. Whoa. Okay. All right. Let's see. And come on, moon. Okay. I'm waiting for the server from NASA. There. Okay. So this is Messier. And you can see, actually, if I come in close, it's kind of cool. This crater is like a butterfly. The first one here, where the debris went out like this. And then the second one came in. It hit twice and decapitated and threw all that debris out that way. So it was a grazing impact. And so we can really kind of explore the moon. It's a lot of stuff on the moon. But I want to show you one thing in particular. One crater, which is a very prominent crater on the moon. It's one of the youngest craters on the moon. It's right here. And you see all these rays reaching out from it. It's a crater taiko. And taiko has a central peak, which is about 3,000 meters. And its flat floor that we see right in front of us is 50 kilometers wide. So your nation could fit right in there. This is kind of cool, you know? And so here we go. And if this wasn't cool enough, let's come down and try to get inside it here. What? Oh, okay. I'm trying to stop my motion. So, okay. There we go. All right. And let me come back like this. So here's the central peak. But if we want to see it even better, let me add in something else. This resolution is 100 meter resolution. And I'm going to add in now. Hello. I need the narrow angle camera and about 15. All right. There's a whole bunch of different things to look at in here. And I just have to pick the right one. There we go. Taiko, add. Slide it to the top. Okay. And now I'm waiting for that data to come in. There it is. It'll get better. Let it conform. This is submeter resolution. We'll see it here in a second. Let's come in. And you'll see that NASA chose different lighting, you know, because they didn't just want one side totally in shadow. So let me come in on this side. You can also see that there are not many craters down here on what looks kind of like a cookie or a brownie. This was molten floor. And we've actually dated this crater. We know that it's about 110 million years old. And so if I tip over now, we can see what this looks like. And, whoa, at this point I have to remember to cut the sensitivity of the mouse. So I'll fly a little nicer, flow a little smoother. But we start coming into scree slopes on the side of this. We all know about the, maybe you've seen pictures of the lunar car. We had a buggy on the moon. Well, they also designed, but never flew it, a lunar cherry picker. And it was a rocket powered bucket to carry an astronaut up to these outcroppings. And so they were considering landing in this crater. Jim McDivitt, the Apollo astronaut, said over my dead body. And so they didn't want, they were scared off about coming into Tycho Crater. But still, this is pretty amazing, especially when you do this with a dome. It's like you're there. So the moon is interesting in that it's so small, it can't hold an atmosphere. And it's our nearest neighbor. Oh, actually, see this cool, right over here. There's this big block that landed after it was ejected and then just came right back down. Boom, landed on the top of that peak. And so at this point, all the background stuff looks fuzzy now at the comparison of resolutions. But let me pull up and out of here because there's a lot of ground I want to cover. What's that? A land in Spice Puppets. Oh, yeah, you want to see an Apollo? Who wants to see an Apollo landing? Oh, OK. I got this argument with somebody at NTU and sort of like, well, I don't really believe we were there. You know, OK, well, OK, there are always those people around. So anyway, let me come up to Palace Putridinos, the Putrid Sea. So over here is this is sort of one of the eyes of the old man on the moon. But my friends from China like to talk about the rabbit in the moon. So that's sort of the big belly of the rabbit. Here's the head and here are the ears that stick out. So this is Maria Imbrium. This is Serenitatus. This is Tranquilitatus. Right down here is Apollo 11's landing site. Right up here in the dark area is Apollo 17's. And right over here is the most beautiful landing site. I can't navigate. I have to navigate from this window. It is right along the Apennine Front, named after the mountains down the spine of Italy. It is this area called the Putrid Sea. I don't know who named that. And it looks like a river, but that's actually where lava flowed at one point. And we're going to come up on the Apennine Front. And so Dave Scott, commander of Apollo 15, I showed him this. And he said to me, he said, well, you know, it was so pretty when we were coming in. That's lovejoying coming over that. And they had to come over this mountain range and come in and land. And he said it was the steepest descent of any of the lunar modules. And he said it was so beautiful that he turned to Jim as co-pilot, and they just smiled at one another. And he says, it's not in the transcript, but they were just acknowledging how beautiful it was. So we'll come in. That's Mount Hadley, about 16,000 feet tall. And here is the two-kilometer-wide Hadley Rill down below us. And at this point, I need to bring up that high res that we saw, just like the other layer. And let me go grab that. I'm requesting it. I'm waiting for it. Ding. Here it comes. Okay. Add that in. Apollo 15 image mosaic. Boom. Put that on the top. And wait for it. Okay. Let it adjust. And now I have to really... I'm going to get my flying skills in here. I have to... See, I don't have... Actually, I do have a bookmark, but I'm going to... I want to bring it down to you because I've memorized where it is pretty much. Okay. Let's come in for a landing. Right over here. Waiting for the resolution. Oh, I already see it. Okay. Excellent. And if I come in close enough, I'll start piercing the screen. But I can see the rover. Cool. All right. Oh, it's sensitive. Okay. Now, okay. I'm going to grab my cursor, bring it over here. That is the descent stage of Falcon. You can see its shadow, and you can see two horns on the shadow. Those are the flame deflectors for the RCS jets, the reaction control jets to keep things level. And we see the sun glinting off the foil. And we see the track of the rover and the rover sitting here. And sitting, it's sitting to the east because as the ascent stage took off, it went that way, that way. And so they controlled a guy in Houston at Mission Control. They called him Captain Video. He was basically controlling with a joystick, the video camera, as they took off. And you can also see over here, this is the ALCEP station, the Apollo Lunar Science Experiment Package. And you can see the tracks going back and forth. And then you can see rover tracks going off to the rail. And so that's, there's Apollo 15. Let's see if I can get even closer. It's actually, this projector is bright enough. Whoa, and it's just really hard to control this. My apologies. There we go. You can start to see some of that better. Ladies and gentlemen, the moon. Okay. All right. So... Wow, applause. That's awesome. Okay. I love you guys. It was great. You should come back to Singapore more often. Okay. Behind us all is, let's see. That's Alpha Centauri. And here's the Southern Cross and the Milky Way. Over here is Antares. And this is Scorpius, if you're a scorpion. And so what I'm going to do is move us around the moon a little bit. And that bright section of the Milky Way, we're going to talk about in just coming up, that's the center of our Milky Way galaxy. And if we move around, I'm going to move around so that I can see the sun, is that the Milky Way in brightness dies off. And here we are, like, the lighting of the moon, I think I'll turn the sunlight, sun illumination back on. And we're looking back toward the sun. There we go. And we can see now over Orion, Orion is in the lower portion. Let me get my cursor over there. Here's the belt of Orion. There's Betelgeuse. And this is Sirius, the dog star, Procyon, Poison, Castor, Capella, and Aldebron. Here's the Pleiades. And we can see the winter Milky Way is in stark contrast to the bright summer Milky Way. Summer Milky Way, as we say that, in the northern hemisphere, the opposite in the southern hemisphere, of course. So what I'm going to do is now pull out. And it would not be complete if I didn't show you Mars. I really must show you Mars. I'm going to show you Mars a little bit here. Because there's a story with this database. We've had many missions to Mars. And Mars has two moons, Demos and Phobos. And it's a world about half the size of Earth. The moon is a quarter the size of Earth. So Mars is not geologically active anymore, but we see now in front of us the largest volcano in the solar system, Olympus Mons. And when I'm back home, I say it's the size of New York State. How many kilometers across? Ooh, that's a good question. The caldera could fit Singapore. That's easily 50 kilometers up there at that caldera. But if we want to see this better, I have a better data set. And not sure. Okay, come on. Ding, ding. Hello. Okay, there we go. And plutonium on Mars. Mars, I got CTX. Great. Okay. This is a data set that when it pops up here, come on. Oh, stop being slow. Okay, there we go. It's incomplete, so it's not the whole planet. But, and I think I actually cached. So this, I'm working off a data cache that's on my disk. This data set goes down to globally. It's about 75% of Mars, but it goes down to six meter resolution. This room is probably, well, this room is longer than six meters, I would say. And so you can see Mars at an excruciating detail. If I tip it over, here's the caldera. I'll turn this red. And so, they're reddish. The re-projector is different. So these data from NASA? This is data from the Mars or condescence orbiter from NASA. That's correct. As I say in America, this is your tax dollars at work. And so the data has to sort of page in. I didn't want to do that. Let's go, okay. Let me go back. I know it happened. My sensitivity on the mouse, excuse me. I have to turn that back down. My software developers, I'm like, guys, why don't you use proximity to actually adjust your sensitivity? Anyway, I'm not going to bitch and moan about software right now. Part of my job is to bitch and moan about software. Another thing is that it has to paste the image onto a height map. And so it's actually searching for both of those right now. And on a laptop, on my MacBook Pro, it's a little slow. And I'm also running Windows on my poor Mac. It hates it when I do that. I always have to apologize. It gets me back later, believe me. So in any event, this is what the caldera of Olympus Mons looks like. And it really looks like that. So this database at six meters, 75% of Mars, is five and a half terabytes. And so I've just cached a little bit of that for you for your viewing pleasure here. What's that? Yeah, I know. I get to hang a drive. These days, I get to hang a drive often. Pretty much have it. But I want to go over to the canyon. And so I'm getting there. Better go slower. Here we are. Noctis labyrinthus. This means the labyrinth of night. And this is where Valus Marinara sort of breaks up into a cataract canyon that we see down below us. And there's some really beautiful stuff down here. Let me bring you down to the widest part of the canyon, which is about 300 kilometers across. And this canyon is about 5,000 kilometers in width. So it's the largest canyon in the solar system. And as I come in, we can see some excruciating detail on this. It's actually quite nice. And let me just come down a little lower for us. Let the mountains grow. And so as a solution to looking at this in the dome, this is extraordinary because it really feels like you're flying over a landscape. But it's an alien landscape. Oh, come on. There. OK. And so I brought musicians in. We've had some Tibetan musicians come in. My buddy Keith is a composer as a master's in music theory. Went to the Juilliard School and all this. And so we work together as this kind of band. So we loosely call ourselves the Mars Band because there's so much to fly over. It's astounding. And you can really kind of, you know, with all this sort of behavioral aspect, that my slow drive that is happening. I hate when the mountains grow like this in front of us. But still, that doesn't happen in our dome. And you can fly over this landscape for hours and hours. And I can talk about it. And I can talk about the geology. In a lot of cases, the geology is still sort of up for grabs as far as what's going on, really. And so you're immersed in this landscape. If I went to Mars, I don't want to just, you know, burrow into the ground, which is what you're going to have to do to protect yourself from radiation because it doesn't have a magnetosphere. And it also doesn't have much of an atmosphere. So incoming debris, you see these little craters everywhere. It's a reminder that it's a pretty dangerous area. And lots of sand dunes and all this. I would want to fly over Mars like this. But now with the data that's on Earth, we can do that. And it's pretty astounding. But there's a lot more of the universe I want to show you. So anyway, let me just pull up here quick. And let's pull away. What's up? Am I over? Okay. Oh, 10 minutes. Excellent. Okay. That's enough to cover the universe. It's kind of boring after Mars. Okay. So anyway, let's pull back. I want to pull back like this. Whoa. Okay. We got the solar system here. As you probably all know, the sun is eight minutes old when you look at it in the sky. It's taking light eight minutes to get to us. It's 400,000 kilometers and 93 million miles or whatever it is. And so we're at 400,000,300,000,000 kilometers. What? Whatever. It's far. Okay. But it's really far. It's about three and a half billion miles out, sorry, miles out to Pluto. And Pluto you see is that blue line there. And there's Neptune, the orbit of Neptune. So if I just show you here, this is about four hours of light traverse time. And so the diameter of the solar system, if you want to think of Neptune's orbit as a diameter, is eight light hours or a work day. And of course, three times eight is 24. Well, conveniently I have here for us, voyagers one and two, pioneers 10 and 11. I'll show them. And so we also show, we project them out not all the way where they're going because they have left the solar system never coming back. These are the fastest things we've ever created. And we have right here the years and the light hours. So here's Voyager 2, the fastest of them. In 2040, it's 25 light hours away. And so once again, think of Neptune's orbit, eight light hours. And so three solar systems, 24 light hours or one light day. Well, in 2050, these are launched in 1977. That's an average human lifetime. So these are the fastest things we've sent out. And we've put this into the sort of context of a human lifetime. And I want to now move us around. Okay, there's, okay, I got to see where we're going. Let's see how we're going to move around this way. I want to bring up the nearest star to us. Here's Magellanic clouds. There it is, Alpha Centauri right next to the sun. It's a yellow one out of that pair there. Okay. And it's about the same brightness as the sun. It's actually a triple system. The brightest one is about the brightness of the sun. And it's four and a half light years away. So you've got to say, okay, we've got three solar systems for a light day. 365, about 1,000 solar systems for a light year. 4,000 solar systems to get out to Alpha Centauri. These are the fastest things we've ever created, the Voyagers and the Pioneers, joined now by the New Horizons spacecraft with the ashes of Clyde Tomba on board. He's got to discover Pluto. And you ask yourself, interstellar travel. The nearest star four light years away. And we're looking for dimmer stars around us. I have a whole bunch of data sets I could bring up. I'm not going to bring up because I just want to get you out there. But we're going to swallow up the entire solar system into the glare of the sun, treated now in brightness as we're treated treating the other stars. And as I move around, see how Alpha Centauri has already come off the wallpaper? Well, let's move out. And as I do, we're joined by Sirius and Procyon. Over here, 8.5 light years, 11 light years. This is Pollux and Castor out here. These are familiar stars. The stars from Orion, very far away. They're still pretty far away. There's Aldebaran and this is Capella. And we see the Milky Way becomes our new sort of logical horizon in which to sort of judge ourselves. I should have mentioned to you that, you know, going around the Earth in 90 minutes is pretty fast. The Apollo astronauts had to go even faster to get to the moon. It took them three days to get to the moon. And that's an amazing thing. But we cover the Earth to the moon distance in our speed around the sun in about four hours. Between the time you wake up in the morning and have lunch. We're traveling eight times that speed around the galaxy. So the galaxy is what we're talking about here. So it's our local surrounds. We're going to pull out. And I want to show you a census of planets that we now know of around other stars. I'm not going to show you the planets, but I'm going to show you the locations of the stars that have planets. We maintain and update this catalog as these data come in. I did not load, I'm sorry, the Kepler database, which is all off in one section of sky. But these are the dynamical stars. And to make sense of this, I've got to bring up something else. For that, I'm going to bring up the Earth's latitude and longitude stretched out into space, 75 light years in radius. This is how far our radio signals have reached out into space. So if you're out here just at the edge, you'd be hearing about World War II and radar, early radar. And TV, early TV carrier wave signals. And we're listening for aliens, for ET out there. We haven't heard from anybody, but all these planets have heard from us. And so you've got to start thinking about this in different terms of not only space, but time. I want to bring you around to the Hyades star cluster 150 light years away because it's a good place to look back at the center of the galaxy. Here's that star cluster. Whoops, I went outside my control window. There it is. Okay, so here's the Hyades star cluster right there. It's the face of Taurus the Bull. It's a beautiful star cluster. And it gives me a moment I can twist this around. So I'm going to, okay, my new sort of horizontal, my new landscape out here of stars looking back at the radio sphere. I'm going to pull back now so I can see this perspective. There's the Pleiades going by. That's 400 light years. If you were out here looking back at a really good telescope and looked at Florence, Italy, you might see a guy with gray hair with a telescope, Galileo. And now we move out of the galaxy. The galaxy has about two to 300 billion stars. We're in a fairly stable circular orbit around the galaxy. The center of the galaxy is about 25,000 light years away. What were we doing 25,000 years ago? Art. We were doing art in caves. We were making stone tools. We did that pretty good. Take a light beam about 100,000 years to cross the galaxy. That's the Magellanic Clouds. There's a large Magellanic Cloud just came by my face. We're now at about 150,000 light years away. Looking back, we see the first Homo sapiens walking the planet. It takes us 250 million years to make one circuit around the galaxy. When we were in that location, one turn back, what were we doing? What was our DNA doing? We were crawling out of the oceans for the first time. The mudskippers, they were pioneering the land. Later, to evolve into dinosaurs, one quarter turn back 60 million years ago, the dinosaurs all got roasted by an asteroid and then the atmosphere heated up to 500 degrees and we had big barbecue for a while. We still see their bones. We put them in our museums. The galaxies beyond every one of these galaxies is about the size of the Milky Way beyond the small ones and closer that's Andromeda going by out there, 2 million light years away. The red thing at the bottom is the Virgo cluster, 60 million light years away. And then, finally, we're fading up now the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. When we started this project, the Digital Galaxy Project, we called it, and I went for my interview and I went for lunch with Neil deGrasse Tyson and we talked about how we were both kids at the Hayden Planetarium when we were young and all this. But then we went to this meeting and we're talking about the first show and it was going to just be about the Milky Way Galaxy. And I'm like, what are you going to do when you step out the galaxy and you look back and say, how about the other galaxies? And Neil goes, whoa, whoa, whoa, Carter, we got enough problems just to deal with the galaxy. I'm like, we've got to take the galaxies beyond. You can't just step out of the galaxy. I mean, that's like astronomy 100 years ago. And so what we ended up with was 3,000 galaxies. That was the best map that had been done by a guy named Brent Telley from the University of Hawaii. And by the time we opened in 2000, he had 30,000 galaxies. But he told us... What's that? Anybody find what? Asgard. Anybody find God? There's a documentary of human rights and they're speaking English accents. Oh, well, I'm sure. Of course they would. That's a nice language. You've probably been listening to our broadcast. So, anyway, out here, now we have the Sloan Survey of galaxies. Oh, notice how... Why is the universe shaped like this? Well, if I dive back in for a second, just entertain me, there's the dust of the galaxy and it blocks our view. We see lots of stars. And so if you come out edge on like this, you see that that affects the astronomers are looking to avoid those stars. And that's what creates this bifurcation into two sides. And it's also biased for more data on the right, because that's the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere, less resources, but there's the two-degree field survey, which is great. Now you're seeing the large-scale structure of the universe. And if I pull out, we see the quasars that are basically baby pictures of galaxies that are billions of years in the past. Those are supermassive black holes, galaxies, small galaxies cannibalizing other galaxies and building larger galaxies. And that process creates active galaxy nuclei or pouring gas on the black hole. When you do that, it's very bright. That's the quasars. We don't see quasars close to us because we've evolved into a mature galaxy. But if we pull out far enough, we see the microwave background and we just barely see that. And we see these Easter egg colors, the colors, the yellows are slightly warmer than the blues and that slight temperature variation is magnified by about 100,000, but it's very, very smooth and that is the echo of the Big Bang. And everything that we can chart, we've put this together accurately for scale and size and look-back time and which cosmology, you have to do all this to get the numbers right and everything, to come up with this picture, which is our picture of the universe, essentially our picture. Imagine for a second that you're one of these galaxies out here. We see a baby picture of you billions of years ago. Well, if you're out here, you'd be in the present and we'd be in the past. You see baby pictures of us. So you would have a look-back sphere that's bigger in one direction than we can see and we can see more in the other direction. How big is the universe? It could be infinite. We don't know, but this is as much as we can chart. Charting is one thing. We also see wherever we look, in different scales too, that we cannot account for all the matter or for the dynamics. So the behavior of what we see, we see all this behavior, like galaxies rotating too fast and clusters lensing the background. We know that there's dark matter out there that outweighs us by a factor of about 5 to 6. And the other thing too is that we're now finding that the universe, instead of slowing down, is speeding up, which is what we call dark energy. And if you add in the dark energy, that's about 75% of the mix, about 20% of the mix is dark matter. So everything that I've just shown you is baryonic matter that we can look at, see at pinch, you know, it's you and me and we can drink beer and all that kind of stuff. That's all baryonic matter. That's less than 5% of the big picture. So let's cruise back home and how am I doing for time? Okay, good. Look back time. Okay, here we go. And I'm coming home, I'm coming home and I knew it, I came back to the wrong planet. You get out there, you get kind of lost. I'm going to just jump back to Earth for us here and there's my country. Let's go over to your country. Actually, what I really like about Singapore is that you guys are this island and you're all trying to figure out how to move into the future and how to do things right. We have to do that as a planet. So I actually think Singapore is a good model for what we've got to do in the future on the planet. So that's another reason I like being here. And whoops, let me see if I can get the, oh, there we go. You can rotate us back so we can see that. You can see the twin typhoons. We saw them in the beginning, but I'll come in. The next typhoon after this one, I don't even know their names, but they're pretty threatening. And there's been a whole chain of them. And here we can see Laity over here and the Philippines. We also see that sun glint off the ocean that follows the camera. But there's the evil eye of the next big typhoon coming in. Anyway, you guys have been really good. Thanks. I think I'll cut it off here. There's a lot more I could show. If some of you want to see stuff later, we can do that. But anyway, thanks. Should I just leave the background running? Okay, I can do that. Can we take some questions? Yeah, sure, sure. Absolutely. Yeah. First hand in the back. What's that? What's the magic word, CJ? Ah! Yeah. Have you heard of Planet Labs? They are also sending independent micro-satellites in the orbits. From here? No, no, no. They are actually a symptomally-based product. I have heard of Planet Labs. I have heard of Planet Labs. They're kind of charted out using a really small... Their aim is to have... Dynamic data every day. Okay. Yeah. Right, and so they're looking at really creating a giant number. Small satellites. Micro-sats, essentially. Planet.com. I think they are really grabbing a lot of data in terms of pictures, so maybe you can collaborate with them. One of the things that we did with Pluto, I could show this later if you want. But... This is sort of the old software. And it kind of... We reached a point with it. It's a company. It's a product. And so I couldn't really go... I'll just come up here where we don't see the scene so much of what the Earth kind of paraded by. And... So... We have this new open-source software. And that sort of really opens up the picture. One of the things that I had show that I've got on the Mac side, and I could show, is that we share, we can network. We can network this software around the globe, and we've done that. But the open-source software, we just did this on a global scale during the Pluto encounter on July 14th. And let's see. So we were out of New York, where we had Neil deGrasse on stage, and I was up there with him. We had the IMAX screen. So we had 600 people in New York standing room. It was being controlled by my student who was at Mission Control. And then we had a Google Hangout session here to Singapore, the Science Center, and also to NTU. But also Brisbane, Australia, Tokyo, Ghana, Africa, the first Sub-Saharan planetarium there. We were at Italy, the home port in Linköping in Sweden. They hosted the server that we were all logged into. Hamburg, Germany, Buenos Aires in South America. We had Houston, Chicago, Monmouth, University in New Jersey. So we were on all the continents except Antarctica. But people were listening at McMurdo Station, which was pretty cool. So anyway, we pretty much covered the globe. So right after encounter, I got in a car and I drove down to Mission Control for the acquisition of Signal. And all these people there, except the scientists, we had scientists interviewed. We were showing a simulation because the pictures were going to come in the next day or so. But we wanted to show the visualization so we could all share in the moments. It was like, wow, what Pluto? It was like, what are we going to see? And everybody said there's nothing to see. It's like, well, that's why we had to create a simulation, a visualization to see exactly what's going on. And then there was software from mission planning and stuff like that. The graphics sucked. And it was like, so what are we going to see? It was like, you got to make something that's going to project big and look good. So it's okay. A lot goes into this and make the images look good. But we go down there, and except for the select few that understood what we had done this global event, they've got the engineers walking in waiting for the acquisition of Signal. And they're all waving these American flags. It's just like, yeah, America. So it's like, yeah. So anyway, it was kind of nice to think that for an event like going past Pluto, that it was a global event and the world had was interested and cared. And at that point, from that perspective, we look back and see this tiny little thing, which is us, a pale blue dot. Carl Sagan talked about it all this. And that's, I mean, it's like your Earthrise, whatever. You get out to this perspective and you don't see the borders. You see how scary this sphere is. And you understand this global condition. And that's sort of what it's about. So anyway, I don't know if there are any other questions. I should shut up. Yeah. How does this work? Is this like a million pictures stitched together? What this is, is this is using a web map server protocol, which is essentially a resolution pyramid. And so if I back off, there's a, you can look at this on a web browser, NASA Gibbs, IBS, Global Image Browsing Service. So just Google that, NASA Gibbs. And you'll see it. And so you can zoom in. And, but then also the temporal data is there. And so if you back off and look at the whole world, and if you scroll, and if you have a good internet connection, you know, or if it's caching, you can get kind of a week of data and then kind of scroll back and forth and see all that moving back and forth and all that. There's a new satellite, the Himawari 8 satellite, which I was showing in the very beginning. And that's here. I'll put it up. And let me run the, okay. And this was okay. This was today. There it is. And there you see, this is 10 minutes. Every 10 minutes you see those things moving along. Japan, they do two and a half minute intervals. You can really see the dynamics. That's 11,000 pixels wide. And for visual SG, which is the visualization Singapore in November, we've talked to the guys at Suntech, that big video wall of the Suntech conference center. And we're hoping to put it up on that video wall. And then you'd see it, not at Florez, because they don't have the servers that can really handle it. But theoretically, that could handle it because it's 11 HD screens tall. And it's an 11,000 pixel image. This website, if you write that down, if you search for Himawari 8, this is like buried way down somewhere. But you can zoom in on this. This is really pretty cool. And if I actually go to that image, let's see. Okay, Asia Pacific. I'll just quickly go to it. And there it is. Go back to this was there's the image, by the way. I'm scrolling across just one time step. I think that's Singapore down here. There's Borneo. Yeah, okay. And I'm not sure if I'm at Florez. Oh, I can go even closer. There you go. That's Florez. And it'll take a second and it'll refresh. But yeah. And this is every 10 minutes. So you can see the atmosphere boiling. It's amazing. You see the cloud towers. You see the sun glint off of Hawaii. It's just you can trance out on this forever. So anyway, I don't know if there are any other questions. Yeah. How many of these satellites are kind of not working but still there? Space junk? Yeah. Lots of space junk. That's a really good question. And it's also I think when you get into the space debris issue you get into you know, worrisome debris which is like you know, the Chinese blew up one of their rather satellites to kind of show they could. Great. Thanks. They had to move the space station orbit a bit to avoid what becomes a torus. If you imagine an explosion, it blows stuff in all directions. So if you blow stuff higher then it's going to slow down. If you blow stuff closer to the earth, it's a lower orbit it's going to speed up. And then you blow stuff sideways. All of a sudden it creates this giant torus of crap. And if you hit that at 17,500 miles an hour and if you're going the other direction it's like 36,000 miles an hour. That's a bad day. And so you don't see the movie Gravity. It's like, oh man, this is like a real issue. So I don't think we really know. Because then you get down into the small stuff. But as far as satellites that are not operational. If you go to Celestrack C-E-L-E-S-T-R A-K or something. That's where you can, I go there to update the kernels so we know exactly where the satellites are. And I can show you exactly where the satellite is taking this image. It'll have a data point. And it tells you where all that stuff is. And sometimes it'll say active. It's a pretty good thing. They get their data from NORAD the North American Air Defense tracking stuff. And it's amazing it's on the web. So it's pretty scary. It's sort of out there. It's kind of in the back so let me just I'll leave it like that. And I'll get off the podium. Thank you.