 Good morning. Good afternoon. Good evening. Thank you very much for joining our Virtual roundtable today. My name is Asma Latif and this is my first FAO Alliance Event in my new capacity as the interim executive director of the Alliance to End Hunger. The Alliance is exceptionally grateful for its continuing partnership with FAO as we bolster our collective understanding of global hunger, agriculture and nutrition issues and work to advocate for effective policy solutions to some of the world's most pressing issues confronting our community. Today's topic nutrition equity has attracted increased focus over the last few years. 10 years ago, the international community responded to unambiguous evidence and growing consensus on the impact of maternal and child under nutrition on survival and on individual and societal health and economic outcomes with the establishment of the scaling up nutrition movement. Two years later, the World Health Assembly adopted six global nutrition targets. And then in 2015 the Sustainable Development Goals included a goal to end hunger and all forms of malnutrition. A key principle of the Sustainable Development Goals is to leave no one behind, recognizing the need to start with the furthest away first. In effect, the SDGs have put equity front and center. In recent months, a number of new reports have focused on this issue, including the 2020 Global Nutrition Report, the latest State of Food Security and Nutrition, and putting on my other hat as Director of Bread for the World Institute, the Institute's 2020 Hunger Report, Better Nutrition Better Tomorrow, which emphasizes the inequities throughout the food system from the smallholder farmers to food sector workers to consumers, all of whom cannot afford a healthy diet. As the COVID-19 pandemic has so clearly demonstrated, five years after the adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals, we have a long way to go and in fact we are backtracking. The inequities could not be more pronounced in most parts of the world, including in the richest country in the world. And the crisis has laid bare all of society's shortcomings, lack of access to a healthy diet, and good nutrition is driving these disparities. If there is a silver lining, it is that the whole world is finally awakening to these inequities. I am pleased today to be part of such a wonderful group of individuals at the forefront of thinking about these issues. And I look forward to discussing how we can take some solid steps to make our food systems and nutritional outcomes more equitable for all. This webinar is being recorded, so please use the chat box and the Q&A to put your questions. And in the chat, we will be adding the full bios of the distinguished panelists. So please use the chat box and the Q&A to really engage and make this a very interactive session today. We'll start off and it's my pleasure to introduce Vimalendra Sharan, Director of the FAO Liaison Office for North America. Vimalendra, thank you again for your leadership and partnership. The floor is yours. Thank you, Asmar and on behalf of FAO and Alliance to End Hunger, it's my pleasure to welcome all of you to today's webinar. Thank you for making it convenient to tune in and participate and a special welcome to our keynote speaker and our panel of experts for taking time out and agreeing to share their thoughts and ideas with us. I for one am really excited to hear the multiple perspectives today's discussion will bring because we have experts from different agencies, different organizations and bringing different viewpoints and ideas on the issue of nutrition and healthy diets. Over the last many years, we have often heard that there is enough food in the world to feed the global population. But what I think we haven't heard often enough is whether there's enough nutritional food for everyone, whether it is accessible to everyone to ensure healthy diets for all. Unfortunately, this question has neither been asked nor answered forcefully enough or consistently enough. And I think it's time that we change that. Calories versus nutrients, hunger versus healthy diets, these are tough choices in a world where inequity is entrenched. Where a healthy meat costs five times a meal that meets dietary energy needs through starchy staples, they will continue to remain tough choices. Solutions are there and they will emerge but only and only we agree to work and honestly work upon reorienting our food systems, the way we finance the way we produce, process, transport, store and distribute food. At Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN FAO, our nutrition strategy seeks to improve diets and raise level of nutrition through a people-centered approach by supporting and facilitating action jointly with WHO and in collaboration with other key players and national governments. We research on and release evidence, data and guidelines on food-based nutrition including food composition, nutrition assessment and food-based indicators. We help countries around the world develop capacities to evaluate and monitor nutrition situation, analyze options and implement agricultural policies and programs that impact positively on nutrition. Some advice coming from the FAO toolbox and I repeat these are just some of the things that I picked up from the FAO toolbox include but they're not limited to one, we need to reorient agricultural priorities including financial support towards nutrition sensitive food. It's high time we stopped supporting just the big four series. We need to step up investment in national R&D for raising productivity of nutritious food. Third, we need to increase investment and improve storage, processing and preservation to retain the nutritional value of food rather than investing in highly processed foods. Fourth, reduction of food loss and waste can go a long way in reducing cost of healthy diets. And fifth, we need to strengthen social protection for increased food security and better nutrition. These could take many forms, cash transfers, in-kind transfers, school feeding programs, etc. As a global community, I think we have miles to go before we sleep. All reports, all findings whether it be FAO's, SOFET 2020 or the 2020 Global Nutrition Report or the 2020 Hunger Report, they all highlight issues which we need to address and all four insights which we need to act upon. Our keynote speaker today and panel of experts will take us through many of these issues and insights. So I will stop here and hand the proceedings back to Asma. But before I do so, let me place on record the efforts made by Asma and her team at Alliance and Gabe and our communication team at FAO North America for putting all this together. Thank you all for all the hard work that you've put in and thank you once again to the keynote speaker, Dr. Renata Miha and our panelists for making time to be with us. Asma, over to you. Thank you very much, Emily and Renata. The heart of it all is building the political will to do some of the things that you mentioned. It is my pleasure now to turn it over to Dr. Renata Miha for the keynote address. She is a research associate professor at the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy at Tufts University and co-chair of the Global Nutrition Reports Independent Expert Group. Renata, over to you. Thank you so much for the introduction. I'm really pleased to join you all today. And of course, a big thank you to the organizers for hosting this important event. I'm not going to share my screen to take you through some of the key points I would like to make today. It is with great pleasure that I will be presenting you the 2020 GNR that highlights action on equity to end malnutrition. Inequity is our defining challenge in ending malnutrition in all its forms. Most people cannot access or afford a healthy diet or even quality nutrition care. This access is hindered by unjust systems and processes, holding people back from healthy diets and lives. Unfairness, injustice and social exclusion are determined by social factors such as wealth, sociocultural perception of age, gender and ethnicity that in turn impact everyday living conditions. These social determinants are the root causes of nutrition inequity that can lead to unequal nutrition outcomes. For example, poor people may not be able to afford healthy food or such options may not even be available in their communities, leading to worse nutrition outcomes. This in turn can lead to more inequity as a second person may be less able to work perpetuating a vicious cycle. The consequences of nutrition inequity are evident. We live in a world where one in nine people are hungry or undernourished and one in three people are overweight or obese. Nutrition equity is thus our defining opportunity to fix the global nutrition crisis. Everyone deserves and should have access to healthy, affordable food and quality nutrition care, which is not simply a matter of personal choices. Governments, businesses and civil society are accountable for healthier and more equitable food and health systems and must step up efforts. We need to remove those systematic barriers and create opportunities for everyone to achieve healthy diets and healthy lives through pro equity nutrition actions. Healthy, sustainable food should be the most accessible, affordable and desirable choice for all. At the same time, nutrition care, preventive and curative should be made universally available within our health systems. Now is the time to act in coordination and ensure nutrition is central to any emergency or long-term response. The 2020 GNR was written before the COVID-19 pandemic, yet the key messages that come out of the reports have a heightened significance in the face of this new global threat. The need for more equitable, resilient and sustainable food and health systems has never been more urgent. COVID-19 does not treat us equally. On one hand, undernourished people have weaker immune systems that may put them at greater risk. At the same time, poor metabolic health, including obesity and diabetes, has been strongly linked to worse COVID-19 outcomes. Focusing on nutritional well-being for all is essential. COVID-19 exposes the vulnerability of our food systems. People who already suffer as a consequence of inequities, such as the poor, women and children, are particularly affected by the impact of containment measures which caused food shortages. We must ensure there is enough healthy food distributed fairly to cover basic nutrition needs, especially for the most vulnerable. COVID-19 also exposes deadly health care disparities. Even the strongest health systems are struggling with high healthcare costs and a shortage of medical personnel, equipment and facilities. We need to fully integrate nutrition into our health systems to save lives and reduce healthcare spending while ensuring that no one is left behind. So the way forward is through strengthened coordination, financing and accountability. Looking beyond the present emergency, there is a need for preventive public health strategies that pay attention to food and nutrition. We must turn the challenges posed by COVID-19 into opportunities to accelerate actions needed to end malnutrition in all its forms. Poor diets and the rapid rise of diet-related chronic diseases is putting an immense strain on health systems and the wider society. Yet nutrition care is not equitably integrated within our health systems. How do we do that? The 2020 G&R highlights the following critical actions to make our health systems more equitable. Fully integrate nutrition care into national health sector plans. Invest in human resources to increase the number of qualified nutrition professionals. Develop and align cost and nutrition care plans with healthcare financing plans. Scaled up and sustained to cover all forms of my nutrition. Include nutrition-related health products like therapeutic foods and innovative technological solutions like digital nutrition counseling. Scale up nutrition services to prevent the root causes of ill health, including poor diets and physical inactivity. Optimize health records and checks for nutrition care and to identify those in greatest need. Integrate nutrition in public health surveillance systems to strengthen the evidence base and inform targeted priority setting. Transforming our health systems to fully integrate nutrition is definitely not easy, but it's an essential investment if we want to save lives and release the burden on our health systems and the wider society. The COVID-19 emergency makes it critical to rethink food systems. And this presents an opportunity to shift to solutions ensuring that healthy food is the most accessible, affordable and desirable choice for all. The 2020 G&R highlights the following specific actions to make our food systems more equitable. Implement strong regulatory and policy frameworks to support healthier diets from production to consumption. Optimize agricultural subsidies and increase public investment for producing a broader range of more diverse and healthier foods. Provide support for public transport schemes and shorter supply chains for fresh food delivery products, particularly to the most nutritionally disadvantaged or harder to reach groups. Implement, monitor and evaluate evidence-based food policies to support healthy, sustainable and equitable diets such as fiscal reformulation, school and worksite-based labeling and marketing policies. Hold the food industry accountable for producing and marketing healthier and more sustainable food products through strengthened mechanisms. Strengthen and increase research spending to address major nutrition questions, identify cost-effective solutions and stimulate innovation. Governments, businesses and civil society need to work together and be part of the solution with appropriate mechanisms in place to track effectiveness, financing and accountability. Sectors must work in partnership to develop complementary funding and accountability mechanisms focused on directing resources and programs to the communities and people most affected by my nutrition. Critical actions include increased domestic financing, covering under-nutrition as well as diet-related chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer. Increase international nutrition financing and coordination, especially in countries with limited possibility for domestic resource mobilization. Invest in data management systems to strengthen data on financial flows, enabling alignment with national nutrition priorities. Establish support spaces for dialogue and sensitize the policy space through lobbying for community involvement from design to evaluation. Undertake situational assessments to identify bottlenecks and remove barriers to improving nutrition. Establish a global nutrition accountability framework to hold to account those responsible for creating inequities in food and health systems. The report makes the case for governments, businesses and civil society to enable faster, more equitable progress towards ending malnutrition in four key ways. Build equitable, resilient and sustainable food and health systems to ensure that everyone has access to healthy food and quality nutrition care. Expand financing, crucially for diet-related chronic diseases and for research and direct resources and programs to the communities and populations most affected. Focus on joint efforts by engaging and mobilizing all sectors to act now and target those most in need. Leverage key moments such as a nutrition for growth summit to renew and expand commitments and strengthen accountability to monitor pledges and commitments. The COVID-19 pandemic has definitely changed the world around us but has also made clear that good nutrition is now more important than ever. As governments, businesses and civil society increasingly recognize the depth and breadth of the global nutrition crisis, they are compelled to act. Fixing the global nutrition crisis is a collective responsibility. Investing in nutrition, expanding commitments and strengthening accountability has become urgent if we want to prepare food systems and health systems for imminent shocks and preserve our future. Thank you very much for your attention and now we'll now hand over to Asma. Thank you very much for that rich presentation and clearly there's a lot to drill into in the global nutrition report. A quick question around data. Is global data sufficient at providing the information we need to tackle nutrition inequity or would you say we need to go deeper to understand who is most affected? Thank you for the great question. While global patterns are important for capturing the magnitude of the problem on a global scale, such data can actually hide significant inequalities or differences between and within countries. The 2020 global nutrition report uses new and more granular data to go deeper and understand who is affected where and by what form of my nutrition and reveals that even national data can mask inequalities within populations. The report finds clear links between levels of my nutrition and population characteristics like location, age, sex, education and wealth. For example, although stunting rates have been slowly declining over time on a global scale, there are notable differences in national patterns of change and inequalities by wealth, the wealth gap. In Lesotho, for example, stunting decreased by a 30 percentage points in the richest group and only by half that much in the poorest group. In other countries such as Brundi in Nigeria, the poorest groups are left further behind. And what we see is that vulnerable and poorest groups are the most affected and this needs to be urgently addressed. And though more granular, high quality nutrition data are needed, we do have enough to act. Directing resources and programs to the communities and people most affected is the right and smartest thing to do. Thank you. Thank you. The 2020 GNR calls for transformative action across food and health systems. What would you say to someone who questions whether such transformation is worth the investment? Well, I would say that poor nutrition and poor diets are the leading cause of illness worldwide and in nearly all parts of the world. Widening health disparities, impacting our economies and our societies. Transforming our food systems as well as our health systems are critical pillars to ending malnutrition in all its forms and achieving nutritional wellbeing for all. This change should be through evidence-based actions and increased spending for nutrition interventions and nutrition research to generate the critical science needed to prevent and treat diet-related illness. Every day our societies are faced with immense health, environmental and economic costs linked to poor diets. Population-based interventions within our food systems and health systems can be highly cost-effective or even cost-saving solutions. Saving lives, reducing inequalities, releasing the burden on our health system and even saving money for the wider society. Approaches promoting healthy eating are estimated to be far more cost-effective than many approved medical interventions such as drug treatment of hypertension or even the use of statins for primary prevention of heart disease. Inaction or insufficient action is no longer justifiable and only leads to massive health, equity, social and economic burdens. Acting now and in coordination to change our food systems and health systems is the only way forward to preserve our future. Thank you. Renata will stay with us and so if you have questions for her please do add them in the chat and now we'll turn to a great panel to really delve deeper into some of these issues. Our panellists today are Dr. Steenika Unima. She is the coordinator of the UN Standing Committee on Nutrition. Leslie Elder, Senior Nutrition Specialist at the Global Financing Facility Secretariat at the World Bank. And Dr. Jessica Fanzo, Bloomberg Distinguished Professor for Global Food and Agricultural Policy and Ethics and Director of the Johns Hopkins Global Food Ethics and Policy Program. So I'll start with you, Steenika. UNSCN published its annual report in 2018 entitled Advancing Equity, Equality and Non-Discrimination in Food Systems Pathways to Reform. Could you share a little bit about some of the main findings and how the GNR 2020 UNSCN nutrition report are aligned? Yes, sure. Thank you very much for the question. I think you can hear me well, right? I'm unmuted. Thank you for that. Well, let me first start with a general remark. We were inspired by picking this topic because we already knew that inequity and inequality are very persistent. In fact, let's say five to ten years ago, I was speaking maybe in meetings where people were still convinced that hunger and malnutrition globally were declining, were going down from positive message. And the challenge was then, at the time, how to reach those final, increasingly small group of people that are still suffering from hunger and malnutrition. So inequality and inequity was already there. But now, five to ten years later, we have seen already for five consecutive years that hunger is on the rise again and malnutrition is persistently high, even though you see some declines here and there as presented by Renata. So what we see in fact is that inequity and inequality are so persistent, but now we cannot escape challenging it anymore. And what we found and what I also see in the GNR and what we also see in the report we did in 2018 is that if you want to change that, you have to look at human rights based approaches. You have to take human rights very seriously, because as Renata pointed out, and as we said in our report, you will have to look at the underlying causes of malnutrition and hunger. And when you do that, you see that very often these inequalities and these equal processes in the system, this inequity, they are very interlinked and they reinforce each other and that make them so persistent. And another main finding in the report is that in fact mirror ring, sorry, this inequality that is rising, we see a growing of power concentration in the food system, which has to do with interest obviously. And this growing concentration of power in the system makes it so difficult to change the food system. So these three, this persistent and cross-secting inequalities, the concentration of power and the, let's say, the in-earthia food systems because of these issues are very strong. But let me end with a positive note. We also see some opportunities for change, of course taking human rights very seriously. But what we've also noted over the past few years is that in fact there is a growing acknowledgement and a growing understanding that these problems are so interconnected that we need to think broadly and need to work together. And you see already several sectors and several social movements are joining forces in order to shift the power balance and in order to start transforming food systems. But I hope I'll get another opportunity to go a little bit deeper there. But over to back to you, Asma. So getting deeper into the data, you pointed out that the trends are absolutely heading the wrong way on hunger. And these are really alarming given that we have 10 years left to achieve the goal to end hunger. What does inequity have to do with this trend? Yes, thanks. Maybe let's highlight another report that also came out recently, the Sophie report. It was launched almost exactly a week ago. And also that report highlighted the inequality. It said that, yes, hunger is under rise, malnutrition is going down a bit, but increasing on other parts so we are not doing good. But what we also see is that diets that are the major driver of sickness, of illness in the world are also contributing to environmental issues and to food systems not being sustainable. So that report and also earlier work of UNSCN says we have to change diets for the better. We have to make them more healthy for obvious reasons. But we also have to make them more sustainable because of climate, because of biodiversity, et cetera, et cetera. But when you then do a cost analysis of a healthy diet, then you see that such a healthy diet is in fact far beyond the reach of 3 billion people. The report pointed out that 3 billion people would not be able to afford a healthy diet that follows the criteria of not just healthy but also a diverse diet based on diverse food groups. So that inequity is threatening to even aggravate the problem more than it is already. So we really, really have to look at that inequity problem. Yeah, do you want me to go into the solutions now or should I? Yes. Yes. So what I think Pim Landra also in his introduction already pointed out a few tools that are deployed by by file. And I think that's that's interesting because we do see opportunities to change. What I always like to point out is that first of all, we have to look beyond sectors. So we have the food sector, we have the health sector and Renata also pointed out already that essential nutrition actions in the health sector are important. But we also have the social protection sectors and many others. But these trees, these three sectors food, social protection and nutrition, they need, they are working closely together to for better nutrition outcomes. So social protection systems need to be very neat and can be nutrition sensitive for better nutrition outcomes. Food systems can be geared much better for better nutrition outcomes. Let me give an example of what needs to be changed in the food systems. I already pointed out a healthy diet is a diverse diet that needs to be built on a diverse food production system. And it's so important that we move away from this monotonous diet we have that is based on a monotonous production system. I think them land from London mentioned the four main crops or grains that we need to move away from. So let's start shifting away the investments that we have currently that are geared towards the production of those staples. So basically calorie production and stare them more in the direction of more vegetable production, more food production, more nuts and pulses and fish. Those highly, highly nutrition products that are essential for our health and essential for a diverse diet, but are kind of neglected in our current production system. So that's that's really a shift we need to make. And we will be able to see that if we would shift to this more healthy diet, also the impacts on the environment would be less and would be less more beneficial. Also trade isn't an interesting one, or let's say the scale of our food systems. What we see now and COVID-19 made that also very clear we have very long and vulnerable and fragile supply lines. And we currently we see a need to maybe go back to shorter supply lines to more local food systems, so that it's more a boost and it's better. It's more resilient to shocks like COVID, but also climate shocks. And this is not a new idea. It becomes even urgent now but it was already mentioned in the ICN to support local food systems. So it's there in all these global governance guidance already. So let's let's do it. Let me see what I have to look at my notes. I had one more point to make. The subsidies and let's say the measures, the regulations that governments can take to help governments to make a healthier choice are important and were mentioned by Renata. What I would like to highlight is food based dietary guidelines. We have to go back and look at nutrition as being food based. It has been, well, let's be a little bit unpolite and black and white here hijacked a bit by the health community only, but it should be part of the food community. So we need food based dietary guidelines that inform consumers and help consumers make the more healthy and sustainable choice, but we also need those to help inform producers what to produce. And those food based dietary guidelines can be helpful for policymakers to help establish these regulations that Renata was was was calling for. Why do we promote certain products in a healthy diet and what should be done in terms of regulations and regulatory frameworks in order to promote them. So that those were my points for now. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Leslie, let's turn to the health sector and Renata highlighted the part of the solution for achieving greater nutrition equity is to fully integrate nutrition into the health systems. How does the GFF engagement in a country help to achieve this transformative approach. Thanks, Asma. And thank you to FAO as well for inviting me to be part of this panel. I thought I would just give a very brief introduction to the GFF in case some of the participants during this seminar haven't heard of us before. The global financing facility is an entity that is housed within the World Bank. It was launched in 2015 and the intention is to contribute toward the ending of preventable maternal child and adolescent deaths and improving the health and well-being of the most vulnerable women, children and adolescents globally. And it brings together partners around the most crucial health and nutrition issues of the day. We work through country-led plans for investment cases and these prioritize the highest impact interventions that we can do for some of the most under-invested issues and of course nutrition is crucial. The contributors to the GFF Trust Fund include a great many national governments including Burkina Faso and Cote d'Ivoire, two of our countries which actually also receive GFF Trust Funds, along with many, many foundations and other investors. To work effectively at the country level, we work with countries-led platforms, government-led platforms at country level, which include not only the donors, the financiers, the government itself, but also representatives of civil society, academia, professional associations, and very importantly the private sector and I've seen in the chat box a number of questions have come up as to how we can better engage public and privately partnerships to address some of these issues. The GFF Trust Fund acts as a catalyst for financing, so the money that goes from the Trust Fund to countries in support of nutrition and health work through and co-invest in the World Bank, IDA, and IBRD projects, so that is a fundamental aspect of the model. We also work to align external financing from other financiers in the country and private sector resources. And there's a focus on generating more domestic resources over time for health and nutrition as well as improving the efficiency of how those funds are used. So basically more money for health and nutrition and more health and nutrition for money. I just wanted to quickly also add that equity analysis is a fundamental part of the prioritization process for the global financing facility engagement in a country. And so very often the regions in a country that are most affected by child stunting, for example, along with other aspects of say fragile conflict and violence affected issues are the areas where the GFF works. So equity is really a key aspect of the way we work. And we also focus on community-based approaches, which means that that lends itself very well to the issues of nutrition and hunger alleviation at community level. So, Asma, you asked about how we work particularly through strength and health systems. And I think, you know, looking at Renata's presentation, that's where the GFF has a very important role to play. And I think for myself, having worked in this area for a long time, I think that the GFF's focus on embedding nutrition and delivering nutrition through strengthened health systems is a real value at. I think one of the shortcomings of many vertical nutrition programs is that they do not strengthen the system, which in this case, we're talking about the health system, which is needed to in fact deliver those important nutrition services. Most of the investment cases around reproductive maternal newborn child adolescent health and nutrition in the GFF countries do have nutrition as a key aspect. And in fact, at least five of the projects, the World Bank IDA or IVRD projects that we co-invest in are in fact freestanding nutrition programs in Indonesia, in Cambodia, and in Nigeria, several other countries. We have major efforts at addressing nutrition. And when we look across the portfolio, we work in 36 countries at this point, almost 30% of the investments that we make from the GFF support nutrition. So this is an incredibly promising and important aspect of the global financing for nutrition. I would say that maybe as a final comment that we've seen in the chat box as well concerns about how we allocate finances based on the indicators at subnational level, one of the key areas that GFF works is to strengthen country monitoring and tracking systems. So that we really understand what's going on with nutrition at both national but more importantly at subnational level. Others have mentioned the fact that geographic differentiation around the levels of malnutrition are critical for understanding how we can make the most impact. So I'll stop there, Asma. Maybe you have another question from me or we'll turn to others. Thanks. Yeah, I'd love to focus a little bit on the COVID crisis. We're not to end her presentation on how do we change this crisis into an opportunity. How is GFF responding to the pandemic and the secondary health and nutrition impacts of COVID? Thanks. Yeah, I think probably everyone online is thinking about this question. The GFF immediately took the position based in fact on the estimates that the Lancet has done looking at, you know, if we have the same fallout from COVID as we did from Ebola, we estimate that there are almost 1.2 additional child deaths and 57,000 additional deaths. The GFF's maternal deaths may take place because of the disruption in ongoing health and nutrition services. The other thing which the GFF, along with colleagues, did ran the numbers on disruptions to sexual reproductive health services and in particular family planning. What also is astounding, the estimates are that potentially 8 million unplanned pregnancies may occur as a result of the COVID, you know, the shutdown of services, people being kept at home, and also the impact on household income. And that for me is just another whole arena where, I mean, this is an incredibly important nutrition sensitive intervention. We need to make sure that women are planning their pregnancies are healthy and well nourished around the peri-conceptual period. So these alarming statistics really pushed GFF to take the stance that our job in terms of helping what's going on with COVID is to ensure that the ongoing, the essential health and nutrition services packages continue to be developed. The children continue to receive immunizations that women continue to receive iron folic acid supplementation during anti-natal care and so forth. So this has been the stance that GFF has taken that this is a really incredibly important, you know, holding pattern that needs to happen as countries have to reallocate funds to immediately take care of the COVID emergency. In terms of financing, we've stayed the course on the co-investments to the World Bank projects. Those continue that portfolio needs to be shored up, but we have also made available to the bank teams some specialized funds for emergency work. And for example, right now in Tajikistan, which is one of our countries, the emergency response is a cash transfer program. So the World Bank has put money into Tajikistan for a one-time transfer to the most vulnerable households with children three and under. And so in addition to that cash transfer, we've put together accompanying measures in collaboration with UNICEF so that all of these households that are receiving funds also receive messaging to think about continued breastfeeding during COVID. And it's important to make sure that the quality of children's diets, especially the under threes and under twos, continue to be supported. And in this case, perhaps through the emergency transfer. And then finally, the company measures really push the message around nurturing care, early stimulation, early learning, child protection at this particular time, so that we get integrated healthy child growth and development in these most under financed and worst off homes during the COVID crisis. So these are examples of some of the ways that the GFF has taken on this challenge right now. I'm happy to answer more questions as we go forward. Thank you. Thanks Leslie. Leslie, let me turn to you. You are a researcher on bioethics and food security and nutrition, your blood efforts, including the global nutrition report, the committee on World Food Security's high level panel of expert, the Lancet report on healthy diet, and most recently the food systems dashboard. What are your reflections on the evolution and thinking around nutrition and equity? And do we have the tools that we need? Thank you, Asman. Thank you, Vinlendra and Gabriel for inviting me. And I just want to first note, great presentation by Renata and really great interventions from Stinecke and Leslie. It's nice to see a powerful panel of women, all women. You know, just a short answer and then I'll follow up with a long answer. I don't, you know, I don't think we've evolved enough. We haven't done enough to really address inequities when it comes time to nutrition and diets. I think, you know, we talk about, there's a lot of mixing of terminology, you know, and I think there's been, that brings a lack of clarity of how we move forward. We've talked a lot in the nutrition world about vulnerability, nutrition vulnerability. To me that vulnerability is an outcome of being marginalized. You know, you are denied opportunities because of the color of your skin, your tribe, your religion, your caste, where you live, your disability. And it's very distinct and different framing when you think about marginalization versus vulnerability. And, you know, when we think about equality, which is the term used in the UN versus equity, equality is sameness, equity is fairness. And I don't think in the nutrition world we've focused enough on marginalized populations and equity. And you can even go further and say show social justice. And I think the global nutrition report really highlights marginalization and equity very well in a profound way. And I think that's an important step forward, the framework in that in that report. I just want to highlight a couple of my concerns. And I, yeah, it's going to be good to hear comments and trying to build a bit off of what Stineke and Leslie and Renata already said. You know, I think that marginalized populations have been denied, denied opportunities across every system, whether it's food, health, education. But we're seeing, you know, clearly the food system really highlights these inequities leading to these poor inaccessible costly diets and the massive malnutrition burden that we have. But, you know, if we're really going to address those structural inequities across every system, not just food systems, it's going to be a tough ask, particularly in these times of COVID. And if we don't address those structural inequities, and we're seeing that all play out right now in the United States, we're not going to be able to achieve any SDG, any of the sustainable development goals, let alone SDG2. You know, one could ask if the SDG2s were achievable to begin with, and why we haven't moved so far, leaving so many people deprived and in poverty traps. But that said, I think we need to address massive structural issues across every system, and these systems all interact. Just a couple of things on the who. I think in the nutrition community, many nutritionists I think will check the box that we understand who is most affected by food insecurity and malnutrition. If you take that marginalization lens, it becomes more complex. So it's the poor, it's the rural, it's the urban poor, it's the geographically isolated it's women, girls, children. It's those that live in conflict settings, those who will be disproportionately affected by climate change probably the single largest shared challenge that we face in our time along with COVID. The marginalization lens or that discrimination lens adds another layer of who's most affected by malnutrition. Why are they vulnerable because of that. And why are they undervalued in society. If we don't get to that undervalued, why do governments not value them, why does private sector not value those groups. It's hard to solve the challenge if we don't understand that. And, and it leads to who is then responsible for ensuring food and nutrition security. You know, is it government, is it private sector, is it citizens, is it all of us, you know, who is going to be responsible for revaluing marginalized populations and ensuring they have voice and agency and they're sitting at the table. I think we know as my all of you know historically nutrition was sort of absent from the international development agenda and it's really gained in its priority but not enough because it's still quite invisible to many actors, we have competing priorities like a pandemic like Ebola like climate change. It quickly gets left off the agenda, because it's viewed as being too complex or there's too many, you know, marginalized populations. I think one question is, is, how do we keep nutrition on the agenda, how do we ensure that people feel there's a responsibility we hold account, ensuring that people are responsible for for addressing it. I just don't think we as a global nutrition community have been effective in doing that. And one other thing I think, you know, if we're talking about fixing food systems and we're talking about fixing the health system and we're not to, and Stineke really presents some really good solutions of how to do that. And maybe I'm being a little bit pessimistic right now the current state of the United States, political affairs so bear with me everybody. Let's step further and say it's not just the United States but any kind of recommendation we have of fixing food systems or fixing health systems for nutrition is not going to stand on two legs in the current fractured global political environment. We want food systems to function effectively, equitably and sustainably during the pandemic and long after we'll still have other challenges like climate change. The political environment needs to embrace global cooperation and inclusion and minimize political polarization and geopolitical competition. And those are all big words but they are affecting all of us right now. If you are a researcher, if you are working in an NGO, if you are a data analyst sitting in a ministry. This geopolitical fracturing that we're really seeing play out with COVID is really detrimental to sustainable development and our ability to progress in improving nutrition. And we all need to get involved in the political process locally to globally and ignoring it pretending it's not there and you can just carry on with your work is naive to say the least. So to me, it all comes together these issues around inequities and the geopolitical climate that we're in now is really a time to reflect on how do we value people, how do we give them voice and agency and really get out of these structural injustices. And I think it's a time, we're in a great time of reflection globally right now and I hope that that's included in part of the reflecting of how we move forward to really, to really stomp out malnutrition because we are going in the wrong direction. And that's not surprising from from my view of that we are sorry to be so negative. I'm always negative, but I really do. I do feel we're at a crisis moment, but yeah, anyway, I mean to name the political piece of it because inequity is decisions that have made that have been made to keep people where they are or to harm people. In fact, so it's important to name that I do want to get to the Q&A but Jess I want you brought up the United States, and you have been doing quite a bit of research on on food and nutrition in the United States. Can you speak just very briefly about, you know, how this COVID crisis is how food security and nutrition are really tied up in the health outcomes here in the US and and within the cities here. Yeah, I mean I think we're seeing this play out. Oh, yeah, we're seeing this play out perfectly in that. Yeah, these marginalized populations are those that are really suffering from COVID on these. You think a long term crisis that's been brewing around poor diets, significant obesity epidemic in the country, linked to really unhealthy perverse food environments very hard to eat healthy in the United States if for those of you who don't live in the United States but have visited the United States I'm sure you know exactly what I'm talking about everyone talks about how they get sick the first week they're in the United States with their diet. This play is out around marginalized populations we're seeing black Hispanic suffer disproportionately with COVID, having higher prevalence of comorbidities. This process kind of these two problem that has this internal problem of the inability to for communities poor communities but you know an isolated communities to get access to healthy foods. But we also we have this joint issue of this proliferation of our food system into other places, and this model this model of this unhealthy food environment quick convenient cheap foods being proliferated around the world and for those of you travel around to see that you just want to put your head in your hands and say how can places like Africa, you know emerging Asian economies leapfrog over those mistakes of the United States that you're seeing play out right now here. These are the issues of some overly efficient overly industrialized food systems and and with that inequities and getting access to healthy foods. And it play out perfectly in the United States in a very devastating way. And so it's a great real time lesson for emerging economies of how to avoid mistakes that the United States has made. And who who has the power in the food system who controls the food system who shapes the food system. These are kind of the big issues that Africa needs to Africa in particular because I know it so well needs to get a handle on and gain some control over to really avoid the mistakes that the United States has made. Thank you. I didn't do my job as a moderator. Well enough, but this was such a great panel and those so much to get into so forgive me for going a little bit over but now I'm going to turn it over to gay to help us gather some of the questions that have come in through the chat box and I really welcome any of the panelists diving in on any of the questions so so gave over to you. Thank you. Thank you as my excellent presentation everybody we do have a lot of questions and I know we're not going to have enough time to cover everything. But I think Jessica started to address this question a little bit so the question is, the need to stop extreme poverty and hunger, especially in vulnerable communities in Africa has been going on even before COVID-19. The reality is that little has changed. We're still having the same discussion today. Why is poverty reduction and affordative nutrient nutritive food to fragile community in Africa still an issue comparative to other Asian countries. What are we doing wrong. What is the real list what is expected and what's realistic that can be done in in Africa in a in a context of COVID. That would be the first question and this is directed to anybody on the panel so I welcome maybe Renata to to take that or anybody who interested in doing so. I'm happy to jump in. Maybe then we're not it will come in. I just wanted to say that I think that point is extremely well taken. And I just from the perspective or the experience thus far of the global financing facility. One of the crucial things is to enable the voice of civil society and to enable civil society to hold governments accountable for these issues. And if a government says that they are going to focus on improving health and nutrition outcomes for its people through using say grant or loan money from global financing facility or the World Bank. Then it is also our responsibility to enable those same recipients the ultimate beneficiaries to hold governments accountable and I think this is one way that we can actually do more and better. And maybe it speaks somewhat to Jess's points about marginalized communities, but it's more than just saying you, you need to hold your governments accountable. In fact, we need to prepare civil society participation and to support through training through financing. Those voices to speak and hold with greater accountability their own government so I think we haven't we haven't figured it out completely but I do think that's one important area to focus on. Thanks. If I may also come in just to echo, which is Leslie highlighted that obviously accountability, not just in a specific region but a global nutrition accountability framework would be key to ensure any major change and to see to move the needle. So this is highly critical obviously in for marginalized populations, or for populations that are usually left behind to ensure to ensure that transformative change. The other point I wanted to make is that it's not that we haven't made mistakes as scientists. So nutrition science has evolved greatly over the past two decades. So we obviously know far more now that we did two decades ago. I believe Stanakim mentioned the the dietary guidelines and this has greatly evolved and we need to acknowledge that we're not there yet, but the guidelines started with one nutrient one disease. And now we understand that it's far more than that it's the food we eat is a dietary pattern as a whole that impacts our health impacts our livelihoods impacts our planet. So, and we've made mistakes obviously because we didn't have the right tools or they're not enough science. We now know so much more. And we need to start acting taking that knowledge and make it into into action. So I agree also with with just that there are mixed messages or mixed terminology in many cases, also in terms of which intervention do I need to implement to see that change how do I says the populations diet. In most cases that's not even happening, or it's not happening at all, or it's poorly happening. So the point is to ensure that we now take all this knowledge we now take all the science and put it into action. And then of course, once we do have the action ensure that there is this whole over accountability and then measurement of the impact. Thank you. I had one thing as well. I think it's an interesting question because it really gets to why, you know, how, how did certain Asian countries get out of poverty like China's has been incredible and even FAO Sophie report had to readjust the prevalence of figures because they were they were they were over inflated for China and China's made huge progress on ending hunger and reducing poverty. And there's been a lot of scholars trying to understand the differences and I think there's plenty of pockets of poverty throughout Asia and I think we can't generalize that Africa is not doing as well as Asia right because you'll go to rural parts of Asia. Indonesia I was in last year and it's incredibly poor is comparable to some rural areas of Africa. You know and I think there's a lot of reasons for this you know early on. In Jeff sacks and the end of poverty talked about infectious disease in those areas being quite different in those regions of the world and in Sub-Saharan Africa being sort of trapped in this very highly infectious disease pocket but there's been infrastructure issues the ability to to get roads through in rails through the middle of Africa because of different topography issues that have disconnected communities. There's governance issues so I think there's a lot of differences in how countries went through structural transformations leaving agriculture and moving moving more towards manufacturing and services and you can look at some of the Asian economies that did that. But I think we can't just say you know Africa is poor and not doing so great and I know the person didn't mean this is in the writing of this but in Asia is doing great because everywhere in the world including the United States one of the highest income countries. We've got massive issues of poverty. You know I spent a lot of my time in Baltimore Baltimore is a very poor city and the poverty looks different there compared to rural Africa poverty but it's still poverty. And it's still marginalization and still you know poor politics so but I think we have to be really nuanced when we talk about where things not working and why when we look at different places. Just an extra thought on top of Renata and Leslie. And if I may just just one penny from my side as well. I think it's Leslie well all of you made excellent points but just to get back to the civil society participation. Linked also with the diversity in food systems to which jazzles were looted. I mean it's not one size fits all. But if we would allow more agency and voice to these marginalized people and allow them to shape and transform their own food systems. I think that could make a big difference because then you would have to support a local support for the food system you'd like to build and bringing that to let's say the agriculture systems that we have around the world. Very often in the past these have been regarded only as an income opportunity for income agriculture is cash crops is money is good. But we have to rethink that a little bit and hopefully with the opportunity for more diverse food systems and more different views and maybe more voices of women we can we can change that and more maybe it's not the best terminology. Apologies jazz but nutrition sensitive agriculture so how do we move towards agriculture that is well let's call it better for nutrition. I think that's an essential part of the jigsaw puzzle as well. Thank you. Thank you everybody for your responses. Excuse me to that question. We've received a couple questions that are related to data and data ownership and data management. So the question is who should be responsible for data system national governments. What if national government's interests do not align with the nutrition health objectives. Also how do you keep data independent from government or political influence as a combination of questions for multiple people about data ownership and separations of government interest versus health and nutrition communities interest. Welcome that to is directed to anybody who would like to. Sure. Data my favorite subject. Well it really depends on the type of data. So what data are we talking about and also depends on the context of a given setting. For example, let's talk about dietary data. Since the issue is poor diets and others of course can come in about other data or finance data and so on so forth. Because there are there are many stories I'm sure all of you are aware of. So the dietary data for example as I mentioned earlier several countries don't even collect dietary data at all. And let alone on a continuous systematic basis. So who should own the data. It's important to have a data owning institution to ensure that there is continuity both in terms of the methodology but also in terms of the assessment and the analysis. I guess what it's key is that it should not be privately held and whoever owns the data ensures that they are these are made publicly available. Of course it needs to be well funded and well resourced to ensure that continuity and of course the methodologies correct and the dissemination but I guess what would be key is to ensure that these are made publicly available. One of the issues that we have seen as part of another initiative that I'm part of the global dietary database is that in most cases, even when there is data, data owners are reluctant to make that publicly available. Because either they want to ensure that first they they made the most out of the data or they might feel less comfortable making the data publicly available. So I guess I would suggest in those cases to have like a clause where if you if you do receive funding if this is funded let's say by the government. This the the collection of the dietary data or any other data that it is made publicly available and it's open to critique. So then there are no such such issues of course there are other cases of data or nutrition indicators but if these are part of the public health surveillance systems then the natural lead would be the the government because then it becomes part of the public health surveillance. system with appropriate mechanisms in place obviously to ensure that accountability to ensure then that that data becomes publicly available. And can be critiqued and at the same time of course the methodology of how that all happened is not just the data but how did we get to the data how did you collect the data how did you analyze the data. How did you collect the data how did you analyze the data in some cases that is or in several cases this is missing so we either only see the data or we don't see anything at all. So I'm going to stop here. Thank you. Thank you so much and then I can come in after others have had the chance to give the perspective. Thank you. If it's OK I'll go ahead with two questions. One I think directly go to Leslie is research prioritized as part of the financing mechanism under the GFF as you discussed earlier. And then the second question is to to anybody and this is from David Beckman. Black Lives Matter is an example of civil society movement in this pandemic to address longstanding injustices. Can the panelists identify one or two similar current movements around the world. So the financing one to Leslie and the general one on social movements around the world. Thank you. Sure. Thanks Gabe and thank you for the question and absolutely in particular implementation researcher operational research is funded through the GFF at country level. And we also engage with partners other financiers other donors around that as well because ultimately I think we see that the power of knowledge generation across well within a country and then across countries is also a very key aspect of the GFF model so that we spend a lot of time doing now these days webinars and knowledge exchanges between the countries so that we ensure that ways to more effectively implement nutrition in this in the in the context of our discussions here the implementation of nutrition services embedded and strengthened health services is shared and and knowledge is generated and knowledge is shared because it's not going to do any good if we just simply keep it within the confines of a single country that this is the strength of the portfolio. Thanks. Thank you. And the one on our society movements during pandemic. Any movement around the world that you might identify. And that's to anybody's matter one is hard. There's not one. It's a great question. David I think it's not similar to anything else. You know I mean the mantra of black lives matter is justice healing and freedom of black population and you know of course there's there's clear asks like things like defunding the police which is a huge thing to do to your your asking to defund a very structural thing that's been in society since the beginning of the country so I it's kind of I mean it's funny that David asks the question because wouldn't it be incredible to see a movement around food and food justice we've seen inklings of it food sovereignty food justice but we haven't had anything at the scale of something as per that would ask for something so profoundly something that would it would ask for such structural changes. And I think you know when I talked to my parents who were young adults during the 1960s in the United States when you had the civil rights movement which was incredibly powerful because it had a very specific focus around voting rights and civil rights of African Americans but it also had an incredible leader a singular leader who could walk across a bridge in Selma, Alabama and then the next day be talking to the president of the United States about how to how to enact civil rights. And it the movement the Black Lives Matter movement is very different and it's it's organized in its leadership is structured in a very different way it's not better or worse but I don't think we've really seen anything and I could be wrong and I would love to hear from others like the Black Lives Matter and I bring up my parents because they told me it feels very different than it did in the 1960s it's a very different feel to it of who's engaged and it's an issue that's transcending outside the United States to think about justice overall for those who are marginalized so I'm not sure it's a great question I would like to know if as anyone else in the group. Hi Jess what are you and David what do you think it's different but the White Ribbon Alliance and women deliver and all of these groups that come together around the injustice that women face as as you know as women. I'm thinking that the White Ribbon Alliance asked the question they did this incredible survey of women all over the world and said what do you want most. And if this was not about nutrition this was about health, but they said we want to be treated with dignity when we deliver our children but actually the number one thing they wanted was clean water in the health facilities when they would go for services and to deliver children. So that blew that blew people away because that water just wasn't on anyone's radar screen, but something that such a fundamental human right and again I put nutrition and food in that same in that same arena. So it's a bit different but I think that we do have we do have pieces of of of these social movements that come together but I think that you're right I think Black Lives Matter is quite unique. Arab Spring comes quite close as being massive changes to governing structures right that was an incredible uprising as well. Inika I wanted to ask you about that in terms of movements that you've come across. Well I think just mentioned a few like the food sovereignty movement and the food justice. I was just thinking of what we've seen lately during the COVID-19 crisis, which is still ongoing. You see many of these local initiatives that are really inclined to support local producers because farmers cannot bring their products to markets because there is this. Well physical distancing measures and roads are blocked and whatnot and I think I mean that's that's doesn't even come close to to the Black Lives Matter movement but it does indicate a kind of willingness for change that comes from the grassroots level and that's what strikes me and I think if we could cherish that we might be able to you know slowly but certainly move ahead a bit but maybe I'm too naive I just wanted to mention it here. No I think that's an important thing people are suddenly aware of their own ability to grow food in their own and that you know that might amplify as these efforts connect down the road so that's an important one to bring up. Gabe do we have more questions? We do have some questions and this is one on non-communicable diseases that came and I think it was addressed to Jessica but it could be for anybody else. I think we all understand the need for increased domestic funding for undernourishment and nutrition related NCDs but government don't seem to be on the same page. What strategies or advocacy tools have been proven useful. It was addressed to Jessica but it could be to anybody else as well. I think this is more for Renata. Renata is the expert on NCDs. I mean I can just you know I think I think that again you kind of get back to the framing it'd be good to hear from Renata you know in the food space we talk about taxes of unhealthy foods and front of the pack labeling and food prescription program so I think there's a lot of things being tried with some early evidence that some of these things are changing purchases or nudges in the right direction. But I think there's a larger issue in that under nutrition has been declining and we're going to see reversal of that unfortunately back to levels of the 1990s which is pretty tragic. And we still have a huge unfinished agenda on under nutrition. But we have this massive rise in obesity and non communicable diseases and there's been that shift right with the nutrition transition. But it's really a framing issue. I will still sit in meetings where you hear experts who work in food and nutrition say we have a moral obligation to ensure no one goes to bed hungry. We are morally pulled to stomp out hunger but obesity that's up to the individual and willpower. That's their fault for being obese. You hear that a lot and we know that that's not true. We know food environments the food system is not helping people achieve the weight that they want to be healthy diets. And so to me there's again this issue of political will about what to invest in and you'll see this in the global nutrition report that overweight and obesity is even less funded than under nutrition. And the science and the data I heard Dari Mosefari and Renata's colleague talk about how underfunded that area of research is of diets and NCDs. But I think it'd be good to hear from Renata if there's kind of early promising policy interventions that that we're seeing to address it but I think there's again another framing issue. And if you don't have the framing you're not going to have the political will and the commitment. Yes I agree with that and I think in most cases people don't realize that poor diet is a leading cause of death and poor health in the world like they just don't realize it and part of that is that for many years we didn't have the right numbers or we didn't have the right statistics or we didn't have the right data and likewise for the interventions for the nutrition interventions or the food policies or the nutrition policies whichever way you want to call them. We didn't have either the the tools or the science to be able to generate that evidence to generate that numbers to be able to show that these are cost effective or cost saving solutions and how they compare with other standard medical let's say interventions. So there's a lot of research that has come out and also as part of another initiative that I'm meeting with with Doris Mosefarian that just mentioned where we assess the effectiveness and the cost effectiveness of food policies across several food policy domains and that work is focused in the U.S. but we've also done other work in other countries but there are several policies that can be used from food pricing such as taxes and subsidies to improving federal nutrition assistance programs such as the supplemented nutrition assistance program in the U.S. to food reformulation such as reformulating foods reduced sodium content added sugar content which is also a powerful tool to hold the food industry into account and also stimulate industry reaction food labeling from front of back to health warning labels foods in schools in work sites and childcare facilities so much that can be done there and these are all cost effective and cause even cost saving solutions in the long term. We now have the data just to support that and I think now the now we can get heard but because if you don't have those numbers if you don't if you can't show that this is how much you're actually going to save not just lives I mean we shouldn't stay just but sometimes politicians need to hear like am I you know is this costly how much does it compare am I going to save money or am I going to waste money to be to be able to show that and likewise within our health care system subsidizing like fruit and vegetable prescriptions and there are so many different tools that have emerged and have been evaluated and these are evidence based solutions. I'm going to stop here because we only have a few minutes so thank you. Thank you. Yes, thank you. Excellent questions and excellent answer. So we as we have only a few minutes left maybe a lightning round of key one key takeaway from each of you. I will start with you. I guess since equity is is the theme. I wanted to reinforce that we will never end my nutrition unless everyone is treated fairly and I guess this is key and according obviously to to need. And this should be to ensure that everyone has access to healthy affordable food and quality nutrition care. Thank you. Thank you. Forward be fair be inclusive. Perfect. Leslie. So I might have much less succinct but I think that the pandemic while it has further exacerbated the inequities we've been discussing. I'm going to be optimistic and suggest that it also is perhaps an incredible opportunity for pivoting and for it's overused but building back better. I think we need to take this bearing of inequities to heart and really work hard to figure out the solutions. Thanks. Jeff. Yeah, I mean we have a big moment next year we have the UN Food Summit and I think you know we all need to find ways to get involved it's it's hard to see now the involvement I think that'll happen over time we can all be involved in that but let's champion for not all of us being involved but that we get those marginalized populations sitting at the table in New York at that summit in the front row. You know the you we should have a big youth coalition, we should have a big African American coalition, we should have a big, you know, any kind of marginalized group, they should be leading that summit. They should have the voice the summit should be shaped around their needs and so I just encourage everyone to see how we can foster elevating the voices that often don't get heard in these big UN meetings and so you see a lack of trickling down to to the communities that need it the most so let's just fight fight for those who need a stronger voice to be part of what will potentially be a very big moment in food in the next 20 years so thanks for mentioning the Food Systems Summit that's great. Vimalendra, final takeaway, you're on mute. I'll take the brother of being one of the hosts and two takeaways, not one. I think the first point that I take away today from all this discussion is that there are effective policy tools which are available but their adoption will obviously be a function of the fiscal space available the political commitment available and the capacity available and I think there's need to strengthen all three the fiscal space, the political commitment and the capacities whether in the private or in the government sector. My second takeaway is that is extremely important for us to understand that sustained economic growth is not enough. And we have to work on reducing inequities and inequalities across gender and spatial inequalities in order to increase resilience and improve nutrition standards all around. I would take those two as my takeaways today. Thank you. Thank you all so very much it's been such an amazing rich hour and a half and we could have gone on for much longer. We should think about that maybe three hours and hours with such amazing people. Thanks very much for joining and please continue to stay engaged on this topic the hashtag I think was nutrition equity and look forward to continuing to work with you all. To make nutrition equity happen. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Wonderful moderation. Thank you everyone. Thank you very much.