 Good afternoon. Today I would like to present some results of the study on some quarries caves in Lower Silesia, which on the southern part of this region we have Sudete mountains, which range from the west to to the east. Sudete mountains they formed during Varistian orogeny and after that in the Alpine orogeny they break into two pieces. It's quite important because the main quarrying activities which were taken in the middle ages concentrate in the forced Sudete block in the lower part of this mountain range. We have several places of quarrying activities. Here we have traces of sandstone quarrying as well as here. In the Sinozhamas we have traces of granite and serpentine quarrying and here we have traces of quarrying local sheaths. During the the the early middle ages and the high middle ages we can also observe some drill and up quarrying up the mountains quarrying activities. In the tribal period the main quarrying activities concentrate here but in the early feudalism the quarries are concentrated into the mountain and in the 15th century in the high middle ages we have also the 10 range as a very big place of stone acquisition. Sudete has also a very complicated geology. They are made from Brunovsk-Tulikum taran and Moldanubikum taran. It provides a huge variety of rock types in this range. More routes of early medieval and medieval quarries show a gathering of small pit quarries. They are often no more than one square kilometer. The deeper ones represent the late medieval exploitation but the smaller ones represent early medieval exploitation. In some cases we have also a gathering of pit quarries as well as open scarpment quarries which represents this kind of sites. This site is dated back to the 12th, 13th and 14th century. Also we have very early medieval quarries from 5th, 6th and 8th centuries. They drop into very small areas and they represent this type of pit quarries. Due to field studies we distinguished several types of medieval quarries in Sudete. The most popular are pit quarries. Also we have open scarpment quarries. The question is what about surface quarries because perhaps they are now invisible in the field but due to ethnographical observation we think that also this kind of quarry activities were taken in Sudete mountains but now it may be invisible. The first research on medieval quarries were taken at the 20th and 30th of the 20th century by a German archaeologist, Alfred Jan, and they excavated some quarries in the northern slope of the Schnenger massif as well as they discovered an early medieval workshop where quarries made of grains were half day finish cut. This research was continued by the Polish archaeologists in the 60s. Some more quarries were then excavated and nowadays still we have some half products which are visible on the northern slopes of the Schnenger massif. Another traces of quarrying activities we have in Kamin and Ząkowice when an ascarpment quarry was observed. We have traces of rock cut, carving of a quernstone, also traces of wedges and the drills. We have taken an excavation in Kamin and Ząkowice to to study how this mecassist was exploited here and it occurred that they exploited the mecassist in the method of so-called shafts. We have distinguished here four four levels of shafts. As well as in the Schnenger massif in Kamin and Ząkowice we have settlement workshop where the quarries made from mecassist had their final cut. The next case is case of the pit quarry located in Strzeliński Hills. This quarry is from the 15th century and here we distinguished some very interesting quarrying activities. First of all probably the establishment of this quarry was strongly connected with exploitation of very fine quality Kaolinid which was used to produce depotting in the neighboring castle. But when they exploited some Kaolinid they started to acquire granite located here. Here we have the bed of Kaolinid and here is the rock. It confirmed is also by the dual technology of exploitation. In one way it was exploited by a mecanic way using wedges and jeans but also the stone was exploited using fireplaces and after that they were put some water on this fire and rock has crashed. We also observed some very interesting features which may represent the remains of scaffolding. We are not sure if there are really the traces of scaffolding but these features gathered only in the forefront of the quarry. In the small trench we discovered more than 500 pieces of pottery mainly very huge vessels and we suppose that these vessels were used to bring some water to this quarry. Also as the pottery we discovered some tools connected with these activities. This system observed in Stalinski Hills is very interesting because here we have main quarry. We have also in the neighborhood the secondary quarry or clay pit. We don't know because we didn't excavate it but in this complex we also observed cistern which has a small connection with this main quarry through the ditches from pre-waterfall. These ditches were exploited by us only by the measuring of the field. They are not visible in a real field. Some quarrying activities are really nice to set up the chronology of the site because we have some artifacts which are dated such as this cross to 14th and 15th century but some quarry activities are also represented by the wages hall and the tools which were abandoned near the quarry. Summarizing this research we have three types of quarries distinguished in Sudat mountains, pit quarries, open escarpment quarries and subsurface quarries also that we should remember about the fort activities which is the acquisition of stone from gathering from the surface. The technology was rather simple. It was mainly exploitation and directory from rock using tools such as wages drills, hammers and cheese salt. That few quarries represent the type of fire and water technology so almost all the quarries have settlement workshops in the nearest neighborhood of these structures. Raw material in the Middle Ages was used both to the architecture and both to the small finds like quarry stones, wet stones, spindle holes, polishing tools, gran stones, casting mounds, pots and gaming bowls. Of course the form of these small finds differ in the early Middle Ages and in the high Middle Ages. Thank you for attention for more detailed information. There are two books about the quarrying activities in Sudat. They have English summaries and a lot of pictures so it's available on academia item. Thank you.