 In the Paris Agreement there are three main goals of adaptation. One is on building resilience, second is an enhancing adaptive capacity, and third is on reducing the vulnerabilities of vulnerable groups, communities and ecosystems. Essentially what this goal says is that those who suffer more but contributed less to global greenhouse gas emissions should be supported in their intention to adapt to climate impacts. It is crucially important to look at people, the environment, which is nature, and the socioeconomic systems, the cultures, different cultures of people, and in their factor in justice. Justice as a restorative, the past, justice as present, and justice for the future. In the UK context I guess there's a set of goals. So one is we want to make sure that the country is well adapted for what is now inevitable, and we need to be prepared and thinking about temperature rises much greater than that, up to four degrees. And what we've seen actually in the UK, specifically with the UK government, is we're not even prepared actually for the climate we're experiencing now, the climate change we've already seen, let alone that kind of two degree to four degree range. I don't think it is important to really allocate mandates, build capacities, and achieve accountabilities at the local level. If we do not have capacity at the local scale in the institutions at the local scale, it becomes naive, it becomes unrealistic to expect that adaptation is going to happen. And the other thing we don't really have in the UK is a proper vision for what adaptation could look like in the future, and I think that's really important to have alongside the target-based approach you have with mitigations. We don't have that for adaptation, we don't have really a quantitative vision for what the country could look like in the next 20 to 30 years, and that's something we know the government is actively working on at the minute. It's such a locally specific issue, climate change adaptation, which has pros and cons, it has benefits because it's much more meaningful to local communities. But at the same time, it can then be difficult because it's such a multifaceted issue to get to grips with, you know, if you're a national government policy spokesperson, it can be difficult to then put that national picture on top. But not impossible, other countries have done it, the Netherlands are really good in this area, for example. The main challenge of adaptation is that knowledge on adaptation is not reaching those who need it the most. Such knowledge is not informing policies and interventions to limit the impacts of climate change on vulnerable communities. How do we move from knowledge to practice is the main challenge, especially that the reality of a 1.5 degree temperature change is imminent. We do not only need knowledge, but we also need to ensure that such knowledge will lead to action. And that to me is the main challenge. But far too long, we've made several assumptions, several dangerous expectations, and we don't see people moving with us, partly because there's been no deliberate investment in communicating the consequences and the possibilities and pathways to adapt in a language that the masses can actually do understand and appreciate. And I think one of the other big challenges with adaptation is it is still, you know, after working on it for 20 years, it is still seen almost as a cop-out mitigation. So if we talk about adaptation too much, some people tend to feel that we're suggesting that we're not going to achieve climate change mitigation goals that we're not going to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions or that we don't need to. Major problem, particularly for global south developing country context, is the financing gap. And because of this limited financing, what we see is that research and development that really can facilitate our transition and also prepare us for a different world life is lagging, particularly in low-income countries. And innovation on sustainability, adaptation initiatives remains, remains very limited. Let's mobilize for climate adaptation at the local scale. Knowledge needs to be done scale to that level. Climate adaptation narratives, as varied as they may be, need to be localized. Adaptation dividends need to be communicated. Accountability on adaptation will not be locally anchored. Of course, informed by various instruments from national to international levels. Given, as I've said, adaptation is a very local issue. It's often down to organizations and communities to actually do the adaptation on the ground. We need much better support services for adaptation. It's getting urgent. We all need to be taking this action and really getting the support we need to understand the extent of the action that needs to be taken and the kinds of things that are effective that we could all be implementing. All hands need to get on deck. We all need to get our boats dating to get acting at the local level. Anything outside of the local can only be support. The real action happens in the local. And that's where mobilizing the community, subsidizing the community, communicating the pathways for adaptation to relevant to the content, different contents. That's why things need to happen at the local level. Much of adaptation knowledge is driven by certain groups, certain places. They're also formulated within culturally distinct ways in idioms understandable only to experts and educated class. What we need is an honest to goodness conversation with vulnerable communities or the subalterns to use the language in post-colonial studies to understand their needs and concerns with regards to the impacts of climate change. Maybe they don't need technocratic knowledge. Maybe the only need or knowledge systems and understanding of the situation to be respected and listened to and let them act in ways they are familiar with. Also, there might be far more serious development challenge that they are to contend with so that climate change impacts is something good to think about only when dear pressing development concerns are addressed like basic necessities to leave respectable lives such as access to water and sanitation services and infrastructure.