 Next one you see the third method here we have for the concentration of ores this we call it as froth flotation we also call it as oil flotation okay right on to this it is used for the separation of separation of sulphide ore sulphide ore what we do in this method we crush the ore we'll take crushed ore mixed with water and forms a slurry right crushed ore we mix water into it forms slurry we also add a bit of oil into it this point wise lie down oil adds to the slurry adds to the slurry which acts as which acts as the frothing agent frothing agent which reduces surface surface tension which reduces surface tension okay so this property you must remember purpose of oil is to you reduce surface tension okay now in the next step what we do air is bubbled bubbled through the through the mixture which acts as an agitator which acts as an agitator and creates creates froth finally finally ore starts floating floating with the froth impurities impurities settle down this is how we separate impurities and ores few things which are important here that you write down two three points we have note down these points reagents like aniline Crassol are used to stabilize the froth this you have to memorize the froth first point is this second point here we also use sodium ethyl xanthate sodium ethyl a collector of sulphide ore important as a collector of sulphide ore sodium ethyl xanthate the structure you see CS3 CS2 ethyl O C double bond S single bond S minus and Na plus this is sodium ethyl xanthate this part when you put this into the solution this part is hydrophobic part hydrophobic part and it is out of the water out of the water or slurry whatever we have it is out of that water this part is C double bond SS minus this part is hydrophilic into the water in water right this part is adsorbed so adsorption takes place here okay done all of you okay see collector is something which collects sulphide ore as the names are just you see this helps the this actually trap the sulphide ores with it see what I wrote here sodium ethyl xanthate as a collector of sulphide ores so this part actually this part into the water out of the water hydrophobic part into the water a slurry that you have this part traps the sulphide or present into that slurry and we can separate it easily so collector is used to trap the sulphide ores okay now you see like I said this method is useful for the for the sulphide ores okay we can also use this method for non-sulfide ores but for that we need we need to use some kind of activators okay so with the help of activator we can use this method for non-sulfide ores also okay so right down this point next we can also use we can also use some activators some activators which improves the improves the floating characteristics which improves the floating characteristics of ores of ore this way we can use this method this method method for non-sulfide ores right so the most important activators we have here is anglaesite anglaesite which is PBSO4 you must remember this right the particles the particles or molecules which reduces the the floating characteristics floating characteristics of ore particle are known as depressant they can ask you this definition also depressant example we have NaCN, KCN etc right so this is the three method we use for the concentration of ores so basically we have ores and the concentration of ores we call it as concentrated ores got it three methods we have discussed for the concentration of ores then this one let me know if you're done it okay next you see the second method we have ores and then we get concentrated ores next one is the conversion of concentrated ore into its oxide right so we'll get oxidized oxide and then we'll reduce it to get the metal that's what the process is the different method we use here to get the oxide of this metal the first method we have here is calcination like I said we use calcination calcination in this the concentrated ore concentrated ore is heated to a high temperature this should be less than the fusion temperature of the metal high temperature but less than the fusion temperature in absence of air this is what we do and in this method what happens the impurities like impurities like sulfur arsenic SBR removed in the form of their vapor this is first method that we can use the second method we have is roasting in this also it is the same thing right heated at high temperature less than the temperature at a fusion temperature but in presence of air so roasting is what the concentrated ore is heated to high temperature but less than the fusion temperature in presence of air in presence of air by this method right so in presence of air if you heat we'll get oxides of metals because oxygen is present in air so we'll get oxides of metal in this method right roasting we'll get oxides of metal in this now when you get oxides of metal here right the other process that we use here after this concentrated or into its oxides we do the reduction of the oxides ores that we get here third method is reduction reduction process so we have metal oxides and when we reduce this we'll get metal reduction processes okay so in reduction process what we do we have one method and we call it as carbon reduction okay so in carbon reduction what happens you see here this is used for the extraction of commercial extraction actually the extraction of iron tin zinc and lead extraction of iron ting zinc or lead this process we also call it as smelting also known as smelting the carbon reduction method and this does not always require reduction right it's melting process does not always require a reduction like in extraction of copper first of all you write it down and then we'll move on all of you copy it down and let me know once you're done like you see like I said it's melting does not always require reduction so in extraction of copper in extraction of copper see you smelting does not require a reduction of ore but in general reduction takes place and how do we write down the like the overall reacts general reaction if I write down the calcinated ore we take from the second step calcinated ore and in this calcinated ore we'll use some reducing agent which is generally a coke powder it is a reducing agent in this we add some flux into it now what is flux flux is the impurity we add into it to remove the other impurity to remove the other impurity okay and in this we get molten metal slag this is what we get we use this flux two things we need to take care of and what is that if impurity if impurity present in ore is acidic acidic impurity we have for example si o3 then the flux flux must be basic in nature if impurity is acidic flux must be basic in nature some basic nature flux we can use cao mno all these oxides we can use as a flux when the impurity is acidic reverse is also true if impurity is is basic for example mno feo these kind of impurities we have then flux must be acidic that is p205 si o2 all these we can use this method or this process is applicable for oxydores sulfyrores carbonate and sulfate ores just a second copy down