 Byddol 2050, 70% o'r llwyddoch chi'n 9 miliwn cyfwyr yn aelod o'r cyfwyr. Mae'r gwaith yn fwyaf, rwy'n rhoi'n cael eu bod yn fwyaf o'r cyfrifyddych. Rydyn ni'n meddwl i'r cyfrifyddych yn mynd i dynnu ffysgol sydd o amgueddfaeth sydd ymddangos i'r ffilm yn ddodol. Ieithio yr un o'r gael cyfnod ddwyllwr. Mae gyrfa'r cyfnod ddweud â'r cyfnod ddwyllwr yn ddwyllwr. Mae'r cyfasodi arbennig syrpaethau yng nghylch o'r cyfnod ddwyllwr o'r cyfrifio ar gyfer o'r oeddiad pob llawodd. Felly, os oes, y ddweud y cyfrifio ac y tuwniol yn cael eu gwirwyr gyda'r huracanes o'r sdawdd, o'r hynod oedd ar gyfer oeddoedd, o'r hynod oedden nhw'n gwawdd ymddangos. Felly, cyfwyrdau o gyfwyrdau o gyfwyrdau o gyfwyrdau i gyfwyrdau a'r cyfwyrdau. Mae hynod wedi gweld gweithio i gyffredinol ar gyfer cyfwyrdau o'r cyfwyrdau o'r cyfwyrdau. Mae bethau ar gweithio o gyfwyrdau o gyfwyrdau o gyfwyrddau o gyfwyrdau, we have to look to manage our cities from this perspective. From here it's important to realise that as cities grow, urban development enrolls dissect and bisect ecosystems. They reduce the total area of ecosystems, but it also hinders the flow of organisms, nutrients and energy between those ecosystems. That fragmentation erodes biological diversity but it also erodes resilience. Here is a map for Montreal that shows how high ecological connectivity in red has been eroded over the last 50 years. Patterns of urban sprawl like this are typical in cities all over the world and they're diminishing the contribution of ecosystems to urban resilience. What I want to show you next is how to transform that pattern through time. What you see here is that that pattern takes the form of a tipping point, a nonlinear negative relationship between ecological connectivity on the one hand and urban growth on the other. You see this sudden collapse like that, that's typical of tipping points. And it's very hard to slow, let alone reverse tipping points like this. My research at McGill University has used theory, experiments in the lab and the field to show that when you disconnect ecosystems, you erode biodiversity and you erode resilience. But if you reconnect the ecosystem with links and critical nodes, you can recover resilience through time. In 2009 I received a remarkable phone call from the Quebec government. I was asked to use this research to design an ecological network for the city and its entire region. This was part of a broader strategy to improve the city's resilience to ongoing climate change. You can imagine I was daunted by the scale of that request, but we rose to the challenge by forming a big team of researchers. We combined network science with different types of data on ecosystem quality and the movement abilities of different types of species. By combining this information, we could address the multiple dimensions of connectivity in the region. So with this measure of ecological connectivity, we then combine projections from climate change models and land use change models to figure out how the connectivity of the city's network would change into the future. Our algorithm calculates the impact of removing or deleting an ecosystem from the network. In this way, we could rank the contribution of every ecosystem to the connectivity of the whole system, which is needed for management and planning. What I'm showing you here is a map of ecological connectivity for the region today. In dark green you see the ecosystems that have high ecological connectivity and in red and yellow regions of low connectivity. So we can maintain connectivity by protecting those areas in green, but we can improve connectivity by restoring ecosystems in zones in red and yellow. But what about the future? Here is a projection out to 2050. This is a business's usual scenario in which climate change and land use change have continued unchecked. Ecological connectivity has collapsed in fact. We found that with scenarios like this that we could maintain 75% of the region's connectivity by protecting the top 17% of ecosystems. Our algorithm and our model also allows us to identify fragments that contribute multiple benefits. Here you see in light green the forests within the city core that mitigate urban heat extremes, that provide urban cooling, but they also maintain biodiversity and carbon storage. We're working now with the city, with environmental NGOs, with businesses and with citizen groups to revision the city's green belt as a living network. Constant engagement and communication in the planning and implementation process has rapidly shifted the perception of the value of these ecosystems to the city as a whole. That's a fantastic outcome of the research. This science can be applied to any city in the world. I'm excited to be here with you today to figure out how we might go about doing that. Urban ecosystems provide so many benefits to human populations, but managing urban ecosystems as a network will ensure and restore the resilience we need for that sustainable future that we're all aiming for. Thank you very much.