 Okay, welcome welcome back So we asked a couple of questions to you guys and I'm gonna start reading one one of them So we have the answer from one one group So regarding the the challenges and barriers that they foresee in local companies. They mentioned high cost skill needs suitability of material Manufacturing speed I'm gonna go high school high cost. Sure a skill needs skill Me I was at needed right skill needed yet. Okay, suitability of material Manufacturing is it manufacturing what speed? Yes Low volume. Yes Okay, so that's about a cabin tall bar and about the expecting big I Mean depends on the product so battling bottling it's very unique part in the near term Sweet bodily I Think that's a Bottling In the near term. Yes, sort of no products Already used for prototyping and design. Yes, and that's it to nature and for airline parts in the near term Yeah, I Basically agree the The cost is still is still high as I mentioned some big one of big companies very engineering heavy companies are investing in this Big time and the entry GE wants to be a supplier of 3d printers in addition to using 3d printing technology This skills me that this are less of an issue. In fact, it's a very interesting Subject because you can think about is basically a Robot that is making the machine you have a digital plan and then the printer Which is very robot makes makes the stuff So and it's this is made from one part in many cases, which is just the raw material You it will have an impact on employment. You will need less people It's not clear that you you live in some skills To prepare the digital print, but those are You know a lot less than you will need people working on the assembly line. There will be no assembly So you will need some maybe especially to begin with some manual work to polish items making ready for a for use but By and large just like other automation and robotic application It would create it will reduce the need for people Clearly a manufacturing speed manufacturing speed is still very low Nothing like maximum. I mean not even in the same order of magnitude of mass manufacturing and Of course, you so that's why you can do things only for only in low volume in not every material yet but as I mentioned in the little mention it, but People are using it for building how this from the concrete In the last in the consumer electronic show in 2017 the last consumer electronic show There was a car the whole car the whole body of the car that was made with 3d printing so we got we can see that the field is moving and Getting better the same in terms of the dates unique item prototype being some part already made and the question is how Far can it go in terms of speed? How far can it go in terms of affordability of the printer? People my head still recall that to print a document you needed to go to a special shop Nobody has it at a print on from the desk so and then the the cost of winter came down down down Just like you see like that's anything else one can expect the cost of 3d printers to also come down and the capabilities to become better and better But it has ways to go So one it will take some time before as I said, it's not clear to me at all Maybe it's it's obviously but not in the next two three decades We will have three printers at home aside from hobbies. I mean it's hobbies of course but in terms of In the industrial manufacturing we will have a one can think about UPS default one can think about the part of distribution center when I tend to be printed and send directly to To homes So we're talking about regional and local manufacturing But not yet at the home. Okay, and how about is the cost of the the materials that are used for the treatment? So now they are higher compared to the same material body with for all the process I'm not sure the cost of the material is higher because you first of all you need less of it because you don't you have less waste and And you need you know if you used to build the An air you know engine part from titanium. You still need to tell me. I mean so the the material is I Don't think it's a I don't see why the material would be really high In fact in some sense we lower because use raw material rather than the parts that the supply already worked on So you cut down some processes Cut down tears of the supply to processes. So you should have at the end a lower cost now Right now because of the time that it takes because of the printers are still expensive. Yes, they're expensive, but I don't see the material is a More expensive expensive here. Okay, so a Let's lead through the answer of the second room So they talk about training about cost Ready sign and lower regulations. I think you you covered most most of them Yeah, the the training Again because it's basically Robotics it's robot. I don't think you need much training. I mean that the machine would just be so I don't see a large Train cost is still the cost of the of the printer is high Laws and regulation. Yeah, we are I mentioned this that you can You have to some find some way to protect the IP you have to find some much better way to make sure that you cannot control this machine through cyber intrusion because then you can create havoc in Manufacturing if how do you make sure that people are not gonna Download some designs from the internet and use it to make EBC drugs or use it to make guns is to make I don't know what all kind of EBC products so for these maybe some tough standards tough You know defenses have to be Design right into the machines to make sure that the Probability of such Problems will be minimized. I don't think it can be totally avoided, but it is minimized Okay, but also I have a comment about the porosity of the past that could be could be a problem The porosity of the parts I Well, that's usually considered a feature rather than a bug because you can be part because of the Intricate structure you can build the honeycomb like structure that are just as strong or actually in many cases much stronger than existing structure and Way a lot less which is very important for example for airplanes for cars for lots of products and it require energy to use because Having to move their way is most of the energy. It's most of the energy. So I'm Not sure that the porosity isn't it's a problem Set costs could be better for 3d setup set up costs could be better for 3d manufacturing. Yes in the sense that they Set up costs in some sense are part of the manufacturing process. So The setup codes are a Minimum the problem is the time of manufacturing Usually we talk about the problem set up costs is that they must manufacturing The time to manufacture each item is it can be a fraction of a second But the setup course between batches is high relative to this Even when you talk about manufacturing time in hours and set up costs in seconds I don't see of course this is of course are significantly lower Okay, thank you. Thank you professor, and if I am final comment that you want to share with it with students It's always a tough comment Tough question Well, you see you guys It's the young ones among you. I'm gonna live in a world that's the 3d manufacturing is just part of the brave new world Some of the things that just like with any other new technology be autonomous cars 3d manufacturing Even national affecting using robotics We are seeing by and large Jobs disappearing and the question is for society How do we deal with this in the society? How do we deal with the fact that they think about 3d manufacturing will be some high-end engineers will get the digital plans or At the end, of course, we have 3d printers making 3d printers. So How do we make the digital plans for days But once the digital plans are made all the thousands of people are involved in the manufacturing will not have a job so The good thing is that stuff will still have to move. So some people in logistics will have jobs But not as many as before So logistic is still better than many other places to Get the job But it's a problem for societies in general all these say where the 3d manufacturing, you know all kind of autonomous issue or kind of The body based manufacturing all of these are eliminating Many of the current jobs and it's not totally clear that it can be replaced one-on-one clearly It'll be some new jobs, but not as many. I don't think there's many of the old jobs. So Society would have to to contend with this Thank you professor on thank you for for being here Okay, so without we're closing this session that let me remind you remind you that our last Third and last hand out is gonna be on Monday June 19th at 1400 you see see you next time next time